Surgical Systems Biology and Personalized Longitudinal Phenotyping in Critical Care

• Nicholson JK . Global systems biology, personalized medicine and molecular epidemiology. Mol. Syst. Biol.2 , 52 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson JK , LindonJC, HolmesE. ‘Metabonomics‘: understanding the metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli via multivariate statistical analysis of biological NMR spectroscopic data. Xenobiotica29(11) , 1181–1189 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes E , WilsonID, NicholsonJK. Metabolic phenotyping in health and disease. Cell134(5) , 714–717 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton TA , LindonJC, CloarecO et al. Pharmaco-metabonomic phenotyping and personalized drug treatment. Nature 440(7087) , 1073–1077 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson JK , ConnellyJ, LindonJC, HolmesE. Metabonomics: a platform for studying drug toxicity and gene function. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.1(2) , 153–161 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengmark S . Ecological control of the gastrointestinal tract. The role of probiotic flora. Gut42(1) , 2–7 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill SR , PopM, DeboyRT et al. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science 312(5778) , 1355–1359 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederberg J . Infectious history. Science288(5464) , 287–293 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dethlefsen L , Mcfall-NgaiM, RelmanDA. An ecological and evolutionary perspective on human-microbe mutualism and disease. Nature449(7164) , 811–818 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanahan D , WeinbergRA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell100(1) , 57–70 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashida S , OrloffMS, BebekG et al. Integrated analysis reveals critical genomic regions in prostate tumor microenvironment associated with clinicopathologic phenotypes. Clin. Cancer Res. 18(6) , 1578–1587 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida N , NagaharaM, SatoT et al. Microarray analysis of colorectal cancer stromal tissue reveals upregulation of two oncogenic microRNA clusters. Clin. Cancer Res. 18(11) , 3054–3070 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karapetis CS , Khambata-FordS, JonkerDJ et al. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N. Eng. J. Med.359(17) , 1757–1765 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CC , ChenHC, ChenSJ et al. Identification of collapsin response mediator protein-2 as a potential marker of colorectal carcinoma by comparative analysis of cancer cell secretomes. Proteomics 8(2) , 316–332 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue H , LuB, ZhangJ et al. Identification of serum biomarkers for colorectal cancer metastasis using a differential secretome approach. J. Proteome Res. 9(1) , 545–555 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osako T , IwaseT, KimuraK et al. Intraoperative molecular assay for sentinel lymph node metastases in early stage breast cancer: a comparative analysis between one-step nucleic acid amplification whole node assay and routine frozen section histology. Cancer 117(19) , 4365–4374 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolio TA . Genomewide association studies and assessment of the risk of disease. N. Engl. J. Med.363(2) , 166–176 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H , RamsayE, LeeH, WahlS, DionneRA. Genome-wide association study of acute post-surgical pain in humans. Pharmacogenomics10(2) , 171–179 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson CA , BoucherG, LeesCW et al. Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47. Nat. Genet. 43(3) , 246–252 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder TM , KhushKK, ValantineHA, QuakeSR. Universal noninvasive detection of solid organ transplant rejection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA108(15) , 6229–6234 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anjum A , von Allmen R, Greenhalgh R, Powell JT. Explaining the decrease in mortality from abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. Br. J. Surg.99(5) , 637–645 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spadaccio C , Di Domenico F, Perluigi M et al. Serum proteomics in patients with diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cardiovasc. Pathol.21(4) , 283–290 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhls DA , MaloneDL, McCarterRJ, NapolitanoLM. Predictors of mortality in adult trauma patients: the physiologic trauma score is equivalent to the Trauma and Injury Severity Score. J. Am. Coll. Surg.194(6) , 695–704 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland A , ThomasM, BrandonRA et al. Development and validation of a novel molecular biomarker diagnostic test for the early detection of sepsis. Crit. Care 15(3) , R149 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapar DJ , RosenbergerLH, WaltersDM et al. Severe traumatic head injury affects systemic cytokine expression. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 214(4) , 478–486; discussion 486–478 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Miguel FJ , Serrano-AguilarPG, Lopez-BastidaJ. Preoperative assessment. Lancet362(9397) , 1749–1757 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouvas N , TanE, WindsorA, XynosE, TekkisPP. Fast-track vs standard care in colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis update. Int. J. Colorectal Dis.24(10) , 1119–1131 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson RJ , DaviesS, YatesD, RedmanJ, StoneM. Impaired functional capacity is associated with all-cause mortality after major elective intra-abdominal surgery. Br. J. Anaesth.105(3) , 297–303 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• What is the point of surgery? Lancet376(9746) , 1025 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikoff WR , AnforaAT, LiuJ et al. Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106(10) , 3698–3703 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley RE , PetersonDA, GordonJI. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell124(4) , 837–848 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman AL , LoughDM, BarupalDK et al. Human gut microbiome adopts an alternative state following small bowel transplantation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106(40) , 17187–17192 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H , DibaiseJK, ZuccoloA et al. Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106(7) , 2365–2370 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinross JM , AlkhamesiN, BartonRH et al. Global metabolic phenotyping in an experimental laparotomy model of surgical trauma. J. Proteome Res. 10 , 277–287 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan K , JuddPA, TuohyKM, GibsonGR, PreedyVR, TaylorMA. Fecal microbiota in patients receiving enteral feeding are highly variable and may be altered in those who develop diarrhea. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.89(1) , 240–247 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai V , GreenwaldB, MorrisJG Jr, Raufman JP, Stine OC. Effect of bowel preparation and colonoscopy on post-procedure intestinal microbiota composition. Gut55(12) , 1822–1823 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson HE , JernbergC, AnderssonAF, Sjolund-KarlssonM, JanssonJK, EngstrandL. Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome. PLoS ONE5(3) , e9836 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesper BJ , JawdiA, AltmanKW, HainesGK 3rd, Tao L, Radosevich JA. The effect of proton pump inhibitors on the human microbiota. Curr. Drug. Metab.10(1) , 84–89 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roller M , RechkemmerG, WatzlB. Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates intestinal immune functions in rats. J. Nutr.134(1) , 153–156 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodard GA , EncarnacionB, DowneyJR et al. Probiotics improve outcomes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: a prospective randomized trial. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 13(7) , 1198–1204 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy BS , MacfieJ, GattM, LarsenCN, JensenSS, LeserTD. Randomized clinical trial of effect of synbiotics, neomycin and mechanical bowel preparation on intestinal barrier function in patients undergoing colectomy. Br. J. Surg.94(5) , 546–554 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley RE , TurnbaughPJ, KleinS, GordonJI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature444(7122) , 1022–1023 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap IK , BrownIJ, ChanQ et al. Metabolome-wide association study identifies multiple biomarkers that discriminate north and south Chinese populations at differing risks of cardiovascular disease: INTERMAP study. J. Proteome Res. 9(12) , 6647–6654 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z , KlipfellE, BennettBJ et al. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature 472(7341) , 57–63 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinross JM , DarziAW, NicholsonJK. Gut microbiome–host interactions in health and disease. Genome Med.3(3) , 14 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann JR , WantEJ, GeierFM et al. Systemic gut microbial modulation of bile acid metabolism in host tissue compartments. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108(Suppl. 1) , 4523–4530 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia W , LiH, ZhaoL, NicholsonJK. Gut microbiota: a potential new territory for drug targeting. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.7(2) , 123–129 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozzetti F , GianottiL, BragaM, Di Carlo V, Mariani L. Postoperative complications in gastrointestinal cancer patients: the joint role of the nutritional status and the nutritional support. Clin. Nutr.26(6) , 698–709 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton RJ , EliaM. Who benefits from nutritional support: what is the evidence? Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.19(5) , 353–358 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marik PE , ZalogaGP. Immunonutrition in high-risk surgical patients: a systematic review and analysis of the literature. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr.34(4) , 378–386 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwegler I , Von Holzen A, Gutzwiller JP, Schlumpf R, Muhlebach S, Stanga Z. Nutritional risk is a clinical predictor of postoperative mortality and morbidity in surgery for colorectal cancer. Br. J. Surg.97(1) , 92–97 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppinger D , HartlWH, BertokM et al. Nutritional screening for risk prediction in patients scheduled for abdominal operations. Br. J. Surg. 99(5) , 728–737 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer C , BikEM, DigiulioDB, RelmanDA, BrownPO. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biology5(7) , e177 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biagi E , NylundL, CandelaM et al. Through ageing, and beyond: gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. PLoS ONE 5(5) , e10667 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson JK , LindonJC. Systems biology: metabonomics. Nature455(7216) , 1054–1056 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somashekar BS , KamarajanP, DanciuT et al. Magic angle spinning NMR-based metabolic profiling of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissues. J. Proteome Res. 10(11) , 5232–5241 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M , SongY, ChoN et al. An HR-MAS MR metabolomics study on breast tissues obtained with core needle biopsy. PLoS ONE 6(10) , e25563 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balog J , SzaniszloT, SchaeferKC et al. Identification of biological tissues by rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 82(17) , 7343–7350 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan EC , KohPK, MalM et al. Metabolic profiling of human colorectal cancer using high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). J. Proteome Res. 8(1) , 352–361 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura D , FujimuraY, YamatoM et al. Ultrahighly sensitive in situ metabolomic imaging for visualizing spatiotemporal metabolic behaviors. Anal. Chem. 82(23) , 9789–9796 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croxatto A , Prod‘homG, GreubG. Applications of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in clinical diagnostic microbiology. FEMS Microbiol. Rev.36(2) , 380–407 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavan S , GusevY, HarrisM et al. G-DOC: a systems medicine platform for personalized oncology. Neoplasia 13(9) , 771–783 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezzi S , RamadanZ, FayLB, KochharS. Nutritional metabonomics: applications and perspectives. J. Proteome Res.6(2) , 513–525 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson JK , WilsonID: Opinion: understanding ‘global‘ systems biology: metabonomics and the continuum of metabolism.Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.2(8) , 668–676 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton TA , BakerD, LindonJC, EverettJR, NicholsonJK. Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA106(34) , 14728–14733 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman D , RidelC, RayP et al. Cardiac filling pressures are not appropriate to predict hemodynamic response to volume challenge. Crit. Care Med. 35(1) , 64–68 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney DM , NeumarRW, VenkateshAK et al. Unique characteristics of emergency care research: scope, populations, and infrastructure. Acad. Emerg. Med. 16(10) , 990–994 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beekley AC . Damage control resuscitation: a sensible approach to the exsanguinating surgical patient. Crit. Care Med.36(Suppl. 7) , S267–S274 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holcomb JB , JenkinsD, RheeP et al. Damage control resuscitation: directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma. J. Trauma 62(2) , 307–310 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L , ReisnerAT, GribokA, ReifmanJ. Exploration of prehospital vital sign trends for the prediction of trauma outcomes. Prehosp. Emerg. Care13(3) , 286–294 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raum MR , NijstenMW, VogelzangM et al. Emergency trauma score: an instrument for early estimation of trauma severity. Crit. Care Med. 37(6) , 1972–1977 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao H , WangH, WangB et al. Systemic metabolic changes of traumatic critically ill patients revealed by an NMR-based metabonomic approach. J. Proteome Res. 8(12) , 5423–5430 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S , HillDW, PettyNM et al. Statistical approach to metabonomic analysis of rat urine following surgical trauma. J. Chemometrics 20 , 87–98 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H , PengJ, ZhouZY et al. Establishing (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance based metabonomics fingerprinting profile for spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 123(17) , 2315–2319 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen MJ , SerkovaNJ, Wiener-KronishJ, PittetJF, NiemannCU. 1H-NMR-based metabolic signatures of clinical outcomes in trauma patients – beyond lactate and base deficit. J. Trauma69(1) , 31–40 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demssie YN , JawaheerJ, FarookS, NewJP, SyedAA. Metabolic outcomes 1 year after gastric bypass surgery in obese people with Type 2 diabetes. Med. Princ. Pract.21(2) , 125–128 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams TD , GressRE, SmithSC et al. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery. N. Eng. J. Med. 357(8) , 753–761 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashrafian H , AhmedK, RowlandSP et al. Metabolic surgery and cancer: protective effects of bariatric procedures. Cancer 117(9) , 1788–1799 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvani R , MiccheliA, CapuaniG et al. Gut microbiome-derived metabolites characterize a peculiar obese urinary metabotype. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 34(6) , 1095–1098 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutch DM , FuhrmannJC, ReinD et al. Metabolite profiling identifies candidate markers reflecting the clinical adaptations associated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. PLoS ONE 4(11) , e7905 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JV , AshrafianH, BueterM et al. Metabolic surgery profoundly influences gut microbial-host metabolic cross-talk. Gut 60(9) , 1214–1223 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson IM , PaulerDK, GoodmanPJ et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N. Engl. J. Med. 350(22) , 2239–2246 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmström B , JohanssonM, BerghA, StenmanUH, HallmansG, StattinP. Prostate specific antigen for early detection of prostate cancer: longitudinal study. BMJ339 , b3537 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansen FH , RoobolM, JensterG, SchroderFH, BangmaCH. Screening for prostate cancer in 2008 II: the importance of molecular subforms of prostate-specific antigen and tissue kallikreins. Eur. Urol.55(3) , 563–574 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klee EW , BondarOP, GoodmansonMK et al. Candidate serum biomarkers for prostate adenocarcinoma identified by mRNA differences in prostate tissue and verified with protein measurements in tissue and blood. Clin. Chem. 58(3) , 599–609 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploussard G , de la Taille A. Urine biomarkers in prostate cancer. Nat. Rev. Urol.7(2) , 101–109 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T , GiovannucciE, WelgeJ, MallickP, TangWY, HoSM. Measurement of GSTP1 promoter methylation in body fluids may complement PSA screening: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer105(1) , 65–73 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson GL , DuanZ, KramerJR, DavilaJA, RichardsonPA, El-SeragHB. Level of alpha-fetoprotein predicts mortality among patients with hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.9(11) , 989–994 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman M . The resurrection of alphafetoprotein. J. Hepatol.52(6) , 939–940 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debruyne EN , DelangheJR. Diagnosing and monitoring hepatocellular carcinoma with alpha-fetoprotein: new aspects and applications. Clin. Chim. Acta395(1–2) , 19–26 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachtiar I , SantosoJM, AtmanegaraB et al. Combination of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and alpha-fetoprotein as an improved diagnostic tool for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Chim. Acta 399(1–2) , 97–101 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling RK , JeffersL, GordonF et al. Utility of Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of alpha-fetoprotein and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, alone or in combination, as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7(1) , 104–113 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy MJ . Carcinoembryonic antigen as a marker for colorectal cancer: is it clinically useful? Clin. Chem.47(4) , 624–630 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher RH . Carcinoembryonic antigen. Ann. Intern. Med.104(1) , 66–73 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roessler M , RollingerW, PalmeS et al. Identification of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase as a novel serum tumor marker for colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 11(18) , 6550–6557 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallin U , GlimeliusB, JirstromK et al. Growth differentiation factor 15: a prognostic marker for recurrence in colorectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer 104(10) , 1619–1627 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgeon CM , DuffyMJ, WalkerG. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for early detection of ovarian cancer: the pivotal role of the clinical laboratory. Ann. Clin. Biochem.48(Pt 4) , 295–299 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu P , PanLL, WuSQ, SunL, HuangG. CA 125, PET alone, PET-CT, CT and MRI in diagnosing recurrent ovarian carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Radiol.71(1) , 164–174 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skates SJ , MenonU, MacdonaldN et al. Calculation of the risk of ovarian cancer from serial CA-125 values for preclinical detection in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(Suppl. 10) , S206–S210 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menon U , Gentry-MaharajA, JacobsI. Ovarian cancer screening and mortality. JAMA306(14) , 1544; author reply 1544–1545 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menon U , Gentry-MaharajA, HallettR et al. Sensitivity and specificity of multimodal and ultrasound screening for ovarian cancer, and stage distribution of detected cancers: results of the prevalence screen of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). Lancet Oncol. 10(4) , 327–340 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban N , ThorpeJD, BerganLA et al. Potential role of HE4 in multimodal screening for epithelial ovarian cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 103(21) , 1630–1634 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang Q , LiD, ZhangW, TangB, LiQQ, LiL. Evaluation of proteomics-identified CCL18 and CXCL1 as circulating tumor markers for differential diagnosis between ovarian carcinomas and benign pelvic masses. Int. J. Biol. Markers26(4) , 262–273 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goonetilleke KS , SiriwardenaAK. Systematic review of carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol.33(3) , 266–270 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JE , LeeKT, LeeJK, PaikSW, RheeJC, ChoiKW. Clinical usefulness of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 as a screening test for pancreatic cancer in an asymptomatic population. J. Gastroenterol Hepatol.19(2) , 182–186 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsubayashi H , CantoM, SatoN et al. DNA methylation alterations in the pancreatic juice of patients with suspected pancreatic disease. Cancer Res. 66(2) , 1208–1217 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopmann J , FedarkoNS, JainA et al. Evaluation of osteopontin as biomarker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13(3) , 487–491 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeone DM , JiB, BanerjeeM et al. CEACAM1, a novel serum biomarker for pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 34(4) , 436–443 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguia V , GondaTA, SaifMW. Early detection of pancreatic cancer. JOP13(2) , 131–134 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahhan T , JamilM, Al-TarifiA, AbouchalaN, KherallahM. Validation of the APACHE IV scoring system in patients with severe sepsis and comparison with the APACHE II system. Crit. Care13(1) , 511 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Vincent JL , MorenoR. Clinical review: scoring systems in the critically ill. Crit. Care14(2) , 207 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman JE , KramerAA, McNairDS, MalilaFM. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: hospital mortality assessment for today‘s critically ill patients. Crit. Care Med.34(5) , 1297–1310 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa e Silva VT , De Castro I, Liano F, Muriel A, Rodriguez-Palomares JR, Yu L. Performance of the third-generation models of severity scoring systems (APACHE IV, SAPS 3 and MPM-III) in acute kidney injury critically ill patients. Nephrology26(12) , 3894–3901 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariharan S , ZbarA. Risk scoring in perioperative and surgical intensive care patients: a review. Curr. Surg.63(3) , 226–236 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks MJ , SuttonR, SarinS. Comparison of Surgical Risk Score, POSSUM and p-POSSUM in higher-risk surgical patients. Br. J. Surg.92(10) , 1288–1292 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JS , KimSH, SheenSS, JeongSM, LeeYJ. Effectiveness of the PRISM III score for predicting mortality in pediatric intensive care neurologic patients. Crit. Care2(Suppl. 1) , 161 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Peres Bota D , MelotC, Lopes Ferreira F, Nguyen Ba V, Vincent JL. The Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS) versus the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score in outcome prediction. Intensive Care Med.28(11) , 1619–1624 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettila V , PettilaM, SarnaS, VoutilainenP, TakkunenO. Comparison of Multiple Organ Dysfunction Scores in the prediction of hospital mortality in the critically ill. Crit. Care Med.30(8) , 1705–1711 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno RP , MetnitzPG, AlmeidaE et al. SAPS 3 – from evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2: development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission. Intensive Care Med. 31(10) , 1345–1355 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

▪ Websites

• HESonline: total procedures and interventions. http://www.hesonline.nhs.uk/Ease/servlet/ContentServer?siteID=1937&categoryID=210 (Accessed 1April2012)
   Google Scholar
• Findlay GP, Protopapa K, Smith NCE, Mason M. Knowing the risk. A review of the peri-operative care of surgical patients. A report by the National Confidential Enquiry into patient outcome and death (2011). http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2011report2/downloads/POC_fullreport.pdf (Accessed 5April2012)
   Google Scholar
• UK Parliament. http://www.parliament.uk (Accessed 28February2012)
   Google Scholar