References
- Belle-IsleLWalshZCallawayRBarriers to access for Canadians who use cannabis for therapeutic purposesInt J Drug Policy201425469169924947993
- Minister of JusticeAccess to Cannabis for Medical Purposes RegulationsCanadaMinister of Justice2016 Available from: http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-08-24/html/sor-dors230-eng.htmlAccessed November 1, 2017
- The College of Physicians and Surgeons of OntarioMarijuana for Medical PurposesToronto, ONThe College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario2015 Available from: http://www.cpso.on.ca/Policies-Publications/Policy/Marijuana-for-Medical-PurposesAccessed November 1, 2017
- Health CanadaInformation for Health Care Professionals: Cannabis (Marihana, Marijuana) and the CannabinoidsCanadaGovernment of Canada2013 Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/medical-use-marijuana/information-medical-practitioners/information-health-care-professionals-cannabis-marihuana-marijuana-cannabinoids.htmlAccessed November 1, 2017
- WaissengrinBUrbanDLeshamYGartyMWolfIPatterns of use of medical cannabis among Israeli cancer patients: a single instituition experienceJ Pain Sympt Manag2015492223230
- ZiemianskiDCaplerRTekanoffRLacasseALuconiFWareMACannabis in medicine: a national educational needs assessment among Canadian physiciansBMC Med Educ20151515225888752
- KondradEReidAColorado family physicians’ attitudes toward medical marijuanaJ Am Board Fam Med2013261526023288281
- The College of Physicians and Surgeons of OntarioPolicy Statement on Marijuana for Medical Purposes2015 Available from: http://policyconsult.cpso.on.ca/?page_id=4090Accessed May 1, 2018
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Nova ScotiaPolicy Regarding the Authorization of Marijuana for Medical Purposes2014 Available from: http://www.cpsns.ns.ca/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?PortalId=0&TabId=129&EntryId=52
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of SaskatchewanRegulatory Bylaws2015 Available from: http://cps.sk.ca/Documents/Legislation/Legislation/2015_Regulatory_Bylaws_-_June_2015.pdf
- Collège Des Médecins, QuébecGuidelines Concerning the Prescription of Dried Cannabis for Medical Purposes2015 Available from: http://www.cmq.org/publications-pdf/p-1-2014-04-01-en-directives-concernant-ordonnance-cannabis-seche-fins-medicales.pdf?t=1455740574019
- The College of Physicians and Surgeons of ManitobaStandards of Practice of Medicine (Bylaw 11)2016 Available from: http://cpsm.mb.ca/cjj39alckF30a/wp-content/uploads/ByLaws/By-Law-11.pdf
- The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Prince Edward IslandPolicy on Prescribing of Medical Marijuana2016 Available from: http://cpspei.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Marijuana-Prescribing-Nov-3016.pdf
- The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Newfoundland and LabradorAdvisory and Interim Guideline2014 Available from: http://www.cpsnl.ca/default.asp?com=Policies&m=340&y=&id=98
- The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British ColumbiaProfessional Standards and Guidelines on Marijuana for Medical Purposes2015 Available from: https://www.cpsbc.ca/files/pdf/PSG-Marijuana-for-Medical-Purposes.pdf
- The College of Physicians and Surgeons of AlbertaStandard of Prac-tice on Cannabis for Medical Purposes2014 Available from: http://www.cpsa.ca/standardspractice/cannabis-for-medical-purposes/
- Canadian Medical Protective AssociationMedical Marijuana: Considerations for Canadian Doctors2016 Available from: https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/en/advice-publications/browse-articles//medical-marijuana-new-regulations-new-college-guidance-for-canadian-doctors2014
- Government of CanadaInformation for Health Care Professionals: Cannabis (marihuana, marijuana) and the cannabinoids [Health Canada, 2013]2013 Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/medical-use-marijuana/information-medical-practitioners/information-health-care-professionals-cannabis-marihuana-marijuana-cannabinoids.htmlAccessed November 1, 2017
- CAMHCannabis Policy Framework2014 Available from: https://www.ijdp.org/article/S0955-3959(16)30114-1/fulltextAccessed May 1, 2017
- The College of Family Physicians of CanadaAuthorizing Dried Cannabis for Chronic Pain or Anxiety: Preliminary Guidance2014 Availale from: http://www.cfpc.ca/Release_Dried_Cannabis_Prelim_Guidance/
- Ligresti A, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. from phytocannabinoids to cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids: pleiotropic physiological and pathological roles through complex pharmacologyPhysiol Rev20169641593165927630175
- IzzoAAMascoloNCapassoFThe gastrointestinal pharmacology of cannabinoidsCurr Opin Pharmacol20011659760311757815
- Di MarzoVMelckDBisognoTDe PetrocellisLEndocannabinoids: endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands with neuromodulatory actionTrends Neurosci199821125215289881850
- NavarroMCarreraMRAFrattaWFunctional interaction between opioid and cannabinoid receptors in drug self-administrationJ Neurosci20012114534411438610
- GómezRNavarroMFerrerBA peripheral mechanism for CB1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent modulation of feedingJ Neurosci20022221961212417686
- CalignanoALa RanaGLoubet-LescouliéPPiomelliDA role for the endogenous cannabinoid system in the peripheal control of pain initiationProg Brain Res200012947148211098711
- PertweeRGCannabinoid receptors and painProg Neurobiol200163556961111164622
- CastellanoCRossi-ArnaudCCestariVCostanziMCannabinoids and memory: animal studiesCurr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord20032638940214683467
- Rodríguez de FonsecaFDel ArcoIMartín-CalderónJLGorritiMANavarroMRole of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the regulation of motor activityNeurobiol Dis1998564835019974180
- CabralGAMarijuana and cannabinoidsJ Cannabis Ther200113–46185
- RobsonPJTherapeutic potential of cannabinoid medicinesDrug Test Anal201461–2243024006213
- MunroSThomasKLAbu-ShaarMMolecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoidsNature1993365644161657689702
- MatsudaLALolaitSJBrownsteinMJYoungACBonnerTIStructure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNANature199034662845615642165569
- HerkenhamMLynnABLittleMDCannabinoid receptor localization in brainProc Natl Acad Sci U S A1990875193219362308954
- MackieKCannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targetsAnnu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol20064610112216402900
- DuncanMMouihateAMackieKCannabinoid CB2 receptors in the enteric nervous system modulate gastrointestinal contractility in lipopolysaccharide-treated ratsAm J Physiol Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol20082951G78G87
- DevaneWAHanusLBreuerAIsolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptorScience (New York, NY)1992258509019461949
- StellaNSchweitzerPPiomelliDA second endogenous cannabinoid that modulates long-term potentiationNature199738866447737789285589
- Aizpurua-OlaizolaOElezgaraiIRico-BarrioIZarandonaIEtxebarriaNUsobiagaATargeting the endocannabinoid system: future therapeutic strategiesDrug Discov Today201722110511027554802
- BaronEPComprehensive review of medicinal marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutic implications in medicine and headache: what a long strange trip it’s beenHeadache201555688591626015168
- HillAJWilliamsCMWhalleyBJStephensGJPhytocannabinoids as novel therapeutic agents in CNS disordersPharmacol Ther20121331799721924288
- ElsohlyMASladeDChemical constituents of marijuana: the complex mixture of natural cannabinoidsLife Sci200578553954816199061
- RaczINadalXAlferinkJCrucial role of CB(2) cannabinoid receptor in the regulation of central immune responses during neuropathic painJ Neurosci20082846121251213519005077
- PertweeRGThe diverse CB(1) and CB(2) receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarinBr J Pharmacol2008153219921517828291
- HilligKWMahlbergPGA chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)Am J Bot200491696697521653452
- MehmedicZChandraSSladeDPotency trends of Δ9-THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated cannabis preparations from 1993 to 2008J Forensic Sci20105551209121720487147
- FasinuPSPhillipsSElSohlyMAWalkerLACurrent status and prospects for cannabidiol preparations as new therapeutic agentsPharmacotherapy201636778179627285147
- MorganCJAFreemanTPSchaferGLCurranHVCannabidiol attenuates the appetitive effects of [delta]9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans smoking their chosen cannabisNeuropsychopharmacology20103591879188520428110
- YucelMLorenzettiVSuoCHippocampal harms, protection and recovery following regular cannabis useTransl Psychiatry20166e71026756903
- RussoEGuyGWA tale of two cannabinoids: the therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiolMed Hypotheses20066623424616209908
- HuestisMAPharmacokinetics and metabolism of the plant cannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannibinol, cannabidiol and cannabinolPertweeRGCannabinoidsBerlin, HeidelbergSpringer Berlin Heidelberg2005657690
- WhittleBAGuyGWDevelopment of cannabis-based medicines: risk, benefit and serendipityGuyGWRobsonPJWhittleBAThe Medicinal Uses of Cannabis and CannabinoidsLondonPharmaceutical Press2004427463
- DussyFEHambergCLuginbühlMSchwerzmannTBriellmannTAIsolation of Δ9-THCA-A from hemp and analytical aspects concerning the determination of Δ9-THC in cannabis productsForensic Sci Int2005149131015734104
- IversenLThe pharmacology of THC, the psychoactive ingredient in CannabisThe Science of MarijuanaNew York, NYOxford University Press20002937
- HuestisMAHuman cannabinoid pharmacokineticsChem Biodivers2007481770180417712819
- AbramsDIVizosoHPShadeSBJayCKellyMEBenowitzNLVaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: a pilot studyClin Pharmacol Ther200782557257817429350
- PomahacovaBVan der KooyFVerpoorteRCannabis smoke condensate III: the cannabinoid content of vaporised Cannabis sativaInhal Toxicol200921131108111219852551
- MattesRDShawLMEdling-OwensJEngelmanKElsohlyMABypassing the first-pass effect for the therapeutic use of cannabinoidsPharmacol Biochem Behav19934437457478383856
- AdelliGRBhagavPTaskarPDevelopment of a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol amino acid-dicarboxylate prodrug with improved ocular bioavailability Δ9-THC prodrugs for improved ocular bioavailabilityInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci20175842167217928399267
- KerstrinIFranjoGAn update on safety and side effects of cannabidiol: a review of clinical data and relevant animal studiesCannabis Cannabinoid Res20172113915428861514
- GarrettERHuntCAPharmacokinetics of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in dogsJ Pharm Sci1977663395407845807
- WidmanMAgurellSEhrneboMJonesGBinding of (+)- and (−)-Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinols and (−)-7-hydroxy-Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol to blood cells and plasma proteins in manJ Pharm Pharmacol197426119149164156569
- WahlqvistMNilssonIMSandbergFAgurellSGranstrandBBinding of δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol to human plasma proteinsBiochem Pharmacol1970199257925825478282
- TruittEBBiological disposition of tetraydrocannabinolsPharmacol Rev19712342732784399986
- Public Health Agency of CanadaMultiple sclerosis Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cd-mc/ms-sp/index-eng.phpAccessed November 1, 2017
- OlsenSAA review of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by people with multiple sclerosisOccup Ther Int2009161577019222053
- PryceGBakerDEndocannabinoids in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosisPertweeRGEndocannabinoidsChamSpringer International Publishing2015213231
- KindredJHLiKGKetelhutNBCannabis use in people with Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis: a web-based investigationComplement Ther Med2017339910428735833
- BrentonJNSchreinerTKaroscikKAttitudes, perceptions, and use of marijuana in youth with multiple sclerosisJ Neurol2018265241742329273844
- LangfordRMMaresJNovotnaAA double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosisJ Neurol2013260498499723180178
- BallSVickeryJHobartJThe cannabinoid use in progressive inflammatory brain disease (CUPID) trial: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group multicentre trial and economic evaluation of cannabinoids to slow progression in multiple sclerosisHealth Technol Assess20151912viiviiixxvxxxi1187
- ZajicekJBallSWrightDEffect of dronabinol on progression in progressive multiple sclerosis (CUPID): a randomised, placebo-controlled trialLancet Neurol129857865
- LeocaniLNuaraAHoudayerESativex® and clinical–neurophysiological measures of spasticity in progressive multiple sclerosisJ Neurol2015262112520252726289497
- MarinelliLMoriLCannevaSThe effect of cannabinoids on the stretch reflex in multiple sclerosis spasticityInt Clin Psychopharmacol201631423223927003093
- FlacheneckerPHenzeTZettlUKNabiximols (THC/CBD oromucosal spray, Sativex®) in clinical practice – results of a multicenter, non-interventional study (MOVE 2) in patients with multiple sclerosis spasticityEur Neurol2014715–627127924525548
- FlacheneckerPHenzeTZettlUKLong-term effectiveness and safety of nabiximols (tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol oromucosal spray) in clinical practiceEur Neurol2014721–29510224943098
- FernándezLLBoquetEMPérez-MirallesFClinical experiences with cannabinoids in spasticity management in multiple sclerosisNeurología (English Edition)2014295257260
- KoehlerJFenebergWMeierMPöllmannWClinical experience with THC:CBD oromucosal spray in patients with multiple sclerosis-related spasticityInt J Neurosci2014124965265624392812
- FlacheneckerPA new multiple sclerosis spasticity treatment option: effect in everyday clinical practice and cost–effectiveness in GermanyExpert Rev Neurother201313Suppl 11519
- García-MerinoAEndocannabinoid system modulator use in everyday clinical practice in the UK and SpainExpert Rev Neurother201313Suppl 191323369054
- HonarmandKTierneyMCO’ConnorPFeinsteinAEffects of cannabis on cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosisNeurology201176131153116021444900
- GaitatzisAJohnsonALChadwickDWShorvonSDSanderJWLife expectancy in people with newly diagnosed epilepsyBrain2004127112427243215371287
- TrinkaEEpilepsy: comorbidity in the elderlyActa Neurol Scand2003108s1803336
- McCaghJFiskJEBakerGAEpilepsy, psychosocial and cognitive functioningEpilepsy Res200986111419616921
- MohanrajRNorrieJStephenLJKellyKHitirisNBrodieMJMortality in adults with newly diagnosed and chronic epilepsy: a retrospective comparative studyLancet Neurol20065648148716713919
- TrinkaEBauerGOberaignerWNdayisabaJPSeppiKGranbichlerCACause-specific mortality among patients with epilepsy: results from a 30-year cohort studyEpilepsia201354349550123167828
- GaitatzisASisodiyaSMSanderJWThe somatic comorbidity of epilepsy: a weighty but often unrecognized burdenEpilepsia20125381282129322691064
- HessEJMoodyKAGeffreyALCannabidiol as a new treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complexEpilepsia201657101617162427696387
- PorterBEJacobsonCReport of a parent survey of cannabidiol-enriched cannabis use in pediatric treatment-resistant epilepsyEpilepsy Behav201329357457724237632
- DevinskyOMarshEFriedmanDCannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trialLancet Neurol201615327027826724101
- TzadokMUliel-SiboniSLinderICBD-enriched medical cannabis for intractable pediatric epilepsy: the current Israeli experienceSeizure201635414426800377
- DevinskyOCrossJHLauxLTrial of cannabidiol for drug-resistant seizures in the dravet syndromeN Engl J Med2017376212011202028538134
- ThieleEAMarshEDFrenchJACannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trialLancet2018391101251085109629395273
- YamaoriSEbisawaJOkushimaYYamamotoIWatanabeKPotent inhibition of human cytochrome P450 3A isoforms by cannabidiol: role of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the resorcinol moietyLife Sci2011881573073621356216
- JiangRYamaoriSTakedaSYamamotoIWatanabeKIdentification of cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for metabolism of cannabidiol by human liver microsomesLife Sci201189516517021704641
- LimKSeeYMLeeJA systematic review of the effectiveness of medical cannabis for psychiatric, movement and neurodegenerative disordersClin Psychopharm Neurosci2017154301312
- WongSLGilmourHRamage-MorinPLParkinson’s disease: prevalence, diagnosis and impact2015 Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-003-x/2014011/article/14112-eng.pdfAccessed May 1, 2018
- BabayevaMAssefaHBasuPChumkiSLoewyZMarijuana compounds: a nonconventional approach to Parkinson’s disease therapyParkinsons Dis2016201619
- MoreSVChoiDKPromising cannabinoid-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease: motor symptoms to neuroprotectionMol Neurodegener20151011725888232
- ChagasMHNZuardiAWTumasVEffects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory double-blind trialJ Psychopharmacol201428111088109825237116
- LotanITrevesTARoditiYDjaldettiRCannabis (medical marijuana) treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease: an open-label observational studyClin Neuropharmacol2014372414424614667
- ShohetAKhlebtovskyARoizenNRoditiYDjaldettiREffect of medical cannabis on thermal quantitative measurements of pain in patients with Parkinson’s diseaseEur J Pain201721348649327723182
- ChagasMEckeliAZuardiACannabidiol can improve complex sleep-related behaviours associated with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson’s disease patients: a case seriesJ Clin Pharm Ther201439556456624845114
- JankovicJKurlanRTourette syndrome: evolving conceptsMov Disord20112661149115621484868
- Müller-VahlKRTreatment of Tourette syndrome with cannabinoidsBehav Neurol201327111912423187140
- Müller-VahlKKolbeHDenglerRGilles de la Tourette syndrome. Effect of nicotine, alcohol and marihuana on clinical symptomsDer Nervenarzt199768129859465342
- TrainorDEvansLBirdRSevere motor and vocal tics controlled with Sativex®Australas Psychiatry201624654154427558217
- KanaanASJakubovskiEMüller-VahlKSignificant tic reduction in an otherwise treatment-resistant patient with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome following treatment with nabiximolsBrain Sci20177547
- DiPatrizioNVEndocannabinoids in the gutCannabis Cannabinoid Res201611677727413788
- MackieKCannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they doJ Neuroendocrinol200820101418426493
- IzzoAACouttsAACannabinoids and the digestive tractHandb Exp Pharmacol2005168573598
- RocchiABenchimolEIBernsteinCNInflammatory bowel disease: a Canadian burden of illness reviewCan J Gastroenterol2012261181181723166905
- PhatakUPRojas-VelasquezDPortoAPashankarDSPrevalence and patterns of marijuana use in young adults with inflammatory bowel diseaseJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr201764226126427846066
- AllegrettiJRCourtwrightALucciMKorzenikJRLevineJMarijuana use patterns among patients with inflammatory bowel diseaseInflamm Bowel Dis20131913280924185313
- StorrMDevlinSKaplanGGPanaccioneRAndrewsCNCannabis use provides symptom relief in patients with inflammatory bowel disease but is associated with worse disease prognosis in patients with Crohn’s diseaseInflamm Bowel Dis201420347248024407485
- NaftaliTMechulamRMariiALow-dose cannabidiol is safe but not effective in the treatment for Crohn’s disease, a randomized controlled trialDig Dis Sci20176261615162028349233
- NaftaliTBar-Lev SchleiderLDotanILanskyEPSklerovsky BenjaminovFKonikoffFMCannabis induces a clinical response in patients with crohn’s disease: a prospective placebo-controlled studyClin Gastroenterol Hepatol2013111012761280.e127123648372
- Controlled Substances and Tobacco DirectorateInformation for health care professionals: cannabis (marihuana, marijuana) and the cannabinoids2013 Available from: https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/migration/hc-sc/dhp-mps/alt_formats/pdf/marihuana/med/infoprof-eng.pdfAccessed November 1, 2017
- HaneyMRabkinJGundersonEFoltinRWDronabinol and marijuana in HIV(+) marijuana smokers: acute effects on caloric intake and moodPsychopharmacology2005181117017815778874
- AndriesAFrystykJFlyvbjergAStovingRKDronabinol in severe, enduring anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trialInt J Eat Disord2014471182324105610
- AbbracchioMPDi LucaMDi GiulioAMCattabeniFTenconiBGorioADenervation and hyperinnervation in the nervous system of diabetic animals: III. Functional alterations of G proteins in diabetic encephalopathyJ Neurosci Res19892445175232513414
- ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier NCT02802540, Nabilone effect on the attenuation of anorexia, nutritional status and quality of life in lung cancer patients2016 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02802540Accessed November 1, 2017
- LevinDNDulbergZChanA-WHareGMMazerCDHongAA randomized-controlled trial of nabilone for the prevention of acute postoperative nausea and vomiting in elective surgeryCan J Anesth201764438539528160217
- Kleine-BrueggeneyMGreifRBrenneisenRUrwylerNStueberFTheilerLGIntravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomized controlled trialAnesth Analg201512151157116426426861
- WoodhamsSGChapmanVFinnDPHohmannAGNeugebauerVThe cannabinoid system and painNeuropharmacology2017124Suppl C10512028625720
- StarowiczKFinnDPChapter thirteen – cannabinoids and pain: sites and mechanisms of actionKendallDAlexanderSPHAdvances in Pharmacology80Cambridge, MAAcademic Press2017437475
- CooperZDSandraDCHaneyMComparison of the analgesic effects of dronabinol and smoked marijuana in daily marijuana smokersNeuropsychopharmacology2013381019821992
- BouhassiraDLanteri-MinetMAttalNLaurentBTouboulCPrevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general populationPain2008136338038717888574
- TorranceNSmithBHBennettMILeeAJThe epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Results from a general population surveyJ Pain20067428128916618472
- SerpellMRatcliffeSHovorkaJA double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of THC/CBD spray in peripheral neuropathic pain treatmentEur J Pain2014187999101224420962
- WilseyBMarcotteTDeutschRGouauxBSakaiSDonagheHLow-dose vaporized cannabis significantly improves neuropathic painJ Pain201314213614823237736
- MoulinDEBoulangerAClarkAJPharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain: revised consensus statement from the Canadian Pain SocietyPain Res Manag201419632833525479151
- WalterCOertelBGFeldenLBrain mapping-based model of [delta]9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects on connectivity in the pain matrixNeuropsychopharmacology20164161659166926514581
- LeeMCPlonerMWiechKAmygdala actviity contributes to the dissociative effect of cannabis on pain perceptionPain2013154112413423273106
- LynchMECesar-RittenbergPHohmannAA double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot trial with extension using and oral mucosal cannabinoid extract for treatment of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic painJ Pain Symptom Manage201447116617323742737
- WallaceMSMarcotteTDUmlaufAGouauxBAtkinsonJHEfficacy of inhaled cannabis on painful diabetic neuropathyJ Pain201516761662725843054
- van AmerongenGKanhaiKBaakmanACEffects on spasticity and neuropathic pain of an oral formulation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with progressive multiple sclerosisClin Ther2017 Epub29
- TurcotteDDoupeMTorabiMNabilone as an adjunctive to gabapentin for multiple sclerosis-induced neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trialPain Med201516114915925288189
- HoggartBRatcliffeSEhlerEA multicentre, open-label, follow-on study to assess the long-term maintenance of effect, tolerance and safety of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in the management of neuropathic painJ Neurol20152621274025270679
- EisenbergEOgintzMAlmogSThe pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and ease of use of a novel portable metered-dose cannabis inhaler in patients with chronic neuropathic pain: a phase 1a studyJ Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother201428321622525118789
- MalikZBaymanLValestinJRizvi-TonerAHashmiSScheyRDronabinol increases pain threshold in patients with functional chest pain: a pilot double-blind placebo-controlled trialDis Esophagus201730218
- de VriesMVan RijckevorselDCMVissersKCPWilder-SmithOHGVan GoorHSingle dose delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in chronic pancreatitis patients: analgesic efficacy, pharmacokinetics and tolerabilityBr J Clin Pharmacol201681352553726505163
- de VriesMvan RijckevorselDCMVissersKCPWilder-SmithOHGvan GoorHTetrahydrocannabinol does not reduce pain in patients with chronic abdominal pain in a phase 2 placebo-controlled studyClin Gastroenterol Hepatol201715710791086.e107427720917
- WareMAWangTShapiroSColletJPCannabis for the management of pain: assessment of safety study (COMPASS)J Pain201516121233124226385201
- Canadian Cancer SocietyCanadian cancer statistics2017 Available from: http://www.cancer.ca/~/media/cancer.ca/CW/publications/Cana-dian%20Cancer%20Statistics/Canadian-Cancer-Statistics-2017-EN.pdfAccessed November 1, 2017
- DeandreaSMontanariMMojaLApoloneGPrevalence of under-treatment in cancer pain. A review of published literatureAnn Oncol200819121985199118632721
- JohnsonJRLossignolDBrunell-NugentMFallonMTAn open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractrory to strong opioid analgesicsJ Pain Sympt Manage2013462207218
- CôtéMTrudelMWangCFortinAImproving quality of life with nabilone during radiotherapy treatments for head and neck cancersAnn Otol Rhinol Laryngol2016125431732426503964
- Beckmann YY, Seçkin M, Manavgat Aİ, Zorlu N. Headaches related to psychoactive substance useClin Neurol Neurosurg2012114799099922424726
- RossiPAllenaMTassorelliCIllicit drug use in cluster headache patients and in the general population: a comparative cross-sectional surveyCephalalgia201232141031104022967729
- LorenzoCDCoppolaGLorenzoGDBracagliaMRossiPPierelliFThe use of illicit drugs as self-medication in the treatment of cluster headache: results from an Italian online surveyCephalalgia201636219419825903763
- PearceDDMitsourasKIrizarryKJDiscriminating the effects of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica: a web survey of medical cannabis usersJ Altern Complement Med2014201078779125191852
- RhyneDNAndersonSLGeddeMBorgeltLMEffects of medical marijuana on migraine headache frequency in an adult populationPharmacotherapy201636550551026749285
- PiniLAGuerzoniSCainazzoMMNabilone for the treatment of medication overuse headache: results of a preliminary double-blind, active-controlled, randomized trialJ Headache Pain201213867768423070400
- MarconiADi FortiMLewisCMMurrayRMVassosEMetaanalysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosisSchizophr Bull20164251262126926884547
- DavisGPComptonMTWangSLevinFRBlancoCAssociation between cannabis use, psychosis, and schizotypal personality disorder: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related ConditionsSchizophr Res2013151119720224200416
- StoneJFisherHMajorBCannabis use and first-episode psychosis: relationship with manic and psychotic symptoms, and with age at presentationPsychol Med201444349950623701858
- Di FortiMMarconiACarraEProportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control studyLancet Psychiatry20152323323826359901
- McHughMMcGorryPYungACannabis-induced attenuated psychotic symptoms: implications for prognosis in young people at ultra-high risk for psychosisPsychol Med201747461662627821204
- KelleyMEWanCRBroussardBMarijuana use in the immediate 5-year premorbid period is associated with increased risk of onset of schizophrenia and related psychotic disordersSchizophr Res20161711626726785806
- MylesNNewallHNielssenOLargeMThe association between cannabis use and earlier age at onset of schizophrenia and other psychoses: meta-analysis of possible confounding factorsCurr Pharm Des201218325055506922716150
- HelleSRingenPAMelleICannabis use is associated with 3years earlier onset of schizophrenia spectrum disorder in a naturalistic, multi-site sample (N=1119)Schizophr Res2016170121722126682958
- ValmaggiaLDayFJonesCCannabis use and transition to psychosis in people at ultra-high riskPsychol Med201444122503251225055169
- PowerBDDragovicMJablenskyAStefanisNCDoes accumulating exposure to illicit drugs bring forward the age at onset in schizophrenia?Aust N Z J Psychiatry2013471515823042939
- van der MeerFMeijerJMeijerCvan den BrinkWVelthorstECognitive functioning associated with stimulant use in patients with non-affective psychosis, their unaffected siblings and healthy controlsPsychol Med20144491901191124267407
- HasinDSSahaTDKerridgeBTPrevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001–2002 and 2012–2013JAMA Psychiatry201572121235124226502112
- KoskinenJLöhönenJKoponenHIsohanniMMiettunenJRate of cannabis use disorders in clinical samples of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysisSchizophr Bull20103661115113019386576
- van DijkDKoeterMWHijmanRKahnRSvan den BrinkWEffect of cannabis use on the course of schizophrenia in male patients: a prospective cohort studySchizophr Res20121371505722313726
- TosatoSLasalviaABonettoCThe impact of cannabis use on age of onset and clinical characteristics in first-episode psychotic patients. Data from the Psychosis Incident Cohort Outcome Study (PICOS)J Psychiatr Res201347443844423290558
- BarrowcloughCEmsleyREisnerEBeardmoreRWykesTDoes change in cannabis use in established psychosis affect clinical outcome?Schizophr Bull201339233934822037770
- BarrowcloughCGreggLLobbanFBucciSEmsleyRThe impact of cannabis use on clinical outcomes in recent onset psychosisSchizophr Bull201541238239025011381
- SeddonJLBirchwoodMCopelloACannabis use is associated with increased psychotic symptoms and poorer psychosocial functioning in first-episode psychosis: a report from the UK national EDEN studySchizophr Bull201542361962526536902
- ClausenLHjorthøjCThorupAChange in cannabis use, clinical symptoms and social functioning among patients with first-episode psychosis: a 5-year follow-up study of patients in the OPUS trialPsychol Med201444111712623590927
- SzokeAGalliotA-MRichardJ-RAssociation between cannabis use and schizotypal dimensions–a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studiesPsychiatry Res20142191586624878296
- FogliaESchoelerTKlamerusEMorganKBhattacharyyaSCannabis use and adherence to antipsychotic medication: a systematic review and meta-analysisPsychol Med201747101691170528179039
- SchoelerTPetrosNContinued cannabis and substance use in the first 2 years following onset of psychosisSchizophr Bull201743Suppl_1S80S81
- BernardoMCañasFHerreraBDoradoMGAdherence predicts symptomatic and psychosocial remission in schizophrenia: naturalistic study of patient integration in the communityRev Psiquiatr Salud Ment201710314915927291833
- SchoelerTPetrosNDi FortiMPoor medication adherence and risk of relapse associated with continued cannabis use in patients with first-episode psychosis: a prospective analysisLancet Psychiatry20174862763328705600
- BarchDMSheffieldJMCognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: common mechanisms and measurementWorld Psychiatry201413322423225273286
- Sánchez-TorresAMBasterraVRosaALifetime cannabis use and cognition in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and their unaffected siblingsEur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci2013263864365323580110
- PowerBDDragovicMBadcockJCNo additive effect of cannabis on cognition in schizophreniaSchizophr Res2015168124525126235754
- WaterreusABadcockJCDi PrinzioPMartin-IversonMMorganVAThe impact of current cannabis use on general cognitive function in people with psychotic illnessSchizophr Res201719016417128381332
- YücelMBoraELubmanDIThe impact of cannabis use on cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of existing findings and new data in a first-episode sampleSchizophr Bull201238231633020660494
- DonoghueKDoodyGAEffect of illegal substance use on cognitive function in individuals with a psychotic disorder, a review and meta-analysisNeuropsychology201226678580122924618
- RabinRABarrMSGoodmanMSEffects of extended cannabis abstinence on cognitive outcomes in cannabis dependent patients with schizophrenia vs non-psychiatric controlsNeuropsychopharmacology201742112259227128443616
- SchoelerTKambeitzJBehlkeIMurrayRBhattacharyyaSThe effects of cannabis on memory function in users with and without a psychotic disorder: findings from a combined meta-analysisPsychol Med201646117718826353818
- BatallaABhattacharyyaSYücelMStructural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: a systematic review of adolescent and adult findingsPLoS One201382e5582123390554
- Van AmeringenMManciniCPattersonBBoyleMHPost-traumatic stress disorder in CanadaCNS Neurosci Ther200814317118118801110
- IpserJCSteinDJEvidence-based pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Int J Neuropsychopharmacol201215682584021798109
- FraserGAThe use of a synthetic cannabinoid in the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)CNS Neurosci Ther2009151848819228182
- RoitmanPMechoulamRCooper-KazazRShalevAPreliminary, open-label, pilot study of add-on oral Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in chronic post-traumatic stress disorderClin Drug Investig2014348587591
- JetlyRHeberAFraserGBoisvertDThe efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: a preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design studyPsychoneuroendocrinology20155158558825467221
- ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier: NCT02517424, Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of Cannabis in Participants With Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder2015 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02517424Accessed November 1, 2017
- Identifier: 192675, Placebo-Controlled, Triple-Blind, Crossover Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Three Different Potencies of Vaporized Cannabis in 42 Participants with Chronic, Treatment-Resistant Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)2016 Available from: https://health-products.canada.ca/ctdb-bdec/search-recherche.do;jsessionid=831B8B6717B50580890DCCBED62CBCCEAccessed November 1, 2017
- ParkBGibbonsHMitchellMGlassMIdentification of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in the human placentaPlacenta2003241099099514580383
- HutchingsDEMartinBRGamagarisZMillerNFicoTPlasma concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in dams and fetuses following acute or multiple prenatal dosing in ratsLife Sci198944116977012538691
- BaileyJCunnyHPauleMSlikkerWFetal disposition of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during late pregnancy in the rhesus monkeyToxicol Appl Pharmacol19879023153212820086
- Perez-ReyesMWallMPresence of AMetrahydrocannabinol in human milkN Engl J Med1982307138198206287261
- HurdYWangXAndersonVBeckOMinkoffHDow-EdwardsDMarijuana impairs growth in mid-gestation fetusesNeurotoxicol Teratol200527222122915734273
- El MarrounHTiemeierHSteegersEAIntrauterine cannabis exposure affects fetal growth trajectories: the Generation R StudyJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry200948121173118119858757
- GrayTREidenRDLeonardKEConnorsGJShislerSHuestisMAIdentifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growthClin Chem20105691442145020628142
- ScraggRMitchellEFordRThompsonJTaylorBStewartAMaternal cannabis use in the sudden death syndromeActa Paediatr2001901576011227335
- ShionoPHKlebanoffMANugentRPThe impact of cocaine and marijuana use on low birth weight and preterm birth: a multicenter studyAm J Obstet Gynecol1995172119277847533
- FriedPAWatkinsonBGrayRGrowth from birth to early adolescence in offspring prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marijuanaNeurotoxicol Teratol199921551352510492386
- van GelderMMReefhuisJCatonARWerlerMMDruschelCMRoeleveldNCharacteristics of pregnant illicit drug users and associations between cannabis use and perinatal outcome in a population-based studyDrug Alcohol Depend2010109124324720171023
- FriedPConceptual issues in behavioral teratology and their application in determining long-term sequelae of prenatal marihuana exposureJ Child Psychol Psychiatry20024318110211848338
- RichardsonGARyanCWillfordJDayNLGoldschmidtLPrenatal alcohol and marijuana exposure: effects on neuropsychological outcomes at 10 yearsNeurotoxicol Teratol200224330932012009486
- AstleySJLittleREMaternal marijuana use during lactation and infant development at one yearNeurotoxicol Teratol19901221611682333069
- GunnJRosalesCCenterKPrenatal exposure to cannabis and maternal and child health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysisBMJ open201664e009986
- ChabarriaKCRacusinDAAntonyKMMarijuana use and its effects in pregnancyAm J Obstet Gynecol20162154506.e501506.e50727263998
- HasinDSKerridgeBTSahaTDPrevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012–2013: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–IIIAm J Psychiatry2016173658859926940807
- MarkKDesaiATerplanMMarijuana use and pregnancy: prevalence, associated characteristics, and birth outcomesArch Womens Ment Health201619110511125895138
- MetzTDAllshouseAAHogueCJRMaternal marijuana use, adverse pregnancy outcomes and neonatal morbidityAm J Obstet Gynecol20172174478.e1478.e828578174
- WarshakCReganJMooreBMagnerKKritzerSVan HookJAssociation between marijuana use and adverse obstetrical and neonatal outcomesJ Perinatol2015351299126401751
- FriedPAJamesDSWatkinsonBGrowth and pubertal milestones during adolescence in offspring prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marihuanaNeurotoxicol Teratol200123543143611711245
- Fried P, Watkinson B. 12-and 24-month neurobehavioural follow-up of children prenatally exposed to marihuana, cigarettes and alcoholNeurotoxicol Teratol19881043053133226373
- RichardsonGADayNLGoldschmidtLPrenatal alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use: infant mental and motor developmentNeurotoxicol Teratol19951744794877565494
- El MarrounHTiemeierHSteegersEAA prospective study on intrauterine cannabis exposure and fetal blood flowEarly Hum Dev201086423123620451334
- FriedPAWatkinsonBGrayRDifferential effects on cognitive functioning in 9- to 12-year olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marihuanaNeurotoxicol Teratol19982032933069638687
- CasciniFAielloCDi TannaGIncreasing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) content in herbal cannabis over time: systematic review and meta-analysisCurr Drug Abuse Rev201251324022150622
- Health CanadaNational report: apparent opioid-related deaths 2016–2017 Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-abuse/prescription-drug-abuse/opioids/national-report-apparent-opioid-related-deaths.htmlAccessed November 1, 2017
- BartGMaintenance medication for opiate addiction: the foundation of recoveryJ Addict Dis201231320722522873183
- EpsteinDHPrestonKLNo evidence for reduction of opioid-withdrawal symptoms by cannabis smoking during a methadone dose taperAm J Addict201524432332825846329
- ZuardiAWCannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of actionRev Bras Psiquiatr20083027128018833429
- Health CanadaBest Practices: Methadone Maintenance Treatment2002 Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/adp-apd/methadone-bp-mp/methadone-bp-mp-eng.pdfAccessed November 1, 2017
- JohanssonEVAAgurellSHollisterLEHalldinMMProlonged apparent half-life of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol in plasma of chronic marijuana usersJ Pharm Pharmacol19884053743752899638
- WallMESadlerBMBrineDTaylorHPerez-ReyesMMetabolism, disposition, and kinetics of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in men and womenClin Pharmacol Ther19833433523636309462
- BergamaschiMMKarschnerELGoodwinRSImpact of prolonged cannabinoid excretion in chronic daily cannabis smokers’ blood on per se drugged driving lawsClin Chem201359351952623449702
- MatiasIBelluomoICotaDThe fat side of the endocannabinoid system: role of endocannabinoids in the adipocyteCannabis Cannabinoid Res201611176185
- Di MarzoVBerrenderoFBisognoTEnhancement of anandamide formation in the limbic forebrain and reduction of endocannab-inoid contents in the striatum of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-tolerant ratsJ Neurochem20007441627163510737621
- GonzalezSCebeiraMFernandez-RuizJCannabinoid tolerance and dependence: a review of studies in laboratory animalsPharmacol Biochem Behav200581230031815919107
- HaneyMWardASComerSDFoltinRWFischmanMWAbstinence symptoms following oral THC administration to humansPsychopharmacology1999141438539410090646
- JonesRTBenowitzNLHerningRIClinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependenceJ Clin Pharmacol1981218–9 Suppl143s152s6271820
- HallWSolowijNAdverse effects of cannabisLancet19983529140161116169843121
- VandreyRHaneyMPharmacotherapy for cannabis dependence: how close are we?CNS Drugs200923754355319552483
- Lopez-QuinteroCde los CobosJPHasinDSProbability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)Drug Alcohol Depend20111151–212013021145178
- BudneyAJRoffmanRStephensRSWalkerDMarijuana dependence and its treatmentAddict Sci Clin Pract20074141618292704
- VandreyRStitzerMLMintzerMZHuestisMAMurrayJALeeDThe dose effects of short-term dronabinol (oral THC) maintenance in daily cannabis usersDrug Alcohol Depend20131281–2647022921474
- AllsopDJCopelandJLintzerisNNabiximols as an agonist replacement therapy during cannabis withdrawal: a randomized clinical trialJAMA Psychiatry201471328129124430917
- TrigoJMLagzdinsDRehmJEffects of fixed or self-titrated dosages of Sativex on cannabis withdrawal and cravingsDrug Alcohol Depend201616129830626925704
- AbramsDICoueyPShadeSBKellyMEBenowitzNLCannabinoid-opioid interaction in chronic painClin Pharmacol Ther201190684485122048225
- McRae-ClarkALBakerNLGrayKMKilleenTHartwellKJSimonianSJVilazodone for cannabis dependence: a randomized, controlled pilot trialAm J Addict2016251697526685701
- WeinsteinAMMillerHBluvsteinITreatment of cannabis dependence using escitalopram in combination with cognitive-behavior therapy: a double-blind placebo-controlled studyAm J Drug Alcohol Abuse2014401162224359507
- McRae-ClarkALBakerNLGrayKMBuspirone treatment of cannabis dependence: a randomized, placebo-controlled trialDrug Alcohol Depend2015156293726386827
- JohnstonJLintzerisNAllsopDJLithium carbonate in the management of cannabis withdrawal: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in an inpatient settingPsychopharmacology2014231244623463624880749
- LevinFRMarianiJJPavlicovaMDronabinol and lofexidine for cannabis use disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDrug Alcohol Depend2016159536026711160
- MasonBJCreanRGoodellVA proof-of-concept randomized controlled study of gabapentin: effects on cannabis use, withdrawal and executive function deficits in cannabis-dependent adultsNeuropsychopharmacology20123771689169822373942
- SchifanoFMisuse and abuse of pregabalin and gabapentin: cause for concern?CNS Drugs201428649149624760436
- SmithRVHavensJRWalshSLGabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic reviewAddiction201611171160117427265421
- MersfelderTLNicholsWHGabapentin: abuse, dependence, and withdrawalAnn Pharmacother201650322923326721643