83
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of invasive fungal infections in adult patients. Prophylaxis, empirical, preemptive or targeted therapy, which is the best in the different hosts?

, , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1261-1280 | Published online: 05 Dec 2008

References

  • AgrestiMGDe BernardisFMondelloF1994Clinical and mycological evaluation of fluconazole in the secondary prophylaxis of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients. An open, multicenter studyEur J Epidemiol1017227957784
  • AkamatsuNSugawaraYKanekoJ2007Preemptive treatment of fungal infection based on plasma (1 – >3) beta-d-glucan levels after liver transplantationInfection353465117885729
  • AlbertiCBrun-BuissonCBurchardiH2002Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort studyIntensive Care Med281082111907653
  • AlmiranteBRodriguezDParkBJ2005The Barcelona Candidemia Project Study Group. Epidemiology and predictors of mortality in cases of Candida bloodstream infection: results from population-based surveillance, Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003J Clin Microbiol4318293515815004
  • AltmannsbergerPHollerEAndreesenR2007Amphotericin B deoxycholate: no significant advantage of a 24 h over a 6 h infusion scheduleJ Antimicrob Chemother60180217537868
  • Alvarez-LermaFPalomarMLeonC2003Colonización y/o infección fúngica en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Estudio multicéntrico de 1.562 pacientesMed Clin (Barc)121161612867000
  • ArnowPMCarandangGCZabnerR1996Randomized controlled trial of selective bowel decontamination for prevention of infections following liver transplantationClin Infect Dis2299710038783700
  • AsciogluSRexJHde PauwB2002Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensusClin Infect Dis3471411731939
  • BatesDWSuLYuDT2001Mortality and costs of acute renal failure associated with amphotericin B therapyClin Infect Dis326869311229835
  • Ben AbrahamRKellerNTeodorovitchNPredictors of adverse outcome from candidal infection in a tertiary care hospitalJ Infect493172315474630
  • BiancofioreGBindiMLBaldassarriR2002Antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients: a randomized placebo-controlled studyTranspl Int15341712122510
  • BlotSIVandewoudeKHHosteEA2002Effects of nosocomial candidemia on outcomes of critically ill patientsAm J Med113480512427497
  • BlumbergHMJarvisWRSoucieJM2001Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis SurveyClin Infect Dis331778611418877
  • BowEJ2008Considerations in the approach to invasive fungal infection in patients with haematological malignanciesBr J Haematol1401335218173752
  • BowEJLaverdiereMLussierN2002Antifungal prophylaxis for severely neutropenic chemotherapy recipients: a meta analysis of randomized-controlled clinical trialsCancer9432304612115356
  • CaillotDThiebautAHerbrechtR2007Liposomal amphotericin B in combination with caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized pilot study (Combistrat trial)Cancer1102740617941026
  • CalandraTMarchettiO2002Antifungal prophylaxis for intensive care unit patients: let’s fine tune itIntensive Care Med28169870012580153
  • CalvoVBorroJMMoralesP1999Antifungal prophylaxis during the early postoperative period of lung transplantation. Valencia Lung Transplant GroupChest1151301410334143
  • CastroagudinJFPontonCBustamanteM2005Prospective interventional study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B as prophylaxis of fungal infections in high-risk liver transplant recipientsTransplant Proc373965716386598
  • ChandrasekarPHSobelJD2006Micafungin: a new echinocandinClin Infect Dis421171816575738
  • CorcoranTEVenkataramananRMihelcKM2006Aerosol deposition of lipid complex amphotericin-B (Abelcet) in lung transplant recipientsAm J Transplant627657317049064
  • CordonnierCMaurySRibaudP2006A grading system based on severity of infection to predict mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipientsTransplantation82869216861946
  • CornelyOAMaertensJBresnikM2007aLiposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial)Clin Infect Dis4412899717443465
  • CornelyOAMaertensJWinstonDJ2007bPosaconazole vs fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropeniaN Engl J Med3563485917251531
  • CovarrubiasMBMilstoneAB2005An overview of fungal prophylaxis in lung transplantationCurr Opin Organ Transplant1022732
  • CrucianiMde LallaFMengoliC2005Prophylaxis of Candida infections in adult trauma and surgical intensive care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysisIntensive Care Med3114798716172847
  • CrucianiMMengoliCMalenaM2006Antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant patients: a systematic review and meta-analysisLiver Transpl12850816628697
  • De PauwBE2005Between over- and undertreatment of invasive fungal diseaseClin Infect Dis411251316206098
  • De WaeleJJVogelaersDBlotS2003Fungal infections in patients with severe acute pancreatitis and the use of prophylactic therapyClin Infect Dis372081312856213
  • DimopoulosGNtzioraFRachiotisG2008Candida albicans versus non-albicans intensive care unit-acquired bloodstream infections: differences in risk factors and outcomeAnesth Analg106523918227310
  • DimopoulosGPiagnerelliMBerreJ2004Post mortem examination in the intensive care unit: still useful?Intensive Care Med302080515480565
  • DiNubileMJLupinacciRJStrohmaierKM2007Invasive candidiasis treated in the intensive care unit: observations from a randomized clinical trialJ Crit Care222374417869975
  • DrewR2006Potential role of aerosolized amphotericin B formulations in the prevention and adjunctive treatment of invasive fungal infectionsInt J Antimicrob Agents27Suppl 1364416713192
  • DrewRHDoddsAEBenjaminDKJr2004Comparative safety of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B deoxycholate as aerosolized antifungal prophylaxis in lung-transplant recipientsTransplantation77232714742987
  • Echaniz-QuintanaAPita-FernandezSOtero-FerreiroA2004Risk factors associated with invasive fungal infection in orthotopic liver transplantationMed Clin (Barc)122444815104954
  • EggimannPFrancioliPBilleJ1999Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patientsCrit Care Med2710667210397206
  • ErikssonUSeifertBSchaffnerA2001Comparison of effects of amphotericin B deoxycholate infused over 4 or 24 hours: randomised controlled trialBMJ3225798211238151
  • FalagasMEApostolouKEPappasVD2006Attributable mortality of candidemia: a systematic review of matched cohort and case-control studiesEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis254192516773391
  • FlorentMKatsahianSVekhoffA2006Prospective evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA targeted to Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus for the early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignanciesJ Infect Dis193741716453271
  • FluckigerUMarchettiOBilleJ2006Treatment options of invasive fungal infections in adultsSwiss Med Wkly1364476316937323
  • FortunJMartin-DavilaPMorenoS2003Prevention of invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients: the role of prophylaxis with lipid formulations of amphotericin B in high-risk patientsJ Antimicrob Chemother52813914563893
  • FortunJMontejoMMartin-DavilaP2007Prospective, multicentre study of caspofungin for prophylaxis in high-risk liver transplantation [abstract]17th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesICC, Munich, GermanyMarch 31–April 31733463
  • GarbinoJLewDPRomandJA2002Prevention of severe Candida infections in nonneutropenic, high-risk, critically ill patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients treated by selective digestive decontaminationIntensive Care Med2817081712447512
  • GareyKWRegeMPaiMP2006Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional studyClin Infect Dis43253116758414
  • Garnacho-MonteroJLeónCAlmiranteB2005Recomendaciones terapéuticas para infecciones fúngicas en el paciente crítico no neutropénico. Conferencia de consenso. ConclusionesMed Intensiva3Suppl 14352
  • GreeneR2005The radiological spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosisMed Mycol43Suppl 1S147S15416110807
  • HagermanJKHancockKEKlepserME2006Aerosolised antibiotics: a critical appraisal of their useExpert Opin Drug Deliv3718616370941
  • HellingerWCBonattiHYaoJD2005Risk stratification and targeted antifungal prophylaxis for prevention of aspergillosis and other invasive mold infections after liver transplantationLiver Transpl116566215915482
  • HellingerWCYaoJDAlvarezS2002A randomized, prospective, double-blinded evaluation of selective bowel decontamination in liver transplantationTransplantation731904912131685
  • HerbrechtR2002Improving the outcome of invasive aspergillosis: new diagnostic tools and new therapeutic strategiesAnn Hematol81Suppl 2S52S5312611078
  • HerbrechtRDenningDWPattersonTF2002Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosisN Engl J Med3474081512167683
  • HjortrupARasmussenAHansenBA1997Early bacterial and fungal infections in liver transplantation after oral selective bowel decontaminationTransplant Proc293106109365684
  • HopeWWWalshTJDenningDW2005Laboratory diagnosis of invasive aspergillosisLancet Infect Dis56092216183515
  • HughesWTArmstrongDBodeyGP20022002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancerClin Infect Dis347305111850858
  • HusainSPatersonDLStuderS2006aVoriconazole prophylaxis in lung transplant recipientsAm J Transplant630081617062003
  • HusainSTollemarJDominguezEA2003Changes in the spectrum and risk factors for invasive candidiasis in liver transplant recipients: prospective, multicenter, case-controlled studyTransplantation752023912829905
  • HusainSZaldonisDKusneS2006bVariation in antifungal prophylaxis strategies in lung transplantationTranspl Infect Dis8213817116134
  • Ibanez-NollaJNolla-SalasMLeonMA2004Early diagnosis of candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patientsJ Infect481819214720495
  • JarqueISalavertMRomaE2004Hospital Universitario La Fe Guide to the prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections in immunodepressed patients or in patients requiring special careRev Esp Quimioter173578915696227
  • JohnsonJR2004Reduction of nephrotoxicity associated with amphotericin B deoxycholateClin Infect Dis38303714699469
  • JorgensenKJGotzschePCJohansenHK2006Voriconazole versus amphotericin B in cancer patients with neutropeniaCochrane Database Syst Rev1CD00470716437492
  • KandaYYamamotoRChizukaA2000Prophylactic action of oral fluconazole against fungal infection in neutropenic patients. A meta-analysis of 16 randomized, controlled trialsCancer8916112511013378
  • KlingsporLTornqvistEJohanssonA2004A prospective epidemiological survey of candidaemia in SwedenScand J Infect Dis3652515000560
  • KontoyiannisDPLewisRE2004Toward more effective antifungal therapy: the prospects of combination therapyBr J Haematol1261657515238137
  • KontoyiannisDPLewisREOsherovN2003Combination of caspofungin with inhibitors of the calcineurin pathway attenuates growth in vitro in Aspergillus speciesJ Antimicrob Chemother51313612562696
  • KullbergBJSobelJDRuhnkeM2005Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trialLancet36614354216243088
  • KuseERChetchotisakdPda CunhaCA2007Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: a phase III randomised double-blind trialLancet36915192717482982
  • LeatherHLWingardJR2006New strategies of antifungal therapy in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and patients with hematological malignanciesBlood Rev202678716781028
  • LeleuGAegerterPGuidetB2002Systemic candidiasis in intensive care units: a multicenter, matched-cohort studyJ Crit Care171687512297992
  • LeonCRuiz-SantanaSSaavedraP2006A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonizationCrit Care Med34730716505659
  • LowryCMMartyFMVargasSO2007Safety of aerosolized liposomal versus deoxycholate amphotericin B formulations for prevention of invasive fungal infections following lung transplantation: a retrospective studyTranspl Infect Dis9121517461997
  • LumbrerasCCuervas-MonsVJaraP1996Randomized trial of fluconazole versus nystatin for the prophylaxis of Candida infection following liver transplantationJ Infect Dis17458388769617
  • MaertensJDeerenDDierickxD2006Preemptive antifungal therapy: still a way to goCurr Opin Infect Dis19551617075330
  • MaertensJTheunissenKVerhoefG2005Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility studyClin Infect Dis4112425016206097
  • MaertensJVerhaegenJLagrouK2001Screening for circulating galactomannan as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for invasive aspergillosis in prolonged neutropenic patients and stem cell transplantation recipients: a prospective validationBlood9716041011238098
  • MagillSSDropulicLK2006Antifungal prophylaxis in transplant recipients: where do we go from here?Transpl Infect Dis8187917116131
  • MarikPE2006Fungal infections in solid organ transplantationExpert Opin Pharmacother729730516448324
  • MarrKABoeckhMCarterRA2004aCombination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosisClin Infect Dis3979780215472810
  • MarrKACrippaFLeisenringW2004bItraconazole versus fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections in patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantsBlood10315273314525770
  • MattiuzziGNAlvaradoGGilesFJ2006Open-label, randomized comparison of itraconazole versus caspofungin for prophylaxis in patients with hematologic malignanciesAntimicrob Agents Chemother50143716377679
  • MeerssemanWLagrouKMaertensJ2008Galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a tool for diagnosing aspergillosis in intensive care unit patientsAm J Respir Crit Care Med177273417885264
  • Mennink-KerstenMAKlontRRWarrisA2004Bifidobacterium lipoteichoic acid and false ELISA reactivity in aspergillus antigen detectionLancet363325714751710
  • MetcalfSCDockrellDH2007Improved outcomes associated with advances in therapy for invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised hostsJ Infect552879917697716
  • MillonLPiarrouxRDeconinckE2005Use of real-time PCR to process the first galactomannan-positive serum sample in diagnosing invasive aspergillosisJ Clin Microbiol43509710116207969
  • MohammadRAKleinKC2006Inhaled amphotericin B for prophylaxis against invasive Aspergillus infectionsAnn Pharmacother4021485417148653
  • MonforteVRomanAGavaldaJ2005Prophylaxis for Aspergillus infection in lung transplantation: Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy [abstract]J Heart Lung Transplant
  • MonforteVRomanAGavaldaJ2003Nebulized amphotericin B concentration and distribution in the respiratory tract of lung-transplanted patientsTransplantation751571412792517
  • Mora-DuarteJBettsRRotsteinC2002Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasisN Engl J Med3472020912490683
  • MoraguesMDOrtizNIruretagoyenaJR2004Evaluation of a new commercial test (Candida albicans IFA IgG) for the serodiagnosis of invasive candidiasisEnferm Infecc Microbiol Clin2283814756989
  • MorganJMeltzerMIPlikaytisBD2005Excess mortality, hospital stay, and cost due to candidemia: a case-control study using data from population-based candidemia surveillanceInfect Control Hosp Epidemiol26540716018429
  • MorrellMFraserVJKollefMH2005Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortalityAntimicrob Agents Chemother493640516127033
  • MunozPRodriguezCBouzaE2004Risk factors of invasive aspergillosis after heart transplantation: protective role of oral itraconazole prophylaxisAm J Transplant46364315023157
  • Nolla-SalasJSitges-SerraALeon-GilC1997Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Study Group of Fungal Infection in the ICUIntensive Care Med2323309037636
  • OdabasiZMattiuzziGEsteyE2004Beta-d-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromeClin Infect Dis3919920515307029
  • Ostrosky-ZeichnerLAlexanderBDKettDH2005Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1 – >3) beta-d-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humansClin Infect Dis41654916080087
  • Ostrosky-ZeichnerLSableCSobelJ2007Multicenter retrospective development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for nosocomial invasive candidiasis in the intensive care settingEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis26271617333081
  • PalmerSMDrewRHWhitehouseJD2001Safety of aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex in lung transplant recipientsTransplantation72545811502995
  • PappasPGRexJHSobelJD2004Guidelines for treatment of candidiasisClin Infect Dis381618914699449
  • PappasPGRotsteinCMBettsRF2007Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasisClin Infect Dis458839317806055
  • ParkinsMDSabudaDMElsayedS2007Adequacy of empirical antifungal therapy and effect on outcome among patients with invasive Candida species infectionsJ Antimicrob Chemother60613817576697
  • PazosCMoraguesMDQuindosG2006Diagnostic potential of (1,3)-beta-d-glucan and anti-Candida albicans germ tube antibodies for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive candidiasis in neutropenic adult patientsRev Iberoam Micol232091517388644
  • PazosCPontonJdel PalacioA2005Contribution of (1 – >3)-beta-d-glucan chromogenic assay to diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic adult patients: a comparison with serial screening for circulating galactomannanJ Clin Microbiol4329930515634986
  • PelegAYWoodsML2004Continuous and 4 h infusion of amphotericin B: a comparative study involving high-risk haematology patientsJ Antimicrob Chemother54803815308606
  • PelzRKHendrixCWSwobodaSM2001Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent candidal infections in critically ill surgical patientsAnn Surg233542811303137
  • PerkinsJD2007Use of Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in liver transplant patientsLiver Transpl13304517354292
  • PetriMGKonigJMoeckeHP1997Epidemiology of invasive mycosis in ICU patients: a prospective multicenter study in 435 non-neutropenic patients. Paul-Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy, Divisions of Mycology and Pneumonia ResearchIntensive Care Med23317259083235
  • PfallerMAJonesRNDoernGV2000Bloodstream infections due to Candida species: SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program in North America and Latin America, 1997–1998Antimicrob Agents Chemother447475110681349
  • PfeifferCDFineJPSafdarN2006Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysisClin Infect Dis4214172716619154
  • PhillipsPShafranSGarberG1997Multicenter randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B for treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic patients. Canadian Candidemia Study GroupEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis16337459228472
  • PiarrouxRGrenouilletFBalvayP2004Assessment of preemptive treatment to prevent severe candidiasis in critically ill surgical patientsCrit Care Med322443915599149
  • PickeringJWSantHWBowlesCA2005Evaluation of a (1 – >3)-beta-d-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infectionsJ Clin Microbiol4359576216333082
  • PlayfordEGWebsterACSorellTC2004Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipientsCochrane Database Syst Rev3CD00429115266524
  • PlayfordEGWebsterACSorrellTC2006Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non-neutropenic critically ill and surgical patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trialsJ Antimicrob Chemother576283816459344
  • PontonJdel PalacioA2007Advances and limitations in the early diagnosis of invasive yeast infectionsRev Iberoam Micol24181617874854
  • PontonJQuindosGArillaMC1994Simplified adsorption method for detection of antibodies to Candida albicans germ tubesJ Clin Microbiol3221798126184
  • PuzniakLTeutschSPowderlyW2004Has the epidemiology of nosocomial candidemia changed?Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol256283315357152
  • QuindosGMoraguesMDPontonJ2004Is there a role for antibody testing in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis?Rev Iberoam Micol2110415458356
  • ReboliACRotsteinCPappasPG2007Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasisN Engl J Med35624728217568028
  • ReichenspurnerHGambergPNitschkeM1997Significant reduction in the number of fungal infections after lung-, heart-lung, and heart transplantation using aerosolized amphotericin B prophylaxisTransplant Proc2962789123449
  • RexJHBennettJESugarAM1994A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National InstituteN Engl J Med3311325307935701
  • RijndersBJCornelissenJJSlobbeL2008Aerosolized liposomal amphotericin B for the prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis during prolonged neutropenia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trialClin Infect Dis461401818419443
  • SchneemannMBachliEB2004Continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate: a cost-effective gold standard for therapy of invasive fungal infections?Clin Infect Dis38303414699468
  • SendidBCotteauAFrancoisN2006Candidaemia and antifungal therapy in a French University Hospital: rough trends over a decade and possible linksBMC Infect Dis68016670011
  • SharpeMDGhentCGrantD2003Efficacy and safety of itraconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after orthotopic liver transplantation: a prospective, randomized, double-blind studyTransplantation769778314508365
  • ShorrAFChungKJacksonWL2005Fluconazole prophylaxis in critically ill surgical patients: a meta-analysisCrit Care Med3319283516148461
  • SilveiraFPHusainS2007Fungal infections in solid organ transplantationMed Mycol453052017510855
  • SinghN2000Antifungal prophylaxis for solid organ transplant recipients: seeking clarity amidst controversyClin Infect Dis315455310987719
  • SinghN2004Antifungal prophylaxis in solid-organ transplant recipients: considerations for clinical trial designClin Infect Dis39Suppl 4S200S20615546118
  • SinghN2005Invasive aspergillosis in organ transplant recipients: new issues in epidemiologic characteristics, diagnosis, and managementMed Mycol43Suppl 1S267S27016110819
  • SinghNAlexanderBDLortholaryO2007Cryptococcus neoformans in organ transplant recipients: impact of calcineurin-inhibitor agents on mortalityJ Infect Dis1957566417262720
  • SinghNHusainS2003Aspergillus infections after lung transplantation: clinical differences in type of transplant and implications for managementJ Heart Lung Transplant222586612633692
  • SinghNLimayeAPForrestG2006aCombination of voriconazole and caspofungin as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients: a prospective, multicenter, observational studyTransplantation81320616477215
  • SinghNLimayeAPForrestG2006bLate-onset invasive aspergillosis in organ transplant recipients in the current eraMed Mycol44445916882611
  • SinghNPatersonDL2005Aspergillus infections in transplant recipientsClin Microbiol Rev18446915653818
  • SinghNPatersonDLGayowskiT2001Preemptive prophylaxis with a lipid preparation of amphotericin B for invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients requiring renal replacement therapyTransplantation71910311349726
  • SinghNPruettTLHoustonS2006cInvasive aspergillosis in the recipients of liver retransplantationLiver Transpl121205916598780
  • SoléAMorantPSalavertM2005Aspergillus infections in lung transplant recipients: risk factors and outcomeClin Microbiol Infect113596515819861
  • SoléANietoM2007Nebulized antifungal prophylaxis:Role of amphotericin B lipid complexMed Intensiva56470
  • SoléASalavertM2007Voriconazole for the therapy of mycoses in recipients of solid organ transplantsRev Iberoam Micol242172217874859
  • SoléASalavertM2008Fungal infections after lung transplantationTransplant Rev (Orlando)228910418631862
  • SpeichRDutlyANaefR2002Tolerability, safety and efficacy of conventional amphotericin B administered by 24-hour infusion to lung transplant recipientsSwiss Med Wkly132455812457304
  • SulahianATouratierSRibaudP2003False positive test for aspergillus antigenemia related to concomitant administration of piperacillin and tazobactamN Engl J Med3492366714668472
  • TollemarJHockerstedtKEriczonBG1995Liposomal amphotericin B prevents invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients. A randomized, placebo-controlled studyTransplantation5945507839427
  • TortoranoAMPemanJBernhardtH2004Epidemiology of candidaemia in Europe: results of 28-month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance studyEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis233172215029512
  • UllmannAJHeusselCPCornelyOA2002Voriconazole versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapyN Engl J Med3461745712041526
  • UllmannAJLiptonJHVesoleDH2007Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host diseaseN Engl J Med3563354717251530
  • van BurikJA2005Role of new antifungal agents in prophylaxis of mycoses in high risk patientsCurr Opin Infect Dis184798316258319
  • van BurikJARatanatharathornVStepanDE2004Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantationClin Infect Dis3914071615546073
  • WalshTJFinbergRWArndtC1999Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study GroupN Engl J Med3407647110072411
  • WalshTJPappasPWinstonDJ2002Voriconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent feverN Engl J Med3462253411807146
  • WalshTJTepplerHDonowitzGR2004Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropeniaN Engl J Med351139140215459300
  • WiesnerRHHermansPERakelaJ1988Selective bowel decontamination to decrease gram-negative aerobic bacterial and Candida colonization and prevent infection after orthotopic liver transplantationTransplantation4557043279582
  • WingardJRCarterSLWalshTJ2007Results of a randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole vs. voriconazole for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in 600 allogeneic blood and marrow transplant patientsBlood110163
  • WinstonDJBusuttilRW2002Randomized controlled trial of oral itraconazole solution versus intravenous/oral fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections in liver transplant recipientsTransplantation746889512352887
  • WinstonDJPakrasiABusuttilRW1999Prophylactic fluconazole in liver transplant recipients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialAnn Intern Med1317293710577295
  • Wong-BeringerALambrosMPBeringerPM2005Suitability of caspofungin for aerosol delivery: physicochemical profiling and nebulizer choiceChest12837111616304338
  • ZaragozaRPemanJ2006Invasive fungal infections in critically ill patients: different therapeutic options and a uniform strategyRev Iberoam Micol23596316854178
  • ZaragozaRPemanJRamirezP2006Clinical and management utility of Candida germ tube antibody detection in critically ill patients. Preliminary data [abstract]46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapySan Francisco, CASept 27–30M-1618