References
- DominoEFHardmanHFSeeversMHCentral nervous system actions of some synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol derivativesPharmacol Rev19712343173365003209
- AuwärterVDresenSWeinmannWMüllerMPützMFerreirósN‘Spice’ and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?J Mass Spectrum2009445832837
- CastanetoMSGorelickDADesrosiersNAHartmanRLPirardSHuestisMASynthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implicationsDrug Alcohol Depend2014144124125220897
- MackieKCannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they doJ Neuroendocrinol200820Suppl 1101418426493
- PertweeRGCannabinoid pharmacology: the first 66 yearsBr J Pharmacol2006147Suppl1S163S17116402100
- JohnsonMRMelvinLSThe discovery of non-classical cannabinoid analgesicsMechoulamRCannabinoids as Therapeutic AgentsCRC PressBoca Raton: Florida1986121145
- HuffmanJWDongDSynthesis and pharmacology of cannabimimetic indolesBioorg Med Chem Lett199444563566
- LindigkeitRBoehmeAEiserlohISpice : a never ending story?Forensic Sci Int20091911–3586319589652
- UchiyamaNKikura-HanajiriROgataJGodaYChemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal productsForensic Sci Int20101981–3313820117892
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction [website on the Internet]Drug profiles Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profilesAccessed April 8, 2015
- WohlfarthAScheidweilerKBCastanetoMUrinary prevalence, metabolite detection rates, temporal patterns and evaluation of suitable LC-MS/MS targets to document synthetic cannabinoid intake in US military urine specimensClin Chem Lab Med201553342343425263309
- PalamarJJAcostaPSynthetic cannabinoid use in a nationally representative sample of US high school seniorsDrug Alcohol Depend201514919420225736618
- KellyBCWellsBEPawsonMLeclairAParsonsJTGolubSANovel psychoactive drug use among younger adults involved in US nightlife scenesDrug Alcohol Rev201332658859323795887
- HuXPrimackBABarnettTECookRLCollege students and use of K2: an emerging drug of abuse in young personsSubst Abuse Treat Prev Policy201161621745369
- EganKLSuerkenCKReboussinBAK2 and Spice use among a cohort of college students in southeast region of the USAAm J Drug Alcohol Abuse201541431732226030768
- JaenickeNJPogodaWPaulkeAWunderCToennesSWRetrospective analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in serum samples – epidemiology and consumption patternsForensic Sci Int2014242818725050839
- BeckFRichardJBGuignardRLe NézetOSpilkaSIllicit drugs used in France during 2014 Note 2015-01. OFDT-INPES. http://www.ofdt.fr/BDD/publications/docs/eisxfbv4.pdfAccessed April 15, 2015 French
- LouisAPetersonBLCouperFJXLR-11 and UR-144 in Washington state and state of Alaska driving casesJ Anal Toxicol201438856356825217547
- LemosNPDriving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist XLR-11J Forensic Sci20145961679168325088081
- TuvSSKrabsethHKarinenROlsenKMØiestadELVindenesVPrevalence of synthetic cannabinoids in blood samples from Norwegian drivers suspected of impaired driving during a seven weeks periodAccid Anal Prev201462263124129318
- AdamowiczPLechowiczWThe Influence of Synthetic Cannabinoid UR-144 on Human Psychomotor Performance – A Case Report Demonstrating Road Traffic RisksTraffic Inj Prev Epub2015320
- MoreSVChoiDKPromising cannabinoid-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease: motor symptoms to neuroprotectionMol Neurodegener2015101725888232
- PiconeRPKendallDAMol EndocrinolMinireview: From the Bench, toward the clinic: therapeutic opportunities for cannabinoid receptor modulationMol Endocrinol201529680181325866875
- ArnstonAOfsaBLancasterDSimonJRMc MullinMLoganBValidation of a novel immunoassay for the detection of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in urine specimensJ Anal Toxicol201337528429023625703
- MohrAOfsaBKeilASimonJMcMullinMLoganBEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the detection of use of the synthetic cannabinoid agonists UR-144 and XLR-11 in human urineJ Anal Toxicol201438742743124908262
- BarnesAJYoungSSpinelliEMartinTMKletteKLHuestisMAEvaluation of a homogenous enzyme immunoassay for the detection of synthetic cannabinoids in urineForensic Sci Int2014241273424845968
- SimolkaKLindigkeitRSchiebelHMPapkeUErnstLBeuerleTAnalysis of synthetic cannabinoids in “spice-like” herbal highs: snapshot of the German market in summer 2011Anal Bioanal Chem2012404115717122710567
- CoxAODawRCMasonMDUse of SPME-HS-GC-MS for the analysis of herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoidsJ Anal Toxicol201236529330222582264
- MoosmannBKneiselSGirreserUBrechtVWestphalFAuwärterVSeparation and structural characterization of the synthetic cannabinoids JWH412 and 1-[(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3yl]-(4-methylnaphthalen-1-yl)methanone using GC-MS, NMR analysis and a flash chromatography systemForensic Sci Int20122201–3e17e2222264627
- ChoiHHeoSChoeSSimultaneous analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in the materials seized during drug trafficking using GC-MSAnal Bioanal Chem2013405123937394423208283
- LangerNLindigkeitRSchiebelHMErnstLBeuerleTIdentification and quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in ‘spice-like’ herbal mixtures: a snapshot of the German situation in the autumn of 2012Drug Test Anal201461–2597123723183
- KneiselSBiselPBrechtVBroeckerSMüllerMAuwärterVIdentification of the cannabimimetic AM-1220 and its azepane isomer (N-methylazepam-3yl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole in research chemical and several herbal mixturesForensic Toxicol201230126134
- KneiselSSpeckMMoosmannBCorneillieTMButlinNGAuwärterVLC/ESI-MS/MS method for quantification of 28 synthetic cannabinoids in neat oral fluid and its application to preliminary studies on their detection windowsAnal Bioanal Chem2013405144691470623535743
- DziadoszMWellerJPKlintscharMTeskeJScheduled multiple reaction monitoring algorithm as a way to analyze new designer drugs combined with synthetic cannabinoids in human serum with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci20139298489
- DerungsASchwaningerAEMansellaGBingisserRKraemerTLiechtiMESymptoms, toxicities, and analytical results for a patient after smoking herbs containing the novel synthetic cannabinoid MAM-2201Forensic Toxicology2013311164171
- SalomoneALucianoCDi CorciaDGeraceEVincentiMHair analysis as a tool to evaluate the prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids in different populations of drug consumersDrug Test Anal201461–212613424115381
- ScheidweilerKBHuestisMASimultaneous quantification of 20 synthetic cannabinoids and 21 metabolites, and semi-quantification of 12 alkyl hydroxy metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryJ Chromatogr A2014132710511724418231
- MazzarinoMde la TorreXBotrèFA liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method based on class characteristic fragmentation pathways to detect the class of indole-derivative synthetic cannabinoids in biological samplesAnal Chim Acta2014837708225000860
- SimõesSSSilvaIAjenjoACDiasMJValidation and application of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples and analysis of seized materials from the Portuguese marketForensic Sci Int201424311712525127518
- KimJParkYParkMSimultaneous determination of five naphthoylindole-based synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites and their deposition in human and rat hairJ Pharm Biomed Anal201510216217525282599
- JangMShinIKimJYangWSimultaneous quantification of 37 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryForensic Toxicol201510.1007/s11419-015-0265-x
- GottardoRChiariniADal PràIDirect screening of herbal blends for new synthetic cannabinoids by MALDI-TOF MSJ Mass Spectrom201247114114622282100
- SundströmMPelanderAAngererVHutterMKneiselSOjanperäIA highsensitivity ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution timeof-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-TOFMS) method for screening synthetic cannabinoids and other drugs of abuse in urineAnal Bioanal Chem2013405268463847423954996
- KronstrandRBrinkhagenLBirath-KarlssonCRomanMJosefssonMLCQTOF-MS as a superior strategy to immunoassay for the comprehensive analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in urineAnal Bioanal Chem2014406153599360924424965
- GottardoRSorioDMusileGScreening for synthetic cannabinoids in hair by using LC-QTOF MS: a new and powerful approach to study the penetration of these new psychoactive substances in the populationMed Sci Law2014541222723842479
- MusahRADominMAWallingMAShepardJRRapid identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal samples via direct analysis in real time mass spectrometryRapid Commun Mass Spectrom20122691109111422467461
- DowlingGReganLA method for CP 47, 497 a synthetic nontraditional cannabinoid in human urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometryJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci20118793–4253259
- CallénLMorenoEBarroso-ChineaPCannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 form functional heteromers in brainJ Biol Chem201228725208512086522532560
- BlankmanJLCravattBFChemical probes of endocannabinoid metabolismPharmacol Rev201365284987123512546
- AboodMEMolecular biology of cannabinoid receptors: mutational analyses of the CB receptorsReggioPHThe cannabinoids receptorsHumana PressGreensboro, NC2009203234
- PertweeRGPharmacological actions of cannabinoidsHandbook of Experimental PharmacologyedHeidelburg–Verlag2005168151
- HuffmanJWZenginGWuMJStructure-activity relationships for 1-alkyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indoles at the cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors: steric and electronic effects of naphthoyl substituents. New highly selective CB(2) receptor agonistsBioorg Med Chem20051318911215582455
- AungMMGriffinGHuffmanJWInfluence of the N-1 alkyl chain length of cannabimimetic indoles upon CB(1) and CB(2) receptor bindingDrug Alcohol Depend200060213314010940540
- MakriyannisADengHWO patent 200128557Cannabimimetic indole derivatives Granted 2001-06-07
- HuffmanJWSzklennikPVAlmondA1-Pentyl-3-phenylacetyl-indoles, a new class of cannabimimetic indolesBioorg Med Chem Lett200515184110411316005223
- FrostJMDartMJTietjeKRIndol-3ylcycloalkyl ketones: effects of N1 substituted indole side chain variations on CB(2) cannabinoid receptor activityJ Med Chem201053129531519921781
- McGaraughtySChuKLDartMJYaoBBMeyerMDA CB(2) receptor agonist, A-836339, modulates wide dynamic range neuronal activity in neuropathic rats: contributions of spinal and peripheral CB(2) receptorsNeuroscience200915841652166119063946
- DengHGiffordANZvonokAMPotent cannabinergic indole analogues as radioiodinatable brain imaging agents for the CB1 cannabinoid receptorJ Med Chem200548206386639216190764
- SmithVJSynthesis and pharmacology of N-alkyl-3-(halonaphtoyl) indolesPhD dissertationClemson UniversitySouth Carolina, USA2008
- AbadjiVLinSTahaG(R)-methanandamide: a chiral novel anandamide possessing higher potency and metabolic stabilityJ Med Chem19943712188918938021930
- HuffmannJWSmithVJChenJWileyJLMartinBRStructure-activity relationships at the CB1 and CB2 receptors for 1-alkyl-3(1-naphtoyl-4 and 8-halogen substituted) indoles19th Annual Symposium on the International Cannabinoid Research SocietyJuly 7–11, 2009St Charles, Illinois, USA2
- WrobleskiSTChenPHynesJJrRational design and synthesis of an orally active indolopyridone as a novel conformationally constrained cannabinoid ligand possessing anti-inflammatory propertiesJ Med Chem200346112110211612747783
- HuffmannCannabimimetic indoles, pyrroles, and Indenes: structure-activity relationships and receptor interactionsReggioPHThe cannabinoids receptorsHumana Press20094994
- MakriyannisALaiXZLuDNovel biphenyl and biphenyl-like cannabinoidsPatent US20040087590 A1562004
- Console-BramLMarcuJAboodMECannabinoid receptors: nomenclature and pharmacological principlesProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry201238141522421596
- PertweeRGThe diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinBr J Pharmacol2008153219921517828291
- HowlettACThe cannabinoid receptorsProstaglandins Other Lipid Mediat20026869619631
- PacherPBatkaiSKunosGThe endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapyPharmacol Rev200658338946216968947
- SunXDeySKSynthetic cannabinoids and potential reproductive consequenceLife Sci2014971727723827241
- Ng Cheong TonJMGerhardtGAFriedemannMThe effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on potassium-evoked release of dopamine in the rat caudate nucleus: an in vivo electrochemical and in vivo microdialysis studyBrain Res19884511–259682855215
- FrenchEDDillonKWuXCannabinoids excite dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigraNeuroreport1997836496529106740
- ParkerLAGilliesTTHC-induced place and taste aversions in Lewis and Sprague-Dawley ratsBehav Neurosci1995109171787734082
- McGregorISIssakidisCNPriorGAversive effects of the synthetic cannabinoid CP 55,940 in ratsPharmacol Biochem Behav19965336576648866969
- LeporeMVorelSRLowinsonJGardnerELConditioned place preference induced by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: comparison with cocaine, morphine, and food rewardLife Sci19955623–24207320807776834
- BraidaD1PozziMCavalliniRSalaMConditioned place preference induced by the cannabinoid agonist CP 55,940: interaction with the opioid systemNeuroscience2001104492392611457579
- ChaHJLeeKWSongMJDependence Potential of the Synthetic Cannabinoids JWH-073, JWH-081, and JWH-210: In Vivo and In Vitro ApproachesBiomol Ther (Seoul)201422436336925143817
- ZangenASolinasMIkemotoSGoldbergSRWiseRATwo brain sites for cannabinoid rewardJ Neurosci200626184901490716672664
- WeissmanAMilneGMMelvinLSJrCannabimimetic activity from CP47,497, a derivative of 3-phenylcyclohexanolJ Pharmacol Exp Ther198222325165236290642
- GinsburgBCSchulzeDRHrubaLMcMahonLRJWH-018 and JWH-073: Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol-like discriminative stimulus effects in monkeysJ Pharmacol Exp Ther20123401374521965552
- GatchMBForsterMJΔ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-like discriminative stimulus effects of compounds commonly found in K2/SpiceBehav Pharmacol201425875075725325289
- De VryJJentzschKRDiscriminative stimulus effects of the structurally novel cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor partial agonist BAY 59-3074 in the ratEur J Pharmacol20045051–312713315556145
- LapointJJamesLPMoranCLNelsonLSHoffmanRSMoranJHSevere toxicity following synthetic cannabinoid ingestionClin Toxicol (Phila)201149876076421970775
- ObafemiAIKleinschmidtKGotoCFoutDCluster of acute toxicity from ingestion of synthetic cannabinoid-laced browniesJ Med Toxicol Epub2015
- LonatiDBuscagliaEPapaPMAM-2201 (analytically confirmed) intoxication after “Synthacaine” consumptionAnn Emerg Med201464662963224530110
- MarshellRKearney-RamosTBrentsLKIn vivo effects of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH073 and phytocannabinoid Δ9-THC in mice: inhalation versus intraperitoneal injectionPharmacol Biochem Behav2014124404724857780
- BLULIGHT [forum on the Internet]Other drugs Forum Available from: http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/539892-Injection-of-syntheticcannabinoids-like-a-JWHAccessed May 13, 2015
- KacinkoSLXuAHomanJWMcMullinMMWarringtonDMLoganBKDevelopment and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the identification and quantification of JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-019, and JWH-250 in human whole bloodJ Anal Toxicol201135738639321871146
- WinstockARBarrattMJSynthetic Cannabis: A comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural Cannabis in a large global sampleDrug Alcohol Depend20131311–210611123291209
- ForresterMBKleinschmidtKSchwarzEYoungASynthetic can-nabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centersJ Addict Dis201130435135822026527
- ForresterMBAdolescent synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centersPediatr Emerg care2012281098598923023462
- de HavenonAChinBThomasKCAfraPThe secret “spice”: an undetectable toxic cause of seizureNeurohospitalist20111418218623983854
- HoyteCOJacobJMonteAAAl-JumaanMBronsteinACHeardKJA characterization of synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to the National Poison Data System in 2010Ann Emerg Med201260443543822575211
- WinstockALynskeyMBorschmannRWaldronJRisk of emergency medical treatment following consumption of Cannabis or synthetic cannabinoids in a large global sampleJ Psychopharmacol201529669870325759401
- CelofigaAKoprivsekJKlavzJUse of synthetic cannabinoids in patients with psychotic disorders: case seriesJ Dual Diagn201410316817325392292
- Van AmsterdamJBruntTvan den BrinkWThe adverse health effects of synthetic cannabinoids with emphasis on psychosis-likeJ Psychopharmacol201529325426325586398
- SpadernaMAddyPHD’SouzaDCSpicing things up: synthetic cannabinoidsPsychopharmacol (Berl)20132284525540
- AlhadiSTiwariAVohraRGeronaRAcharyaJBilelloKHigh times, low sats: diffuse pulmonary infiltrates associated with chronic synthetic cannabinoid useJ Med Toxicol20139219920623539384
- IbrahimSAl-SaffarFWannenburgTA unique case of cardiac arrest following K2 abuseCase report Cardiologia2014120607
- TakematsuMHoffmanRSNelsonLSSchechterJMMoranJHWienerSWA case of acute cerebral ischemia following inhalation of a synthetic cannabinoidClin Toxicol (Phila)201452997397525241766
- FergussonDMHorwoodLJNorthstoneKMaternal use of cannabis and pregnancy outcomeBJOG20021091212711843371
- Every-PalmerSSynthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative studyDrug Alcohol Depend20111172–315215721316162
- MacfarlaneVChristieGSynthetic cannabinoid withdrawal: a new demand on detoxification servicesDrug Alcohol Rev201534214715325588420
- NaccaNVattiDSullivanRSudPSuMMarraffaJThe synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal syndromeJ Addict Med20137429629823609214
- RomingerACummingPXiongGEffects of acute detoxification of the herbal blend ‘Spice Gold’ on dopamine D2/3 receptor availability: a [18F]fallypride PET studyEur Neuropsychopharmacol201323111606161023452563
- ShanksKGDaahnTTerrelARDetection of JWH-018 and JWH-073 by UPLC-MS-MS in postmortem whole blood caseworkJ Anal Toxicol201236314515222417829
- AdamowiczPZubaDSekulaKAnalysis of UR-144 and its pyrolysis product in blood and their metabolites in urineForensic Sci Int201323332032724314536
- KarinenRTuvSSØiestadELVindenesVConcentrations of API-NACA, 5F-APINACA, UR-144 and its degradant product in blood samples from six impaired drivers compared to previous reported concentrations of other synthetic cannabinoidsForensic Sci Int20152469810325485949
- GambaroVArnoldiSBellucciSCharacterization of in vitro metabolites of JWH-018, JWH-073 and their 4-methyl derivatives, markers of the abuse of these synthetic cannabinoidsJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci20149576876
- Strano-RossiSAnzillottiLDragoniSMetabolism of JWH-015, JWH-098, JWH-251, and JWH-307 in silico and in vitro: a pilot study for the detection of unknown synthetic cannabinoids metabolitesAnal Bioanal Chem2014406153621363624804821
- HolmNBNielsenLMLinnetKCYP3A4 mediates oxidative metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoid AKB-48AAPS J Epub2015
- AshinoTHakukawaKItohYNumazawaSInhibitory effect of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP1A activity in mouse liver microsomesJ Toxicol Sci201439681582025374372
- TeskeJWellerJPFieguthARothämelTSchulzYTrögerHDSensitive and rapid quantification of the cannabinoid receptor agonist naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3yl)methanone (JWH-018) in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci20108782726592663
- WiebelhausJMPoklisJLPoklisAVannRELichtmanAHWiseLEInhalation exposure to smoke from synthetic “marijuana” produces potent cannabimimetic effects in miceDrug Alcohol Depend2012126331632322776442
- BrewerTLCollinsMA review of clinical manifestation in adolescent and young adults after use of synthetic cannabinoidsJ Spec Pediatr Nurs201419211912624320158
- Hermanns-ClausenMKneiselSSzaboBAcute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findingsAddiction2013108353454422971158
- MirAObafemiAYoungAKaneCMyocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2Pediatrics20111286e1622e162722065271
- AlexandreJDebruyneDCoquerelALe BoisselierRComment on A Unique Case of Cardiac Arrest following K2 AbuseCase Rep Cardiol2015201573914925883810
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Acute kidney injury associated with cannabinoid use in multiple states, 2012Morb Mortal Wkly Rep20136269398
- FisarZInhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by cannabinoidsNaunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol2010381656357220401651
- IrieTKikura-HanajiriRUsamiMUchiyamaNGodaYSekinoYMAM-2201, a synthetic cannabinoid drug of abuse, suppresses the synaptic input to cerebellar Purkinje cells via activation of presynaptic CB1 receptorsNeuropharmacology20159547949125747605
- WeaverMFHopperJAGundersonEWDesigner drugs 2015: assessment and managementAddict Sci Clin Pract201510825928069
- HealthTSBurroughsZThompsonAJTecklenburgFWAcute intoxication caused by a synthetic cannabinoid in two adolescentsJ Pediatr Pharmacol Ther201217217718123118671
- HarrisCRBrownASynthetic cannabinoid intoxicationJ Emerg Med201344236036622989695
- RodgmanCJVerricoCDWorthyRBLewisEEInpatient detoxification from a synthetic cannabinoid and control of postdetoxification cravings with naltrexonePrim Care Companion CNS Disord2014164
- RobledoPBerrenderoFOzaitaAMaldonadoRAdvances in the field of cannabinoid-opioid cross-talkAddict Biol200813221322418482431
- Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of JusticeSchedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of three synthetic cannabinoids into schedule I. Final orderFed Regist201580205042504725730924
- KingLALegal controls on cannabimimetics: an international dilemma?Drug Test Anal201461–2808723881527
- ShevyrinVMelkozerovVNeveroAEltsovOBaranovskyAShafranYSynthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs: new representatives of indol-3carboxylates series and indazole-3-carboxylates as novel group of cannabinoids. Identification and analytical dataForensic Sci Int201424426327525305529