Impact of Antidepressants on Cardiac Events and All-Cause Mortality in Parkinson’s Disease: A National Data-Linkage Study

References

• World Health Organization. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Thom R, Silbersweig DA, Boland RJ. Major depressive disorder in medical illness: a review of assessment, prevalence, and treatment options. Psychosom Med. 2019;81(3):246–255. doi:10.1097/PSY.000000000000067830720699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills KA, Greene MC, Dezube R, Goodson C, Karmarkar T, Pontone GM. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(4):642–651. doi:10.1002/gps.483429235150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncrieff J, Kirsch I. Efficacy of antidepressants in adults. BMJ. 2005;331(7509):155–157. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7509.15516020858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thanacoody HR, Thomas SH. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 2005;24(3):205–214. doi:10.2165/00139709-200524030-0001316390222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen HW, Gibson G, Alderman MH. Excess risk of myocardial infarction in patients treated with antidepressant medications: association with use of tricyclic agents. Am J Med. 2000;108(1):2–8. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00301-011059434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslej MM, Bolker BM, Russell MJ, et al. The mortality and myocardial effects of antidepressants are moderated by preexisting cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Psychother Psychosom. 2017;86(5):268–282. doi:10.1159/00047794028903117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade C, Kumar CB, Surya S. Cardiovascular mechanisms of SSRI drugs and their benefits and risks in ischemic heart disease and heart failure. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;28(3):145–155. doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e32835d735d23325305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin D, Oh YH, Eom CS, Park SM. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2014;261(4):686–695. doi:10.1007/s00415-014-7251-924477492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezafati MH, Vojdanparast M, Nezafati P. Antidepressants and cardiovascular adverse events: a narrative review. ARYA Atheroscler. 2015;11(5):295–304.26715935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JH, Kim DH, Park YG, et al. Association of Parkinson disease with risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a nationwide, population-based cohort study. Circulation. 2020;141(14):1205–1207. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.04494832250706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schapira AHV, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P. Non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18(7):435–450.28592904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi SU, Amspoker AB, Calleo JS, Kunik ME, Marsh L. Anxiety disorders, physical illnesses, and health care utilization in older male veterans with Parkinson disease and comorbid depression. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2012;25(4):233–239. doi:10.1177/089198871246645823197499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Althaus A, Becker OA, Spottke A, et al. Frequency and treatment of depressive symptoms in a Parkinson’s disease registry. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(8):626–632. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.01.01618406197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt-Christensen M, Garcia Lopez A, Morkeberg Nilsson F, Kragh Andersen P, Vedel Kessing L. Parkinson’s disease and antidepressant drug treatment: a case-register study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13(7):406–410. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.01.00617369074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub D, Moberg PJ, Duda JE, Katz IR, Stern MB. Recognition and treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2003;16(3):178–183. doi:10.1177/089198870325605312967062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanacore N, Bianchi C, Da Cas R, Rossi M. Use of antiparkinsonian drugs in the Umbria Region. Neurol Sci. 2003;24(3):221–222. doi:10.1007/s10072-003-0140-014600826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gony M, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Montastruc JL; French Network of Regional Pharmacovigilance C. Risk of serious extrapyramidal symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease receiving antidepressant drugs: a pharmacoepidemiologic study comparing serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressant drugs. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2003;26(3):142–145.12782916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapane KL, Fernandez HH, Friedman JH. Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and pharmacologic treatment of Parkinson’s disease in residents in long-term care facilities. Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19(11I):1321–1327. doi:10.1592/phco.19.16.1321.3087710555938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Cummins JL, Laake K. Prevalence and clinical correlates of psychotic symptoms in Parkinson disease: a community-based study. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(5):595–601. doi:10.1001/archneur.56.5.59510328255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trewin VF, Lawrence CJ, Abdulla AJ, Pearce VR, Veitch GB, Roach M. Differences in drug prescribing patterns in elderly parkinsonian patients identified at hospital admission. Pharm World Sci. 1997;19(6):275–278. doi:10.1023/A:10086698261789443169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richard IH, Kurlan R. A survey of antidepressant drug use in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson Study Group. Neurology. 1997;49(4):1168–1170.9339713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early NK, Peckham AM, Fairman KA, Sclar DA. Prevalence of depression and receipt of antidepressant pharmacotherapy among patients with Parkinson’s disease: a national assessment of US office-based physician visits. J Parkinsonism Restless Legs Syndrome. 2017;7:79–84. doi:10.2147/JPRLS.S147203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bega D, Wu SS, Pei Q, Schmidt PN, Simuni T. Recognition and treatment of depressive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: the NPF dataset. J Parkinsons Dis. 2014;4(4):639–643. doi:10.3233/JPD-14038225035310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scorza FA, Fiorini AC, Scorza CA, Finsterer J. Cardiac abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonism. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;53:1–5. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.04.03129706419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean G, Hindle JV, Guthrie B, Mercer SW. Co-morbidity and polypharmacy in Parkinson’s disease: insights from a large Scottish primary care database. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):126. doi:10.1186/s12883-017-0904-428666413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YW, Hsieh TF, Li CI, et al. Increased risk of Parkinson disease with diabetes mellitus in a population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(3):e5921. doi:10.1097/MD.000000000000592128099356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, Haverkamp W, Garbe E. Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(1):29–38. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa06222217202453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crispo JAG, Willis AW, Thibault DP, et al. Associations between cardiovascular events and nonergot dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disord Clin Practice. 2016;3(3):257–267. doi:10.1002/mdc3.12286
   Google Scholar
• Waring WS. Clinical use of antidepressant therapy and associated cardiovascular risk. Drug, Healthc Patient Saf. 2012;4:93. doi:10.2147/DHPS.S2880422936860
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rotella F, Cassioli E, Calderani E, et al. Long-term metabolic and cardiovascular effects of antipsychotic drugs. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;32:56–65.31917068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiihonen J, Suokas JT, Suvisaari JM, Haukka J, Korhonen P. Polypharmacy with antipsychotics, antidepressants, or benzodiazepines and mortality in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(5):476–483. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.153222566579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enache D, Fereshtehnejad SM, Kareholt I, et al. Antidepressants and mortality risk in a dementia cohort: data from SveDem, the Swedish Dementia Registry. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;134(5):430–440. doi:10.1111/acps.1263027586958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veien KT, Videbaek L, Schou M, et al. High mortality among heart failure patients treated with antidepressants. Int J Cardiol. 2011;146(1):64–67. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.01.00620188426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frandsen R, Baandrup L, Kjellberg J, Ibsen R, Jennum P. Increased all-cause mortality with psychotropic medication in Parkinson’s disease and controls: a national register-based study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(11):1124–1128. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.07.01225164488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoval G, Stubbs B, Balicer RD, et al. Low adherence to antidepressants is associated with increased mortality in Parkinson disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017;43:92–96. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.07.03228797565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisina PG, Tenenbaum HR, Borod JC, Foldi NS. The effects of antidepressants in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Int J Neurosci. 2008;118(5):667–682. doi:10.1080/0020745070123941818446583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones KH, Ford DV, Lyons RA. The SAIL Databank: 10 Years of Spearheading Data Privacy and Research Utility. Sail Publications, Swansea University; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Rochon PA, Stukel TA, Sykora K, et al. Atypical antipsychotics and parkinsonism. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(16):1882–1888. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.16.188216157833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vittinghoff E, McCulloch CE. Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and Cox regression. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(6):710–718. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk05217182981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrettos I, Voukelatou P, Katsoras A, Theotoka D, Kalliakmanis A. Diseases linked to polypharmacy in elderly patients. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2017;2017:4276047.29434639
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Csoti I, Herbst H, Urban P, Woitalla D, Wullner U. Polypharmacy in Parkinson’s disease: risks and benefits with little evidence. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2019;126(7):871–878. doi:10.1007/s00702-019-02026-831222606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies. PLoS Med. 2011;8(9):e1001098. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.100109821980265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin ST, Chen CC, Tsang HY, et al. Association between antipsychotic use and risk of acute myocardial infarction: a nationwide case-crossover study. Circulation. 2014;130(3):235–243. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.00877924838361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamer M, Batty GD, Seldenrijk A, Kivimaki M. Antidepressant medication use and future risk of cardiovascular disease: the Scottish Health Survey. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(4):437–442. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq43821118851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coupland CA, Dhiman P, Barton G, et al. A study of the safety and harms of antidepressant drugs for older people: a cohort study using a large primary care database. Health Technol Assess. 2011;15(28):1–202, iii–iv. doi:10.3310/hta15280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olfson M, Marcus SC. National patterns in antidepressant medication treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(8):848–856. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.8119652124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapane KL, Zierler S, Lasater TM, Barbour MM, Carleton R, Hume AL. Is the use of psychotropic drugs associated with increased risk of ischemic heart disease? Epidemiology. 1995;6(4):376–381. doi:10.1097/00001648-199507000-000087548344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh SW, Kim J, Myung SK, Hwang SS, Yoon DH. Antidepressant use and risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;78(4):727–737. doi:10.1111/bcp.1238324646010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anda R, Williamson D, Jones D, et al. Depressed affect, hopelessness, and the risk of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of U.S adults. Epidemiology. 1993;4(4):285–294. doi:10.1097/00001648-199307000-000038347738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves M, Caldeira D, Ferro JM, Ferreira JJ. Does Parkinson’s disease increase the risk of cardiovascular events? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(2):288–296. doi:10.1111/ene.1407631454134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potashkin J, Huang X, Becker C, Chen H, Foltynie T, Marras C. Understanding the links between cardiovascular disease and Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2020;35(1):55–74. doi:10.1002/mds.2783631483535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph K, Mehrabadi A, Lisonkova S. Confounding by indication and related concepts. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2014;1(1):1–8. doi:10.1007/s40471-013-0004-y
   Google Scholar
• Kivimaki M, Hamer M, Batty GD, et al. Antidepressant medication use, weight gain, and risk of type 2 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):2611–2616. doi:10.2337/dc10-118720823343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp AH, Quintana DS, Gray MA, Felmingham KL, Brown K, Gatt JM. Impact of depression and antidepressant treatment on heart rate variability: a review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(11):1067–1074. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.01220138254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht CM, de Geus EJ, Seldenrijk A, et al. Depression is associated with decreased blood pressure, but antidepressant use increases the risk for hypertension. Hypertension. 2009;53(4):631–638. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.12669819237679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte IM, Dawson AH, Buckley NA. Relative toxicity of venlafaxine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in overdose compared to tricyclic antidepressants. QJM. 2003;96(5):369–374. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcg06212702786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vikenes K, Farstad M, Nordrehaug JE. Serotonin is associated with coronary artery disease and cardiac events. Circulation. 1999;100(5):483–489. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.100.5.48310430761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biffi A, Scotti L, Rea F, et al. Adherence to antidepressants and mortality in elderly patients with cardiovascular disease. Clin Drug Investig. 2018;38(7):593–602. doi:10.1007/s40261-018-0642-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avrahamy H, Shoval G, Hoshen M, et al. Association between adherence to SSRI treatment and mortality among individuals with metabolic syndrome components. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2021. doi:10.1055/a-1425-7246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoval G, Balicer RD, Feldman B, et al. Adherence to antidepressant medications is associated with reduced premature mortality in patients with cancer: a nationwide cohort study. Depress Anxiety. 2019;36(10):921–929. doi:10.1002/da.2293831332883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howland RH. Mortality risk of mirtazapine: guilt by association? JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(5):585–586. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan A, Faucett J, Morrison S, Brown WA. Comparative mortality risk in adult patients with schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder participating in psychopharmacology clinical trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(10):1091–1099. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.14923986353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarman B, Hurwitz B, Cook A, Bajekal M, Lee A. Effects of community based nurses specialising in Parkinson’s disease on health outcome and costs: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2002;324(7345):1072–1075. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7345.107211991913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes TA, Ross HF, Mindham RH, Spokes EG. Mortality in Parkinson’s disease and its association with dementia and depression. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;110(2):118–123. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2004.00292.x15242420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rihmer Z, Gonda X, Dome P. Depression in Parkinson’s disease. Ideggyogy Sz. 2014;67(7–8):229–236.25509363
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behav Res. 2011;46(3):399–424. doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.56878621818162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprenger F, Poewe W. Management of motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. CNS Drugs. 2013;27(4):259–272. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0053-223515972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar