References
- UNHCR. UNHCR - Jordan. (2021). Available from: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/Jordan.country.factsheet-February.2021.pdf. Accessed July 25, 2022.
- Derose KP, Varda DM. Social capital and health care access: a systematic review. Med Care Res Rev. 2009;66(3):272–306. doi:10.1177/1077558708330428
- Hassan G, Kirmayer L, Mekki-Berrada A, El-Chammay R. Culture, context and the mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians. Unhcr. 2015;25(September):1–50.
- Yonis OB, Khader Y, Al-Mistarehi AH, Khudair SA, Dawoud M. Behavioural and emotional symptoms among schoolchildren: a comparison between Jordanians and Syrian refugees. East Mediterr Health J. 2021;27(12):1162–1172. doi:10.26719/emhj.21.072
- Hassan G, Ventevogel P, Jefee-Bahloul H, Barkil-Oteo A, Kirmayer LJ. Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2016;25(2):129–141. doi:10.1017/S2045796016000044
- Hijazi Z, Weissbecker I. Syria crisis: addressing regional mental health needs and gaps in the context of the Syria crisis. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syria-crisis-addressing-regional-mental-health-needs-and-gaps-context. Accessed July 25, 2022.
- Bogic M, Njoku A, Priebe S. Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2015;15:29. doi:10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9
- Alpak G, Unal A, Bulbul F, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: a cross-sectional study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2015;19(1):45–50. doi:10.3109/13651501.2014.961930
- Stevenson K, Alameddine R, Rukbi G, et al. High rates of maternal depression amongst Syrian refugees in Lebanon - a pilot study. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48247-5
- Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J. Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet. 2005;365(9467):1309–1314. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6
- Chung MC, AlQarni N, Al Muhairi S, Mitchell B. The relationship between trauma centrality, self-efficacy, posttraumatic stress and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees: is gender a moderator? J Psychiatr Res. 2017;94:107–115. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.001
- Tinghög P, Malm A, Arwidson C, Sigvardsdotter E, Lundin A, Saboonchi F. Prevalence of mental ill health, traumas and postmigration stress among refugees from Syria resettled in Sweden after 2011: a population-based survey. BMJ Open. 2017;7(12):e018899. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018899
- Acarturk C, Cetinkaya M, Senay I, Gulen B, Aker T, Hinton D. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms among Syrian refugees in a refugee camp. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2018;206(1):40–45. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000693
- Al-Smadi AM, Halaseh HJ, Gammoh OS, Ashour AF, Gharaibeh B, Khoury LS. Do chronic diseases and availability of medications predict post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Syrian refugees in Jordan? Pakistan J Nutr. 2016;15(10):936–941. doi:10.3923/pjn.2016.936.941
- Rizkalla N, Arafa R, Mallat NK, Soudi L, Adi S, Segal SP. Women in refuge: Syrian women voicing health sequelae due to war traumatic experiences and displacement challenges. J Psychosom Res. 2020;129(109909):109909. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109909
- Taku K, Cann A, Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG. The factor structure of the posttraumatic growth inventory: a comparison of five models using confirmatory factor analysis. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21(2):158–164. doi:10.1002/jts.20305
- Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress. 1996;9(3):455–471. doi:10.1002/jts.2490090305
- Ssenyonga J, Owens V, Olema DK. Posttraumatic growth, resilience, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among refugees. Procedia - Soc Behav Sci. 2013;82:144–148. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.238
- Boswall K, Akash R. Personal perspectives of protracted displacement: an ethnographic insight into the isolation and coping mechanisms of Syrian women and girls living as urban refugees in northern Jordan. Interv - Eur J Econ Econ Policies. 2015;13(3):203–215.
- de Haas H. Migration and Development: a Theoretical Perspective. Int Migr Rev. 2010;44(1):227–264. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x
- Haddad Z How the crisis is altering women’s roles in Syria | forced migration review. (2014). Available from: https://www.fmreview.org/syria/haddad. Accessed July 25, 2022.
- Doocy S, Lyles E. Humanitarian needs among displaced and female-headed households in government-controlled areas of Syria. Am J Public Health. 2017;107(6):950. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303710
- Center for International Private Enterprise. Women head more than a quarter of refugee households. what’s next for them? Available from: https://www.cipe.org/blog/2017/03/08/women-head-more-than-a-quarter-of-refugee-households-whats-next-for-them/. Accessed July 25, 2022.
- Kisilu A, Darras L. Highlighting the gender disparities in mental health among Syrian refugees in Jordan. Intervention. 2018;16(2):140–146. doi:10.4103/INTV.INTV_18_18
- Hollifield M, Verbillis-Kolp S, Farmer B, et al. The Refugee Health Screener-15 (RHS-15): development and validation of an instrument for anxiety, depression, and PTSD in refugees. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35(2):202–209. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.002
- Johnson-Agbakwu CE, Allen J, Nizigiyimana JF, Ramirez G, Hollifield M. Mental health screening among newly arrived refugees seeking routine obstetric and gynecologic care. Psychol Serv. 2014;11(4):470–476. doi:10.1037/a0036400
- Pathways to Wellness. Refugee health screener-15: development and use of the RHS-15. Integrating refugee health and well-being creating pathways for refugee survivors to heal; (2011). Available from: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://refugeehealthta.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/RHS15_Packet_PathwaysToWellness-1.pdf. Accessed July 25, 2022.
- Hollifield M, Toolson EC, Verbillis-Kolp S, et al. Effective screening for emotional distress in refugees: the refugee health screener. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016;204(4):247–253. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000469
- Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30–41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
- Perceived Social Support | MSPSS. Greenspace mental health knowledge base. Available from: https://help.greenspacehealth.com/article/92-perceived-social-support-mspss. Accessed July 25, 2022.
- Alshraifeen A, Al-Rawashdeh S, Alnuaimi K, et al. Social support predicted quality of life in people receiving haemodialysis treatment: a cross-sectional survey. Nurs Open. 2020;7(5):1517–1525. doi:10.1002/nop2.533
- Zimet G. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) - scale items and scoring information; (2016). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311534896_Multidimensional_Scale_of_Perceived_Social_Support_MSPSS_-_Scale_Items_and_Scoring_Information. Accessed July 25, 2022.
- Aroian K, Templin TN, Ramaswamy V. Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support for Arab immigrant women. Health Care Women Int. 2010;31(2):153–169. doi:10.1080/07399330903052145
- Kliewer W, Kheirallah KA, Cobb CO, Alsulaiman JW, Mzayek F, Jaddou H. Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms among Syrian refugee youth in Jordan: social support and gender as moderators. Int J Psychol. 2021;56(2):199–207. doi:10.1002/ijop.12695
- Kheirallah KA, Cobb CO, Alsulaiman JW, et al. Trauma exposure, mental health and tobacco use among vulnerable Syrian refugee youth in Jordan. J Public Health. 2020;42(3):e343–e351. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdz128
- Zoellner T, Maercker A. Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology - a critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26(5):626–653. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.008
- Jansen L, Hoffmeister M, Chang-Claude J, Brenner H, Arndt V. Benefit finding and post-traumatic growth in long-term colorectal cancer survivors: prevalence, determinants, and associations with quality of life. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(8):1158–1165. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.335
- Pollari CD, Brite J, Brackbill RM, et al. World trade center exposure and posttraumatic growth: assessing positive psychological change 15 years after 9/11. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;18(1):1–12. doi:10.3390/ijerph18010104
- Holtmaat K, van der Spek N, Cuijpers P, Leemans CR, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM. Posttraumatic growth among head and neck cancer survivors with psychological distress. Psychooncology. 2017;26(1):96–101. doi:10.1002/pon.4106
- Kira I, Abou-Median S, Ashby J, Lewandowski L, Mohanesh J, Odenat L. Post-traumatic growth inventory: psychometric properties of the Arabic version in Palestinian adults. Int J Educ Psychol Assess. 2012;11(2):120–137.
- Hoekstra R, Kiers HAL, Johnson A. Are assumptions of well-known statistical techniques checked, and why (not)? Front Psychol. 2012;3(MAY). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00137
- Doane DP, Seward LE. Measuring skewness: a forgotten statistic? J Stat Educ. 2017;19(2). doi:10.1080/10691898.2011.11889611
- Razali NM, Wah YB. Power comparisons of shapiro-wilk, kolmogorov-smirnov, lilliefors and anderson-darling tests. J Stat Model Analyt. 2011;2(1):21–33.
- Shapiro SS, Wilk MB. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika. 1965;52(3–4):591–611. doi:10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591
- Kwak SG, Kim JH. Central limit theorem: the cornerstone of modern statistics. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017;70(2):144–156. doi:10.4097/kjae.2017.70.2.144
- UNHCR UNICEF, IOM, CARITAS and CRS WFP. Joint assessment for Syrian refugees in Alexandria, Egypt; (2013).
- Mahmood HN, Ibrahim H, Goessmann K, Ismail AA, Neuner F. Post-Traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees residing in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Confl Health. 2019;13(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/s13031-019-0238-5
- Dehnel R, Dalky H, Sudarsan S, Al-Delaimy WK. Resilience and mental health among Syrian refugee children in Jordan. J Immigr Minor Heal. 2022;24(2):420. doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01180-0
- Renner A, Jäckle D, Nagl M, et al. Predictors of psychological distress in Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress in Germany. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0254406. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254406
- Al Akash R, Boswall K. Listening to the voices of Syrian women refugees in Jordan: ethnographies of displacement and emplacement. Intervention. 2015;13(3):203–215.
- Fellmeth G, Plugge E, Fazel M, et al. Validation of the refugee health screener-15 for the assessment of perinatal depression among Karen and Burmese women on the Thai-Myanmar border. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197403. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197403
- Rohlof HG, Knipscheer JW, Kleber RJ. Somatization in refugees: a review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(11):1793–1804. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0877-1
- Abu-Ras W. Barriers to services for Arab immigrant battered women in a detroit suburb. J Soc Work Res Eval. 2003;4(1):49–66.
- Al-Shdayfat N, Hatamleh R. Syrian refugee women’s reasons for not reporting violence an exploratory study. Int J Nurs Educ. 2017;9(96):4.
- Factors impacting life satisfaction of refugees in Australia: a mixed method study - UQ eSpace. Available from: https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:2e134c7. Accessed July 25, 2022.
- Tedeschi RG, Cann A, Taku K, Senol-Durak E, Calhoun LG. The posttraumatic growth inventory: a revision integrating existential and spiritual change. J Trauma Stress. 2017;30(1):11–18. doi:10.1002/jts.22155
- Taku K, Cann A. Cross-national and religious relationships with posttraumatic growth: the role of individual differences and perceptions of the triggering event. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2014;45(4):601–617. doi:10.1177/0022022113520074
- Gerber MM, Boals A, Schuettler D. The unique contributions of positive and negative religious coping to posttraumatic growth and PTSD. Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 2011;3(4):298–307. doi:10.1037/a0023016
- Sörensen J, Rzeszutek M, Gasik R. Social support and post-traumatic growth among a sample of arthritis patients: analysis in light of conservation of resources theory. Curr Psychol. 2021;40(4):2017–2025. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-0131-9
- Koenig HG. Religion, spirituality, and medicine: research findings and implications for clinical practice. South Med J. 2004;97(12):1194–1200. doi:10.1097/01.SMJ.0000146489.21837.CE
- International Medical Corps. Utilization of mental health and psychosocial support services among Syrian refugees and Jordanians; (2020):1–36. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/jordan/utilization-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-services-among-syrian-refugees-and. Accessed July 25, 2022.
- Shalaby M, Marnicio A. Women in Conflict. J Women Hum. 2015;2015(2):1–37.
- Loayza-Rivas J, Fernández-Castro J. Perceived stress and well-being: the role of social support as a protective factor among Peruvian immigrants in Spain. Ansiedad y Estrés. 2020;26(2):67–72. doi:10.1016/j.anyes.2020.03.002
- Oppedal B, Idsoe T. The role of social support in the acculturation and mental health of unaccompanied minor asylum seekers. Scand J Psychol. 2015;56(2):203–211. doi:10.1111/sjop.12194
- Sim A, Bowes L, Gardner F. The promotive effects of social support for parental resilience in a refugee context: a cross-sectional study with Syrian mothers in Lebanon. Prev Sci. 2019;20(5):674. doi:10.1007/s11121-019-0983-0
- Gottvall M, Vaez M, Saboonchi F. Social support attenuates the link between torture exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder among male and female Syrian refugees in Sweden. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2019;19(1):28. doi:10.1186/s12914-019-0214-6
- Cheng S-T, Chan ACM. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: dimensionality and age and gender differences in adolescents. Pers Individ Dif. 2004;37(7):1359–1369. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.01.006
- Schweitzer R, Melville F, Steel Z, Lacherez P. Trauma, post-migration living difficulties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40(2):179–187. doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01766.x