Contraception During Perimenopause: Practical Guidance

References

• Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, et al. Executive summary of the stages of reproductive aging workshop 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. Climacteric. 2012;15(2):105–114. doi:10.3109/13697137.2011.650656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John D. Obstetrics and Gynecology for Postgraduates. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1986:646–676.
   Google Scholar
• Soules MR, Sherman S, Parrott E, et al. Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW). J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10(9):843–848. doi:10.1089/152460901753285732
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bacon JL. The menopausal transition. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2017;44(2):285–296. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2017.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaaban MM. The perimenopause and contraception. Maturitas. 1996;23(2):181–192. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(96)83915-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joo JK, Shin JH, Lee JR, Kim MR. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system use in perimenopausal women. J Menopausal Med. 2021;27(2):49–57. doi:10.6118/jmm.20038
   Google Scholar
• FSRH Clinical Guideline: Contraception for Women Aged over 40 Years (August 2017, amended September 2019). Faculty of sexual and reproductive healthcare; 2018. Available from: https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/fsrh-guidance-contraception-for-women-aged-over-40-years-2017/. Accessed July 7, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra A, Copen CE, Stephen EH. Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982–2010: data from the National Survey Of Family Growth. Natl Health Stat Rep. 2013;67:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Finer LB, Zolna MR. Unintended pregnancy in the United States: incidence and disparities, 2006. Contraception. 2011;84(5):478–485. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navot D, Bergh PA, Williams MA, et al. Poor oocyte quality rather than implantation failure as a cause of age-related decline in female fertility. Lancet Lond Engl. 1991;337(8754):1375–1377. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)93060-M
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antinori S, Gholami GH, Versaci C, et al. Obstetric and prenatal outcome in menopausal women: a 12-year clinical study. Reprod Biomed Online. 2003;6(2):257–261. doi:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)61718-X
   Google Scholar
• Grandi G, Del Savio MC, Boggio Sola V, Monari F, Melotti C, Facchinetti F. Attitudes of women towards products containing hormones (hormonal contraceptives or hormone therapy): what changes from pre to postmenopause? Ann Med. 2021;53(1):908–915. doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.1938662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitzer J, Platano G, Tschudin S, Alder J. Sexual counseling in elderly couples. J Sex Med. 2008;5(9):2027–2043. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00926.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speroff L, Darney PD. A Clinical Guide for Contraception. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011:464.
   Google Scholar
• Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS, FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee; The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet off Organ Int Fed Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;143(3):393–408. doi:10.1002/ijgo.12666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies J, Kadir RA. Heavy menstrual bleeding: an update on management. Thromb Res. 2017;151(Suppl 1):S70–7. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(17)30072-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Bella ZIK, de J Bianchi AMH, de M Araujo FF, De, Sartori MGF, Girão MJBC. Contraception and family planning at the extreme of reproductive life - climacteric. Rev Assoc Medica Bras. 2016;62(5):454–457. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.62.05.454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson PA, Critchley HOD, Williams ARW, Arends MJ, Saunders PTK. New concepts for an old problem: the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia. Hum Reprod Update. 2017;23(2):232–254. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris ML, Egan N, Forder PM, Coombe J, Loxton D. Contraceptive use among women through their later reproductive years: findings from an Australian prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0255913. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use; 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241549158. Accessed July 7, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Chiara Del Savio M, De FR, Facchinetti F, Grandi G. Drospirenone 4 mg-only pill (DOP) in 24+4 regimen: a new option for oral contraception. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2020;13(7):685–694. doi:10.1080/17512433.2020.1783247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice C, Killick S, Hickling D, Coelingh Bennink H. Ovarian activity and vaginal bleeding patterns with a desogestrel-only preparation at three different doses. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 1996;11(4):737–740. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitzer J. Overview of perimenopausal contraception. Climacteric J Int Menopause Soc. 2019;22(1):44–50. doi:10.1080/13697137.2018.1540566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Gallo MF, Stockton LL, Schulz KF. Skin patch and vaginal ring versus combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;30(4):CD003552.
   Google Scholar
• Marret H, Fauconnier A, Chabbert-Buffet N, et al. Clinical practice guidelines on menorrhagia: management of abnormal uterine bleeding before menopause. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;152(2):133–137. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGregor EA. Menstrual and perimenopausal migraine: a narrative review. Maturitas. 2020;142:24–30. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambacciani M, Monteleone P, Ciaponi M, Sacco A, Genazzani AR. Effects of oral contraceptives on bone mineral density. Treat Endocrinol. 2004;3(3):191–196. doi:10.2165/00024677-200403030-00006
   Google Scholar
• Cibula D, Gompel A, Mueck AO, et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of cancer. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16(6):631–650. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long ME, Faubion SS, MacLaughlin KL, Pruthi S, Casey PM. Contraception and hormonal management in the perimenopause. J Womens Health. 2015;24(1):3–10. doi:10.1089/jwh.2013.4544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo MF, Nanda K, Grimes DA, Schulz KF. 20 mcg versus >20 mcg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;18(2):CD003989.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser IS, Parked S, Mellinger U, Machlitt A, Serrani M, Jensen J. Effective treatment of heavy and/or prolonged menstrual bleeding without organic cause: pooled analysis of two multinational, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of oestradiol valerate and dienogest. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2011;16(4):258–269. doi:10.3109/13625187.2011.591456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blümel JE, Castelo-Branco C, Binfa L, Aparicio R, Mamani L. A scheme of combined oral contraceptives for women more than 40 years old. Menopause N Y N. 2001;8(4):286–289. doi:10.1097/00042192-200107000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi G, Imbrogno MG, Cainazzo MM, et al. Easy tools to screen Italian women suffering from migraine with and without aura in early reproductive age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;242:63–67. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco S, Merki-Feld GS, Ægidius KL, et al. Effect of exogenous estrogens and progestogens on the course of migraine during reproductive age: a consensus statement by the European Headache Federation (EHF) and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health (ESCRH). J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):76. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0896-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi C, Bifulco G, Tommaselli GA, Gargano V, Di Carlo C. Hormonal contraception and bone metabolism: a systematic review. Contraception. 2012;86(6):606–621. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen RH, Cwiak CA, Kaunitz AM. Contraception in women over 40 years of age. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J. 2013;185(7):565–573. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ø L, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Løkkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001–2009. BMJ. 2011;25(343):d6423.
   Google Scholar
• Weill A, Dalichampt M, Raguideau F, et al. Low dose oestrogen combined oral contraception and risk of pulmonary embolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction in five million French women: cohort study. BMJ. 2016;10(353):i2002. doi:10.1136/bmj.i2002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura K, Kobayashi T, Ojima T. Risks of thromboembolism associated with hormonal contraceptives related to body mass index and aging in Japanese women. Thromb Res. 2016;137:11–16. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2015.11.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roach REJ, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, Stijnen T, Algra A, Dekkers OM. Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;27(8):CD011054.
   Google Scholar
• Grandi G, Napolitano A, Cagnacci A. Metabolic impact of combined hormonal contraceptives containing estradiol. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(7):779–787. doi:10.1080/17425255.2016.1190832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi G, Barra F, Ferrero S, Facchinetti F. Estradiol in non-oral hormonal contraception: a ‘long and winding road’. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2019;14(3):153–155. doi:10.1080/17446651.2019.1604217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger J, Möhner S, Heinemann K. Combined oral contraceptives containing dienogest and estradiol valerate may carry a lower risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism compared to conventional preparations: results from the extended INAS-SCORE study. Front Womens Health. 2020;5(1). doi:10.15761/FWH.1000178
   Google Scholar
• Reed S, Koro C, DiBello J, et al. Prospective controlled cohort study on the safety of a monophasic oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate (2.5mg) and 17β-oestradiol (1.5mg) (PRO-E2 study): risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2021;26(6):439–446. doi:10.1080/13625187.2021.1987410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havrilesky LJ, Moorman PG, Lowery WJ, et al. Oral contraceptive pills as primary prevention for ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(1):139–147. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318291c235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23 257 women with ovarian cancer and 87 303 controls. Lancet. 2008;371(9609):303–314. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60167-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi G, Sammarini M, Del Savio MC, Toss A, Facchinetti F. Combined hormonal contraceptives in BRCA gene mutation carriers: why not? Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care off J Eur Soc Contracept. 2019;24(6):417–419. doi:10.1080/13625187.2019.1647335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westhoff C, Britton JA, Gammon MD, Wright T, Kelsey JL. Oral contraceptive and benign ovarian tumors. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(3):242–246. doi:10.1093/aje/152.3.242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (UKMEC). Faculty of sexual and reproductive healthcare; 2022. Available from: https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/uk-medical-eligibility-criteria-for-contraceptive-use-ukmec/. Accessed July 7, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Weiderpass E, Adami HO, Baron JA, Magnusson C, Lindgren A, Persson I. Use of oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control CCC. 1999;10(4):277–284. doi:10.1023/A:1008945721786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Lei X, Feng J, Wang Y. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care off J Eur Soc Contracept. 2012;17(6):402–414. doi:10.3109/13625187.2012.715357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, Iversen L, Fielding S, Lidegaard Ø. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228–2239. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1700732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorman PG, Havrilesky LJ, Gierisch JM, et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer among high-risk women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(33):4188–4198. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.48.9021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza N, Soto E, Sánchez-Borrego R. Do women aged over 40 need different counseling on combined hormonal contraception? Maturitas. 2016;87:79–83. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmer CJ, Mulders TM. Pharmacokinetics of etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol released from a combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000;39(3):233–242. doi:10.2165/00003088-200039030-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algorta J, Diaz M, de Benito R, et al. Pharmacokinetic bioequivalence, safety and acceptability of Ornibel®, a new polymer composition contraceptive vaginal ring (etonogestrel/ethinylestradiol 11.00/3.474 mg) compared with Nuvaring® (etonogestrel/ethinylestradiol 11.7/2.7 mg). Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care off J Eur Soc Contracept. 2017;22(6):429–438. doi:10.1080/13625187.2017.1413179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger J, Möhner S, Heinemann K. Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of an etonogestrel-containing vaginal ring. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(4):800–808. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a5ec6b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruzzetti F, Perini D, Fornaciari L, Russo M, Bucci F, Gadducci A. Discontinuation of modern hormonal contraceptives: an Italian survey. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care off J Eur Soc Contracept. 2016;21(6):449–454. doi:10.1080/13625187.2016.1234598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole JA, Norman H, Doherty M, Walker AM. Venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke among transdermal contraceptive system users. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109(2 Pt 1):339–346. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000250968.82370.04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper NK, Whiteman MK, Marchbanks PA, James AH, Curtis KM. Progestin-only contraception and thromboembolism: a systematic review. Contraception. 2016;94(6):678–700. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson M, Porter N, Orekoya O, et al. Progestin and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;155(1):3–12. doi:10.1007/s10549-015-3663-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endrikat J, Gerlinger C, Richard S, Rosenbaum P, Düsterberg B. Ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: a systematic review of the available literature and of marketed preparations worldwide. Contraception. 2011;84(6):549–557. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative Study Group on the Desogestrel-containing Progestogen-only Pill. A double-blind study comparing the contraceptive efficacy, acceptability and safety of two progestogen-only pills containing desogestrel 75 micrograms/day or levonorgestrel 30 micrograms/day. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care off J Eur Soc Contracept. 1998;3(4):169–178. doi:10.3109/13625189809167250
   Google Scholar
• Petitti DB, Piaggio G, Mehta S, Cravioto MC, Meirik O, The WHO Study of Hormonal Contraception and Bone Health; Steroid hormone contraception and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study in an international population. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95(5):736–744. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(00)00782-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller TA, Allen RH, Kaunitz AM, Cwiak CA. Contraception for midlife women: a review. Menopause N Y N. 2018;25(7):817–827. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000001073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahamondes L, Faundes A, Sobreira-Lima B, Lui-Filho JF, Pecci P, Matera S. TCu 380A IUD: a reversible permanent contraceptive method in women over 35 years of age. Contraception. 2005;72(5):337–341. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.12.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstuck N, Cheng L, Trussell J. The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 2012;27(7):1994–2000. doi:10.1093/humrep/des140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix AS, Gaudet MM, La Vecchia C, et al. Intrauterine devices and endometrial cancer risk: a pooled analysis of the epidemiology of endometrial cancer consortium. Int J Cancer J Int Cancer. 2015;136(5):E410–E422. doi:10.1002/ijc.29229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi G, Cagnacci A, Volpe A. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of desogestrel as a female contraceptive. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2014;10(1):1–10. doi:10.1517/17425255.2013.844229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walch K, Unfried G, Huber J, et al. Implanon versus medroxyprogesterone acetate: effects on pain scores in patients with symptomatic endometriosis–a pilot study. Contraception. 2009;79(1):29–34. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.07.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour D, Korver T, Marintcheva-Petrova M, Fraser IS. The effects of Implanon on menstrual bleeding patterns. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care off J Eur Soc Contracept. 2008;13(Suppl 1):13–28. doi:10.1080/13625180801959931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML, Bury JE. Bleeding related to etonogestrel subdermal implant in a US population. Contraception. 2011;83(5):426–430. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateson D, McNamee K. Perimenopausal contraception: a practice-based approach. Aust Fam Physician. 2017;46(6):372–377.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Schulz KF, Curtis KM, Chen M. Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;24(6):CD006033.
   Google Scholar
• Xu H, Wade JA, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Madden T, Secura GM. Contraceptive failure rates of etonogestrel subdermal implants in overweight and obese women. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(1):21–26. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318259565a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi G, Farulla A, Sileo FG, Facchinetti F. Levonorgestrel-releasing intra-uterine systems as female contraceptives. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(7):677–686. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1462337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo HJ, Lee MA, Ko YB, Yang JB, Kang BH, Lee KH. The efficacy of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in perimenopausal women with menorrhagia or dysmenorrhea. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;285(1):161–166. doi:10.1007/s00404-011-1937-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Küçük T, Ertan K. Continuous oral or intramuscular medroxyprogesterone acetate versus the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of perimenopausal menorrhagia: a randomized, prospective, controlled clinical trial in female smokers. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2008;35(1):57–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Poindexter AN, Bateman L, Ditmore JR. Experiences of injectable contraceptive users in an urban setting. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88(2):227–233. doi:10.1016/0029-7844(96)00194-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaunitz AM, Meredith S, Inki P, Kubba A, Sanchez-Ramos L. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and endometrial ablation in heavy menstrual bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(5):1104–1116. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a1d3ce
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu Hashim H, Zayed A, Ghayaty E, El Rakhawy M. LNG-IUS treatment of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia in perimenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. J Gynecol Oncol. 2013;24(2):128–134. doi:10.3802/jgo.2013.24.2.128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittermeier T, Farrant C, Wise MR. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;9(9):CD012658. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012658.pub2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang F, Xu H, Wu L, et al. LNG-IUS combined with progesterone ameliorates endometrial thickness and pregnancy outcomes of patients with early-stage endometrial cancer or atypical hyperplasia. Am J Transl Res. 2021;13(5):5412–5419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone Roberti Maggiore U, Martinelli F, Dondi G, et al. Efficacy and fertility outcomes of levonorgestrel-releasing intra-uterine system treatment for patients with atypical complex hyperplasia or endometrial cancer: a retrospective study. J Gynecol Oncol. 2019;30(4):e57. doi:10.3802/jgo.2019.30.e57
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maia H, Pimentel K, Casoy J, et al. Aromatase expression in the eutopic endometrium of myomatous uteri: the influence of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use. Gynecol Endocrinol off J Int Soc Gynecol Endocrinol. 2007;23(6):320–324. doi:10.1080/09513590701321565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado RB, de Souza IM, Beltrame A, Bernardes CR, Morimoto MS, Santana N. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: its effect on the number of hysterectomies performed in perimenopausal women with uterine fibroids. Gynecol Endocrinol off J Int Soc Gynecol Endocrinol. 2013;29(5):492–495. doi:10.3109/09513590.2013.769517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominick S, Hickey M, Chin J, Su HI. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(12):CD007245.
   Google Scholar
• Napolitano A, Zanin R, Palma F, et al. Body composition and resting metabolic rate of perimenopausal women using continuous progestogen contraception. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care off J Eur Soc Contracept. 2016;21(2):168–175. doi:10.3109/13625187.2015.1079610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varila E, Wahlström T, Rauramo I. A 5-year follow-up study on the use of a levonorgestrel intrauterine system in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Fertil Steril. 2001;76(5):969–973. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02846-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suvanto-Luukkonen E, Kauppila A. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system in menopausal hormone replacement therapy: five-year experience. Fertil Steril. 1999;72(1):161–163. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00162-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depypere H, Inki P. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial protection during estrogen replacement therapy: a clinical review. Climacteric J Int Menopause Soc. 2015;18(4):470–482. doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.991302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitzer J. Hormonal contraception and depression: another Pill scandal? Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care off J Eur Soc Contracept. 2017;22(1):1–2. doi:10.1080/13625187.2016.1269163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovlund CW, Mørch LS, Kessing LV, Lidegaard Ø. Association of hormonal contraception with depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(11):1154–1162. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin F, Du DF, Li XL. The effect of salpingectomy on ovarian reserve and ovarian function. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2016;71(6):369–376. doi:10.1097/OGX.0000000000000323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North American Menopause Society. Menopause Practice: a Clinician’s Guide; 2022. Available from: https://www.menopause.org/publications/professional-publications/em-menopause-practice-em-textbook. Accessed July 7, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin MK, Jensen JT. Contraception during the perimenopause. Maturitas. 2013;76(3):235–242. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inal MM, Yildirim Y, Ertopcu K, Avci ME, Ozelmas I, Tinar S. Effect of the subdermal contraceptive etonogestrel implant (Implanon) on biochemical and hormonal parameters (three years follow-up). Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care off J Eur Soc Contracept. 2008;13(3):238–242. doi:10.1080/13625180802075315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halmesmäki K, Hurskainen R, Tiitinen A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of hysterectomy or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of menorrhagia-effect on FSH levels and menopausal symptoms. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 2004;19(2):378–382. doi:10.1093/humrep/deh055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juliato CT, Fernandes A, Marchi NM, Castro S, Olivotti B, Bahamondes L. Usefulness of FSH measurements for determining menopause in long-term users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate over 40 years of age. Contraception. 2007;76(4):282–286. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit. FFPRHC guidance (January 2005) contraception for women aged over 40 years. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2005;31(1):51–63. doi:10.1783/0000000052973086
   Google Scholar
• Regione Emilia-Romagna. Salute.Assessorato politiche per la salute; Relazione sull’interruzione volontaria digravidanza in Emilia-Romagna nel 2020 [Health Policy Department; Report on the voluntary termination of pregnancy in Emilia-Romagna in 2020]; 2021. Available from: https://salute.regione.emilia-romagna.it/siseps/applicazioni/ig/documentazione. Accessed February 1, 2022. Italian
   Google Scholar