Human serum albumin homeostasis: a new look at the roles of synthesis, catabolism, renal and gastrointestinal excretion, and the clinical value of serum albumin measurements

References

• GibbsJCullWHendersonWDaleyJHurKKhuriSFPreoperative serum albumin level as a predictor of operative mortality and morbidity: results from the National VA Surgical Risk StudyArch Surg1999134136429927128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PetersTAll About Albumin, Biochemistry, Genetics and Medical ApplicationsSan DiegoAcademic Press1996
   Google Scholar
• NicholsonJPWolmaransMRParkGRThe role of albumin in critical illnessBr J Anaesth200085459961011064620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FulksMStoutRLDolanVFAlbumin and all-cause mortality risk in insurance applicantsJ Insur Med2010421111721290995
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BennholdHKalleeEComparative studies on the half-life of I 131-labeled albumins and nonradioactive human serum albumin in a case of analbuminemiaJ Clin Invest195938586387213654522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WatkinsSMadisonJGallianoMMinchiottiLPutnamFWAnalbuminemia: three cases resulting from different point mutations in the albumin geneProc Natl Acad Sci U S A19949120941794217937781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FasanoMCurrySTerrenoEThe extraordinary ligand binding properties of human serum albuminIUBMB Life2005571278779616393781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LevittDGLevittMDQuantitative assessment of the multiple processes responsible for bilirubin homeostasis in health and diseaseClin Exp Gastroenterol2014730732825214800
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TavernaMMarieALMiraJPGuidetBSpecific antioxidant properties of human serum albuminAnn Intensive Care201331423414610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DichJHansenSEThiedenHIEffect of albumin concentration and colloid osmotic pressure on albumin synthesis in the perfused rat liverActa Physiol Scand19738933523584767237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TrachtMETallalLTrachtDGIntrinsic hepatic control of plasma albumin concentrationLife Sci1967624262126286082155
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SchomerusHMayerGSynthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen in patients with protein-losing enteropathy and in a patient recovering from protein malnutritionDigestion1975134201208812754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AndersenSBRossingNMetabolism of albumin and gamma G-globulin during albumin infusions and during plasmapheresisScand J Clin Lab Invest1967202183184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LevittDGThe pharmacokinetics of the interstitial space in humansBMC Clin Pharmacol20033312890292
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LassenNAParvingHHRossingNEditorial: filtration as the main mechanism of overall transcapillary protein escape from the plasmaMicrovasc Res197473iiv4829273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients): A Report of the Panel on Macronutrients, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference IntakesWashington, DCNational Academies Press2005
   Google Scholar
• De FeoPHorberFFHaymondMWMeal stimulation of albumin synthesis: a significant contributor to whole body protein synthesis in humansAm J Physiol19922634 Pt 1E794E7991415702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BallmerPEMcNurlanMAEssenPAndersonSEGarlickPJAlbumin synthesis rates measured with [2H5ring]phenylalanine are not responsive to short-term intravenous nutrients in healthy humansJ Nutr199512535125197876926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BallmerPEMcNurlanMAHulterHNAndersonSEGarlickPJKrapfRChronic metabolic acidosis decreases albumin synthesis and induces negative nitrogen balance in humansJ Clin Invest199595139457814640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FriedmanANFademSZReassessment of albumin as a nutritional marker in kidney diseaseJ Am Soc Nephrol201021222323020075063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNurlanMASandgrenAHunterKEssenPGarlickPJWernermanJProtein synthesis rates of skeletal muscle, lymphocytes, and albumin with stress hormone infusion in healthy manMetabolism19964511138813948931644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarleHJanuszkiewiczAHallstromLAlbumin synthesis in humans increases immediately following the administration of endotoxinClin Sci (Lond)2002103552553112401127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FuhrmanMPCharneyPMuellerCMHepatic proteins and nutrition assessmentJ Am Diet Assoc200410481258126415281044
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CohenSHansenJDMetabolism of albumin and gamma-globulin in kwashiorkorClin Sci19622335135914022092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PicouDWaterlowJCThe effect of malnutrition on the metabolism of plasma albuminClin Sci19622245946814486413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BuzbyGPWillifordWOPetersonOLA randomized clinical trial of total parenteral nutrition in malnourished surgical patients: the rationale and impact of previous clinical trials and pilot study on protocol designAm J Clin Nutr1988472 Suppl3573653124597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VerderyRBLow weight and nutritional deficiencyJ Am Geriatr Soc19924055365371634714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von MeyenfeldtMFMeijerinkWJRouflartMMBuilmaassenMTSoetersPBPerioperative nutritional support: a randomised clinical trialClin Nutr199211418018616839996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeylandDKMacDonaldSKeefeLDroverJWTotal parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a meta-analysisJAMA199828023201320199863853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrayGEMeguidMMCan total parenteral nutrition reverse hypoalbuminemia in oncology patients?Nutrition1990632252282136002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarchesiniGDioguardiFSBianchiGPLong-term oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. A randomized double-blind casein-controlled trial. The Italian Multicenter Study GroupJ Hepatol1990111921012204661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WhiteJVGuenterPJensenGConsensus statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition)J Acad Nutr Diet2012112573073822709779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AndreasenPBRanekLStatlandBETygstrupNClearance of antipyrine-dependence of quantitative liver functionEur J Clin Invest1974421291344832718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BranchRAJamesJAReadAEThe clearance of antipyrine and indocyanine green in normal subjects and in patients with chronic liver diseaseClin Pharmacol Ther197620181891277728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KawasakiSSugiyamaYIgaTHepatic clearances of antipyrine, indocyanine green, and galactose in normal subjects and in patients with chronic liver diseasesClin Pharmacol Ther19884422172243396264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HepnerGWVesellESQuantitative assessment of hepatic function by breath analysis after oral administration of (14C)aminopyrineAnn Intern Med19758356326381200495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParvingHHRossingNJensenHAIncreased metabolic turnover rate and transcapillary escape rate of albumin in essential hypertensionCirc Res19743545445524413836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RossingNParvingHHKorsgaardOMetabolism and transcapillary escape rate of albumin in acromegalyScand J Clin Lab Invest197433139444827757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZachwiejaJJBierDMYarasheskiKEGrowth hormone administration in older adults: effects on albumin synthesisAm J Physiol19942666 Pt 1E840E8448023912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaysenGADubinJAMullerHGInflammation and reduced albumin synthesis associated with stable decline in serum albumin in hemodialysis patientsKidney Int20046541408141515086482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaysenGAYeunJDepnerTAlbumin synthesis, catabolism and distribution in dialysis patientsMiner Electrolyte Metab1997233–62182249387121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BlaeseRMStroberWLevyALWaldmannTAHypercatabolism of IgG, IgA, IgM, and albumin in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. A unique disorder of serum protein metabolismJ Clin Invest19715011233123385096517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MassaadMJRameshNGehaRSWiskott-Aldrich syndrome: a comprehensive reviewAnn N Y Acad Sci20131285264323527602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MundelPReiserJProteinuria: an enzymatic disease of the podocyte?Kidney Int201077757158019924101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetersonPAEvrinPEBerggardIDifferentiation of glomerular, tubular, and normal proteinuria: determinations of urinary excretion of beta-2-macroglobulin, albumin, and total proteinJ Clin Invest1969487118911984978446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaackTJohnsonVKauSTFigueiredoJSigulemDRenal filtration, transport, and metabolism of low-molecular-weight proteins: a reviewKidney Int1979163251270393891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParkCHMaackTAlbumin absorption and catabolism by isolated perfused proximal convoluted tubules of the rabbitJ Clin Invest19847337677776707203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GekleMRenal tubule albumin transportAnnu Rev Physiol20056757359415709971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmsellemSGburekJHamardGCubilin is essential for albumin reabsorption in the renal proximal tubuleJ Am Soc Nephrol201021111859186720798259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CastropHReply to “Letter to the editor: ‘Quantifying albumin permeability with multiphoton microscopy: why the difference?’”Am J Physiol Renal Physiol20143069F1101F110324785958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchiesslIMCastropHAngiotensin II AT2 receptor activation attenuates AT1 receptor-induced increases in the glomerular filtration of albumin: a multiphoton microscopy studyAm J Physiol Renal Physiol20133058F1189F120023946289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NordenAGLapsleyMLeePJGlomerular protein sieving and implications for renal failure in Fanconi syndromeKidney Int20016051885189211703607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OrthSRRitzEThe nephrotic syndromeN Engl J Med199833817120212119554862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JensenHJarnumSHart HansenJPGastrointestinal protein loss and intestinal function in the nephrotic syndromeNephron1966342092205958982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchultzeGAhujaSFaberUMolzahnMGastrointestinal protein loss in the nephrotic syndrome studied with 51Cr-albuminNephron19802552272307383234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JensenHRossingNAndersenSBJarnumSAlbumin metabolism in the nephrotic syndrome in adultsClin Sci19673334454576078513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaysenGAGambertoglioJFeltsJHutchisonFNAlbumin synthesis, albuminuria and hyperlipemia in nephrotic patientsKidney Int1987316136813763613408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaysenGAJonesHJrMartinVHutchisonFNA low-protein diet restricts albumin synthesis in nephrotic ratsJ Clin Invest1989835162316292708523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaysenGAGambertoglioJJimenezIJonesHHutchisonFNEffect of dietary protein intake on albumin homeostasis in nephrotic patientsKidney Int19862925725773702214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreenwaldDAProtein-losing gastroenteropathyFeldmanMFriedmanLSBrandtLJSleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease110th edPhiladelphia, PASaunders2016464470
   Google Scholar
• SteinfeldJLDavidsonJDGordonRSJrGreeneFEThe mechanism of hypoproteinemia in patients with regional enteritis and ulcerative colitisAm J Med19602940541513834226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WaldmannTAGastrointestinal protein loss demonstrated by Cr-51-labelled albuminLancet19612719412112313782655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WaldmannTAWochnerRDStroberWThe role of the gastrointestinal tract in plasma protein metabolism. Studies with 51Cr-albuminAm J Med19694622752854886918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WochnerRDWeissmanSMWaldmannTAHoustonDBerlinNIDirect measurement of the rates of synthesis of plasma proteins in control subjects and patients with gastrointestinal protein lossJ Clin Invest19684759719825239039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BernierJJFlorentCDesmazuresCAymesCL’HirondelCDiagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy by gastrointestinal clearance of alpha1-antitrypsinLancet19782809376376480688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QuigleyEMRossINHaeneyMRHolbrookIBMarshMNReassessment of faecal alpha-1-antitrypsin excretion for use as screening test for intestinal protein lossJ Clin Pathol198740161663493263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavidsonJDWaldmannTAGoodmanDSGordonRSJrProtein-losing gastroenteropathy in congestive heart-failureLancet19611718389990213720056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnsonJNDriscollDJO’LearyPWProtein-losing enteropathy and the Fontan operationNutr Clin Pract201227337538422516942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BecheurHPauwelsAMostefa-KaraNGastric protein loss and alcoholic cirrhosis. Study by measurement of gastric clearance of alpha 1-antitrypsinGastroenterol Clin Biol1996208–9669673 French8977815
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DavcevPVanovskiBSestakovDTadzerIProtein-losing enteropathy in patients with liver cirrhosisDigestion19692117225776462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GeorgopoulosPMowatCMcMillanDCKingstoneKGhoshSStanleyAJIs portal hypertension associated with protein-losing enteropathy?J Gastroenterol Hepatol200520110310715610454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ConnHOIs protein-losing enteropathy a significant complication of portal hypertension?Am J Gastroenterol19989311271289448196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• StanleyAJGilmourHMGhoshSFergusonAMcGilchristAJTransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt as a treatment for protein-losing enteropathy caused by portal hypertensionGastroenterology19961116167916828942750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WongWMHuiCKYuenMFReversal of protein-losing enteropathy by liver transplantationJ Clin Gastroenterol2003361868712488724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaxwellJLTerracioLBorgTKBaynesJWThorpeSRA fluorescent residualizing label for studies on protein uptake and catabolism in vivo and in vitroBiochem J199026711551621691636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GhetieVWardESMultiple roles for the major histocompatibility complex class I-related receptor FcRnAnnu Rev Immunol20001873976610837074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChaudhuryCMehnazSRobinsonJMThe major histocompatibility complex-related Fc receptor for IgG (FcRn) binds albumin and prolongs its lifespanJ Exp Med2003197331532212566415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimJBronsonCLHaytonWLAlbumin turnover: FcRn-mediated recycling saves as much albumin from degradation as the liver producesAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol20062902G352G36016210471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FreemanTGordonAHAlbumin catabolism in hypoproteinaemic states studies with 131-I-albuminBibl Haematol196523110811155894593
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RoopenianDCLowBEChristiansonGJProetzelGSprouleTJWilesMVAlbumin-deficient mouse models for studying metabolism of human albumin and pharmacokinetics of albumin-based drugsMAbs20157234435125654695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RondeauPBourdonEThe glycation of albumin: structural and functional impactsBiochimie201193464565821167901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TamadaDOtsukiMKitamuraTEffects of growth hormone excess on glycated albumin concentrations: analysis in acromegalic patientsClin Chim Acta2015440939625447699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AnguizolaJMatsudaRBarnabyOSReview: glycation of human serum albuminClin Chim Acta2013425647623891854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NishikawaMYamashitaFTakakuraYHashidaMSezakiHDemonstration of the receptor-mediated hepatic uptake of dextran in miceJ Pharm Pharmacol19924453964011279155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KogaMMuraiJSaitoHMatsumotoSKasayamaSEffects of thyroid hormone on serum glycated albumin levels: study on non-diabetic subjectsDiabetes Res Clin Pract200984216316719243849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParvingHHHansenJMNielsenSLRossingNMunckOLassenNAMechanisms of edema formation in myxedema – increased protein extravasation and relatively slow lymphatic drainageN Engl J Med19793019460465460364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StarlingEHOn the absorption of fluids from the connective tissue spacesJ Physiol1896194312326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TumaPHubbardALTranscytosis: crossing cellular barriersPhysiol Rev200383387193212843411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LevickJRMichelCCMicrovascular fluid exchange and the revised Starling principleCardiovasc Res201087219821020200043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WoodcockTEWoodcockTMRevised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapyBr J Anaesth2012108338439422290457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeekenWLVolwilerWGoldsworthyPDStudies of I-131-albumin catabolism and distribution in normal young male adultsJ Clin Invest1962411312133313866511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TakedaYReeveEBStudies of the metabolism and distribution of albumin with autologous I131-albumin in healthy menJ Lab Clin Med19636118320213984638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FleckARainesGHawkerFIncreased vascular permeability: a major cause of hypoalbuminaemia in disease and injuryLancet1985184327817842858667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BallmerPEOchsenbeinAFSchutz-HofmannSTranscapillary escape rate of albumin positively correlates with plasma albumin concentration in acute but not in chronic inflammatory diseaseMetabolism19944366977057515458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrington de GonzalezAHartgePCerhanJRBody-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adultsN Engl J Med2010363232211221921121834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HedlundJCommunity-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalisation. Factors of importance for the short- and long term prognosisScand J Infect Dis Suppl1995971608584866
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GunenHHacievliyagilSSKosarFFactors affecting survival of hospitalised patients with COPDEur Respir J200526223424116055870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobertJHFrossardJLMermillodBEarly prediction of acute pancreatitis: prospective study comparing computed tomography scans, Ranson, Glascow, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, and various serum markersWorld J Surg200226561261912098056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChakravartyBJPredictors and the rate of medical treatment failure in ulcerative colitisAm J Gastroenterol19938868528558503379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelsonJJLiaoDSharrettARSerum albumin level as a predictor of incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) studyAm J Epidemiol2000151546847710707915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IshiiHAoyamaTTakahashiHSerum albumin and C-reactive protein levels predict clinical outcome in hemodialysis patients undergoing endovascular therapy for peripheral artery diseaseAtherosclerosis2013227113013423294924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LlewellynDJLangaKMFriedlandRPLangIASerum albumin concentration and cognitive impairmentCurr Alzheimer Res201071919620205675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuptaDLisCGPretreatment serum albumin as a predictor of cancer survival: a systematic review of the epidemiological literatureNutr J201096921176210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LyonsOWhelanBBennettKO’RiordanDSilkeBSerum albumin as an outcome predictor in hospital emergency medical admissionsEur J Intern Med2010211172020122607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeviPUMuruganSBiochemical derangements in patients with schizophrenia: a case-control studyJ Clin Diagn Res20082410011008
   Google Scholar
• HuangTLLower serum albumin levels in patients with mood disordersChang Gung Med J200225850951312392362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BerrutiADogliottiLBitossiRIncidence of skeletal complications in patients with bone metastatic prostate cancer and hormone refractory disease: predictive role of bone resorption and formation markers evaluated at baselineJ Urol200016441248125310992374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’AmicoGGarcia-TsaoGPagliaroLNatural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studiesJ Hepatol200644121723116298014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NagaseSShimamuneKShumiyaSAlbumin-deficient rat mutantScience19792054406590591451621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AldersonPBunnFLefebvreCHuman albumin solution for resuscitation and volume expansion in critically ill patientsCochrane Database Syst Rev20021CD00120811869596
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AldersonPSchierhoutGRobertsIBunnFColloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patientsCochrane Database Syst Rev20002CD00056710796729
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cochrane Injuries Group AlbuminRHuman albumin administration in critically ill patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trialsBMJ199831771532352409677209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchierhoutGRobertsIFluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients: a systematic review of randomised trialsBMJ199831671369619649550953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoluytNBollenCWBosAPKokJHOffringaMFluid resuscitation in neonatal and pediatric hypovolemic shock: a Dutch Pediatric Society evidence-based clinical practice guidelineIntensive Care Med2006327995100316791662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OcaMJNelsonMDonnSMRandomized trial of normal saline versus 5% albumin for the treatment of neonatal hypotensionJ Perinatol200323647347613679934
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AhlforsCEWennbergRPBilirubin-albumin binding and neonatal jaundiceSemin Perinatol200428533433915686264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TakahashiMSugiyamaKShumiyaSNagaseSPenetration of bilirubin into the brain in albumin-deficient and jaundiced rats (AJR) and Nagase analbuminemic rats (NAR)J Biochem1984966170517126543363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilkinsonPMendenhallCLSerum albumin turnover in normal subjects and patients with cirrhosis measured by 131i-labelled human albuminClin Sci19632528129214070912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RossingNThe normal metabolism of 131I-labelled albumin in manClin Sci1967335936026078522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaschEJarnumSTygstrupNAlbumin synthesis rate as a measure of liver function in patient with cirrhosisActa Med Scand1967182183926028955
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KaysenGASchoenfeldPYAlbumin homeostasis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysisKidney Int19842511071146727122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BallmerPEMcNurlanMAMilneEMeasurement of albumin synthesis in humans: a new approach employing stable isotopesAm J Physiol19902596 Pt 1E797E8032260648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BallmerPEWalsheDMcNurlanMAWatsonHBruntPWGarlickPJAlbumin synthesis rates in cirrhosis: correlation with Child-Turcotte classificationHepatology19931822922978340057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GersovitzMMunroHNUdallJYoungVRAlbumin synthesis in young and elderly subjects using a new stable isotope methodology: response to level of protein intakeMetabolism19802911107510867432171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoffenbergRBlackEBrockJFAlbumin and gamma-globulin tracer studies in protein depletion statesJ Clin Invest19664511431524158930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KelmanLSaundersSJFrithLWichtSCorrigalAEffects of dietary protein restriction on albumin synthesis, albumin catabolism, and the plasma aminogramAm J Clin Nutr19722511117411785086039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TessariPBarazzoniRKiwanukaEImpairment of albumin and whole body postprandial protein synthesis in compensated liver cirrhosisAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab20022822E304E31111788361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HunterKABallmerPEAndersonSEBroomJGarlickPJMcNurlanMAAcute stimulation of albumin synthesis rate with oral meal feeding in healthy subjects measured with [ring-2H5]phenylalanineClin Sci (Lond)19958822352427720349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CasoGFeinerJMilevaIResponse of albumin synthesis to oral nutrients in young and elderly subjectsAm J Clin Nutr200785244645117284742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De FeoPGaisanoMGHaymondMWDifferential effects of insulin deficiency on albumin and fibrinogen synthesis in humansJ Clin Invest19918838338401909352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SterlingKSerum albumin turnover in Laennec’s cirrhosis as measured by I131-tagged albuminJ Clin Invest195130111238124214888701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BallmerPEReichenJMcNurlanMASterchiABAndersonSEGarlickPJAlbumin but not fibrinogen synthesis correlates with galactose elimination capacity in patients with cirrhosis of the liverHepatology199624153598707282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MayerGSchomerusHSynthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen during and after acute hepatitisDigestion19751352612711205013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CainGDMayerGJonesEAAugmentation of albumin but not fibrinogen synthesis by corticosteroids in patients with hepatocellular diseaseJ Clin Invest19704912219822045480846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchomerusHMayerGSynthesis rates of fibrinogen and albumin in patients with rheumatoid arthritisActa Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg)19772411114848241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MayerGSchomerusHSynthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen in patients with cardiac and pulmonary cachexiaActa Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg)19772428285855627
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BianchiRMarianiGPiloAAlbumin synthesis measurement by means of an improved two tracer method in patients with chronic renal failure. Effects of low protein dietJ Nucl Biol Med19701441361444939282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MoshageHJJanssenJAFranssenJHHafkenscheidJCYapSHStudy of the molecular mechanism of decreased liver synthesis of albumin in inflammationJ Clin Invest1987796163516413584463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FearonKCFalconerJSSlaterCMcMillanDCRossJAPrestonTAlbumin synthesis rates are not decreased in hypoalbuminemic cachectic cancer patients with an ongoing acute-phase protein responseAnn Surg199822722492549488524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MansoorOCayolMGachonPAlbumin and fibrinogen syntheses increase while muscle protein synthesis decreases in head-injured patientsAm J Physiol19972735 Pt 1E898E9029374674
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BarleHGamrinLEssenPMcNurlanMAGarlickPJWernermanJGrowth hormone does not affect albumin synthesis in the critically illIntensive Care Med200127583684311430539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarleHHammarqvistFWestmanBSynthesis rates of total liver protein and albumin are both increased in patients with an acute inflammatory responseClin Sci (Lond)20061101939916144514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BallmerPEWeberBKRoy-ChaudhuryPElevation of albumin synthesis rates in nephrotic patients measured with [1-13C]leucineKidney Int19924111321381593848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar