232
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Migraine Associated with Patent Foramen Ovale May Be Caused by Reactivation of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis Triggered by Arterial Blood Oxygen Desaturation

Pages 81-87 | Received 17 Jul 2009, Accepted 02 Nov 2009, Published online: 03 Mar 2010

REFERENCES

  • Agarwal, S. K., & Marshall, G. D. Jr. (2001). Dexamethasone promotes type 2 cytokine production primarily through inhibition of type 1 cytokines. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research, 21, 147–155.
  • Al-Bahrani, A., Taha, S., Shaath, H., & Bakhiet, M. (2007). TNF-alpha and IL-8 in acute stroke and the modulation of these cytokines by antiplatelet agents. Current Neurovascular Research, 4, 31–37.
  • Alfonso, Y., Fraga, J., Cox, R., Bandera, F., Pomier, O., Fonseca, C., (2008). Comparison of four DNA extraction methods from cerebrospinal fluid for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii by polymerase chain reaction in AIDS patients. Medical Science Monitoring, 14, MT1–MT6.
  • Alfonso, Y., Fraga, J., Jimenez, N., Fonseca, C., Dorta-Contreras, A. J., Cox, R., (2009). Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in cerebrospinal fluid from AIDS patients by nested PCR and rapid identification of type I allele at B1 gene by RFLP analysis. Experimental Parasitology, 122(3), 203–207.
  • Aliberti, J. (2005). Host persistence: Exploitation of anti-inflammatory pathways by Toxoplasma gondii. Nature Reviews Immunology, 5, 162–170.
  • Anzola, G. P., Frisoni, G. B., Morandi, E., Casilli, F., & Onorato, E. (2006). Shunt-associated migraine responds favorably to atrial septal repair: A case-control study. Stroke, 37, 430–434.
  • Beaman, M. H., McCabe, R. E., Wong, S. Y., & Remington, J. S. (1995). Toxoplasma gondii. In G. L. Mandell, J.E. Bennet, and R. Dolin ( eds.), Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 2455–2475.
  • Beghetto, E., Spadoni, A., Bruno, L., Buffolano, W., & Gargano, N. (2006). Chimeric antigens of Toxoplasma gondii: Toward standardization of toxoplasmosis serodiagnosis using recombinant products. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44, 2133–2140.
  • Benseñor, I. M., Cook, N. R., Lee, I. M., Chown, M. J., Hennekens, C. H., & Buring, J. E. (2001). Low-dose aspirin for migraine prophylaxis in women. Cephalalgia, 21, 175–183.
  • Bhopale, G. M. (2003). Pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 26, 213–222.
  • Bø, S. H., Davidsen, E. M., Gulbrandsen, P., Dietrichs, E., Bovim, G., Stovner, L. J., (2008). Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels in migraine, tension-type headache and cervicogenic headache. Cephalalgia, 29, 365–372.
  • Borges, A. S., & Figueiredo, J. F. (2004). Detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG, IgM and IgA immunoglobulins in the serum, cerebrospinal fluid and saliva of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and neurotoxoplasmosis. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 62, 1033–1037.
  • Botcher, B. A., Kim, L., Johnson, P. F., & Denkers, E. Y. (2001). Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites inhibit proinflammatory cytokine induction in infected macrophages by preventing nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Journal of Immunology, 167, 2193–2201.
  • Bou, G., Figueroa, M. S., Marti-Belda, P., Navas, E., & Guerrero, A. (1999). Value of PCR for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aqueous humor and blood samples from immunocompetent patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37, 3465–3468.
  • Bousser, M. G. (2007). Patent foramen ovale and migraine. Revue Neurologique (Paris), 163, 17–25.
  • Buring, J. E., Peto, R., & Hennekens, C. H. (1990). Low-dose aspirin for migraine prophylaxis. Journal of American Medical Association, 264, 1711–1713.
  • Calderaro, A., Peruzzi, S., Piccolo, G., Gorrini, C., Montecchini, S., Rossi, S., (2009). Laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 6, 135–136.
  • Cesar, J. M., Garcia-Avello, A., Vecino, A. M., Sastre, J. L., & Alvarez-Cemeno, J. C. (1995). Increased levels of plasma von Willebrand factor in migraine crisis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 91, 412–413.
  • Clanton, T. L. (2007). Hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species formation in skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 102, 2379–2388.
  • Dalla Volta, G., Guindani, M., Zavarise, P., Griffini, S., Pezzini, A., & Padovani, A. (2005). Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in a large series of patients with migraine with aura, migraine without aura and cluster headache, and relationship with clinical phenotype. Journal of Headache Pain, 6, 328–330.
  • Dubey, J. P. (1998). Advances in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. International Journal of Parasitology, 28, 1019–1024.
  • Dubey, J. P., & Beattie, C. P. (1988). Toxoplasmosis in Animals and Man. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–220.
  • Dunzendorfer, S., Reinisch, C. M., Kaneider, N. C., Pechlaner, Ch., & Wiedermann, Ch. J. (2002). Inhibition of plasma-dependent monocyte chemokinesis and cytokine-triggered endothelial activation for neutrophil transmigration by administration of clopidogrel in man. Acta Medica Austriaca, 29, 100–106.
  • Gazzinelli, R. T., Eltoum, I., Wynn, T. A., & Sher, A. (1993). Acute cerebral toxoplasmosis is induced by in vivo neutralization of TNF-alpha and correlates with the down-regulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and other markers of macrophage activation. Journal of Immunology, 151, 3672–3681.
  • Gergont, A., & Kacinski, M. (2005). Blood interleukin-6 level in children with idiopathic headache. Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska, 39(4 Suppl 1), S1–S8.
  • Gergont, A., Kacinski, M., & Kwinta, P. (2005). Proinflammatory cytokines in children with idiopathic headache. Przeglad Lekarski, 62, 1269–1275.
  • Goadsby, P. J. (2005). Is migraine a progressive disorder?? Medical Journal of Australia, 182, 103–104.
  • Godart, F., Rey, C., Prat, A., Vincentelli, A., Chmait, A., Francart, C., (2000). Atrial right-to-left shunting causing severe hypoxaemia despite normal right-sided pressures. Report of 11 consecutive cases corrected by percutaneous closure. European Heart Journal, 21, 483–489.
  • Gori, A. M., Cesari, F., Marcucci, R., Giusti, B., Paniccia, R., Antonucci, E., (2009). The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is associated with platelet aggregability in acute coronary syndrome patients. Atherosclerosis, 202, 255–262.
  • Haddad, J. J., & Harb, H. L. (2005). Cytokines and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. International Immunopharmacology,, 5,, 461–483..
  • Hagen, P. T., Scholtz, D. G., & Edwards, W. D. (1984). Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: An autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 59, 17–20.
  • Hansen, R. A., Gartlehner, G., Powell, G. E., & Sandler, R. S. (2007). Serious adverse events with infliximab: Analysis of spontaneously reported adverse events. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 5, 729–735.
  • Hill-Kapturczak, N., Truong, L., Thamilselvan, V., Visner, G. A., Nick, H. S., & Agarwal, A. (2000). Smad7-dependent regulation of heme oxygenase-1 by transforming growth factor-beta in human renal epithelial cells. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 275, 40904–40909.
  • Ishizaki, K., Takeshima, T., Fukuhara, Y., Araki, H., Nakaso, K., Kusumi, M., (2005). Increased plasma transforming growth factor-beta 1 in migraine. Headache, 45, 1224–1228.
  • Israelski, D. M., & Remington, J. S. (1993). Toxoplasmosis in non-AIDS immunocompromised host. Current Opinion in Tropical Infectious Diseases, 13, 322–356.
  • Ji, Y. S., Xu, Q., & Schmedtje, J. F., Jr. (1998). Hypoxia induces high-mobility-group protein I (Y) and transcription of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene in human vascular endothelium. Circulation Research, 83, 295–304.
  • Kacinski, M., Gergont, A., Kubik, A., & Steczkowska-Klucznik, M. (2005). Proinflammatory cytokines in children with migraine with or without aura. Przeglad Lekarski, 62, 1276–1280.
  • Kang, K.-M., Choi, I.-U., Shin, D.-W. & Lee, Y.-H. (2006). Cytokine and antibody responses of reactivated murine toxoplasmosis upon administration of dexamethasone. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 44, 209–219.
  • Koseoglu, E., Yazar, S., & Koc, I. (2009). Is Toxoplasma gondii a causal agent in migraine?? American Journal of Medical Sciences, 338(2), 120–122 [[Epub ahead of print]].
  • Lam, S. Y., Tipoe, G. L., Liong, E. C., & Fung, M. L. (2008). Chronic hypoxia upregulates the expression and function of proinflammatory cytokines in the rat carotid body. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 130, 549–559.
  • Lassoued, S., Zabraniecki, L., Marin, F., & Billey, T. (2007). Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis and antitumor necrosis factor treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 36, 262–263.
  • Li, M., Zhang, Y., Ren, H., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, X. (2006). Effect of clopidogrel on the inflammatory progression of early atherosclerosis in rabbits model. Atherosclerosis, 194, 348–356.
  • Madajka, M., Korda, M., White, J., & Malinski, T. (2003). Effect of aspirin on constitutive nitric oxide synthase and the bioavailability of NO. Thrombosis Research, 110, 317–321.
  • Meier, B. (2009). Stroke and migraine: A cardiologist's headache. Heart, 95, 595–602.
  • Min, K.-J., Yang, M., Kim, S.-U., Jou, I., & Joe, E. (2006). Astrocytes induce hemeoxygenase-1 expression in microglia: A feasible mechanism for preventing excessive brain inflammation. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 1880–1887.
  • Nishio, E., & Watanabe, Y. (1998). Aspirin and salicylate enhances the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cultured rat smooth muscle cells. Life Sciences, 63, 429–439.
  • Nowakowska, D., Colon, I., Remington, J. S., Grigg, M., Golab, E., Wilczynski, J., (2006). Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii by multiplex PCR and peptide-based serological testing of samples from infants in Poland diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44, 1382–1389.
  • O’Kane, P. D., Reebye, V., Ji, Y., Stratton, P., Jackson, G., & Ferro, A. (2008). Aspirin and clopidogrel treatment impair nitric oxide biosynthesis. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 45, 223–229.
  • Ozaki, Y., Edelstein, M. P., & Duch, D. S. (1987). The actions of interferon and anti-inflammatory agents on induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in human peripheral blood monocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 144, 1147–1153.
  • Peng, B. W., Lin, J., Lin, J. Y., Jiang, M. S., & Zhang, T. (2003). Exogenous nitric oxide induces apoptosis in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites via a calcium signal transduction pathway. Parasitology, 126, 541–550.
  • Piergili Fioretti, D. (2004). Problems and limitations of conventional and innovative methods for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. Parassitologia, 46, 177–181.
  • Pinsky, D. J., Liao, H., Lawson, C. A., Yan, S. F., Chen, J., Carmeliet, P., (1998). Coordinated induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and inhibition of plasminogen activator gene expression by hypoxia promotes pulmonary vascular fibrin deposition. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 102, 919–928.
  • Prandota, J. (1998). Persisting headache as an early symptom of acquired toxoplasmosis not manifested with the enlargement of the peripheral lymphatic nodes. Further cases. Klinika, 5, 930–934.
  • Prandota, J. (2004). Possible pathomechanisms of sudden infant death syndrome. Key role of chronic hypoxia, infection/inflammation states, cytokine irregularities, and metabolic trauma in genetically predisposed infants. American Journal of Therapeutics, 11, 517–546.
  • Prandota, J. (2007). Recurrent headache as the main symptom of acquired cerebral toxoplasmosis in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects with no lymphadenopathy. The parasite may be responsible for the neurogenic inflammation postulated as a cause of different types of headaches. American Journal of Therapeutics, 14, 63–105.
  • Prandota, J. (2008). Headaches and aseptic meningitis (AM) may be clinical manifestations of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93, 42 , 43 (Abstract).
  • Prandota, J. (2009a). Mollaret meningitis may be caused by reactivation of latent cerebral toxoplasmosis. International Journal of Neuroscience, 119, 1655–1692.
  • Prandota, J. (2009b). The importance of Toxoplasma gondii infection in diseases presenting with headaches. Headaches and aseptic meningitis may be manifestations of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. International Journal of Neuroscience, 119, 2144–2182.
  • Prandota, J. (in press). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension may be caused by reactivation of latent cerebral toxoplasmosis. Effect of various diseases and clinical states. International Journal of Neuroscience.
  • Prandota, J. (in press). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension may be caused by reactivation of latent cerebral toxoplasmosis probably because of disturbances in the host and/or Toxoplasma gondii immune defense mechanisms. Effect of various medications and biologic agents. Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery.
  • Prandota, J., Panków-Prandota, L., & Kotecki, L. (2001a). Impaired activation of the fibrinolytic system in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura: Beneficial effect of hydrocortisone plus εε-aminocaproic acid therapy on disappearance rate of cutaneous vasculitis and fibrinolysis. American Journal of Therapeutics, 8, 11–19.
  • Prandota, J., Panków-Prandota, L., Kotecki, L., & Noga, L. (2001b). Plasma proteinase inhibitor activity and hemostasis tests in children with nephrotic syndrome. Effect of prednisone alone and prednisone plus εε-aminocaproic acid treatment regimens: A preliminary report. American Journal of Therapeutics, 8, 97–107.
  • Prandota, J., Sikorska, E., Wołłoszczuk, B., & Dzik, E. (1988). Persisting headache as an early symptom of acquired toxoplasmosis not manifested by enlargement of peripheral lymphatic nodes. Pediatria Polska, 63, 483–489.
  • Quinn, M. J., Bhatt, D. L., Zidar, F., Vivekananthan, D., Chew, D. P., Ellis, S. G., (2004). Effect of clopidogrel pretreatment on inflammatory marker expression in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The American Journal of Cardiology, 93, 679–684.
  • Rasmussen, B. K. (2001). Epidemiology of headache. Cephalalgia, 21, 774–777.
  • Reisman, M., Christofferson, R. D., Jesurum, J., Olsen, J. V., Spencer, M. P., Krabill, K. A., (2005). Migraine headache relief after transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale. Journal of American College of Cardiology, 45, 493–495.
  • Remington, J. S., Thuillez, P., & Montoya, J. G. (2004). Recent developments for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 941–945.
  • Rigatelli, G., Braggion, G., Aggio, S., Chinaglia, M., & Cardaioli, P. (2006). Primary patent foramen ovale closure to relieve severe migraine. Archives of Internal Medicine, 144, 458–460.
  • Rodriguez, C. J., Homma, S., Sacco, R. L., Di Tullio, M. R., Sciacca, R. R., Mohr, J. P., (2003). Race-ethnic differences in patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, and right atrial anatomy among ischemic stroke patients. Stroke, 34, 2097–2102.
  • Sarchielli, P., Alberti, A., Baldi, A., Coppola, F., Rossi, C., Pierguidi, L., (2006). Proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and lymphocyte integrin expression in the internal jugular blood of migraine patients without aura assessed ictally. Headache, 46, 200–207.
  • Sayama, S., Yoshida, R., Oku, T., Imanishi, J., Kishida, T., & Hayaishi, O. (1981). Inhibition of interferon-mediated induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in mouse lung by inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 78, 7327–7330.
  • Scannel, G. (1996). Leukocyte responses to hypoxic/ischemia conditions. New Horizons, 4, 179–183.
  • Schroecksnadel, K., Frick, B., Winkler, C., Leblhuber, F., Wirleitner, B., & Fuchs, D. (2005a). Aspirin downregulates homocysteine formation in stimulated human peripheral mononuclear cells. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 62, 155–160.
  • Schroecksnadel, K., Frick, B., Winkler, C., Wirleitner, B., Schennah, H., & Fuchs, D. (2003). Hyperhomocysteinemia and immune activation. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 62, 155–160.
  • Schroecksnadel, K., Winkler, C., Wirleitner, B., Schennah, H., & Fuchs, D. (2005b). Aspirin down-regulates tryptophan degradation in stimulated human peripheral mononuclear cells in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 140, 41–45.
  • Schuchlenz, H. W., Weihs, W., Horner, S., & Quehenberger, F. (2000). The association between the diameter of a patent foramen ovale and the risk of embolic cerebrovascular events. American Journal of Medicine, 109, 456–462.
  • Schwerzmann, M., Nedeltchev, K., Lagger, F., Mattle, H. P., Windecker, S., Meier, B., (2005). Prevalence and size of directly detected patent foramen ovale in migraine with aura. Neurology, 65, 1415–1418.
  • Schwerzmann, M., Wiher, S., Nedeltchev, K., Mattle, H. P., Wahl, A., Seiler, C., (2004). Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale reduces the frequency of migraine attacks. Neurology, 62, 1399–1401.
  • Shanoudy, H., Soliman, A., Raggi, P., Liu, J. W., Russell, D. C., & Jarmukli, N. F. (1998). Prevalence of patent foramen ovale and its contribution to hypoxemia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest, 113, 91–96.
  • Shimpo, M., Ikeda, U., Maeda, Y., Ohya, K., Murakami, Y., & Shimada K. (2000). Effects of aspirin-like drugs on nitric oxide synthesis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension, 35, 1085–1091.
  • Spear, W., Chan, D., Coppens, I., Johnson, R. S., Giaccia, A., & Blader, U. (2006). The host cell transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is required for Toxoplasma gondii growth and survival at physiological oxygen levels. Cell Microbiology, 8, 339–352.
  • Stanimirovic, D., Zhang, W., Howlett, C., Lemieux, P., & Smith, C. (2001). Inflammatory gene transcription in human astrocytes exposed to hypoxia: Roles of the nuclear factor-kappaB and autocrine stimulation. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 119, 365–376.
  • Suzuki, Y. (2002). Immunopathogenesis of cerebral toxoplasmosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 186(Suppl 2), S234–S240.
  • Switaj, K., Master, A., Skrzypczak, M., & Zaborowski, P. (2005). Recent trends in molecular diagnostics for Toxoplasma gondii infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 11, 170–176.
  • Sztajzel, R., Genoud, D., Roth, S., Mermillod, B., & Le Floch-Rohr, J. (2002). Patent foramen ovale, a possible cause of symptomatic migraine: A study of 74 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 13, 102–106.
  • Tietjen, G. E., Al-Qasmi, M. M., Athanas, K., Dafer, R. M., & Khuder, S. A. (2001). Increased von Willebrand factor in migraine. Neurology, 57, 334–336.
  • Tietjen, G. E., Al.-Qasmi, M. M., Athanas, K., Utley, C., & Herial, N. A. (2007). Altered hemostasis in migraineurs studied with a dynamic flow system. Thrombosis Research, 119, 217–222.
  • Upton, R. B., & Bigal, M. E. (2005). The epidemiology of migraine. American Journal of Medicine, 118(Suppl 1), S3–S10.
  • Vigna, C., Marchese, N., Inchingolo, V., Giannatempo, G. M., Pacilli, M. A., Di Viesti, P., (2009). Improvement of migraine after patent foramen ovale percutaneous closure in patients with subclinical brain lesions. Journal of American College of Cardiologic Intervention, 2, 107–113.
  • Wenger, R. H., Rolfs, A., Marti, H. H., Bauer, C., & Gassmann, M. (1995). Hypoxia, a novel inducer of acute phase gene expression in a human hepatoma cell line. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 27865–27870.
  • Willis, D., Moore, A. R., Frederick, R., & Willoughby, D. A. (1996). Heme oxygenase: A novel target for the modulation of the inflammatory response. Natural Medicine, 2, 87–90.
  • Wilmshurst, P. T., Byrne, J. C., & Webb-Peploe, M. M. (1989). Relation between interatrial shunts and decompression sickness in divers. Lancet, 2, 1302–1306.
  • Wilmshurst, P. T., & Nightingale, S. (2001). Relationship between migraine and cardiac and pulmonary right-to-left shunts. Clinical Science (London), 100, 215–220.
  • Wilmshurst, P. T., Nightingale, S., Walsh, K. P., & Morrison, W. L. (2005). Clopidogrel reduces migraine with aura after transcatheter closure of persistent foramen ovale and atrial septal defects. Heart, 91, 1173–1175.
  • Xu, J., He, L., Ahmed, S. H., Chen, S. W., Goldberg, M. P., Beckman, J. S., (2000). Oxygen-glucose deprivation induces inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine expression in cerebral endothelial cells. Stroke, 31, 1744–1751.
  • Yan, S. F., Tritto, I., Pinsky, D., Liao, H., Huang, J., Fuller, G., (1995). Induction of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by hypoxia in vascular cells. Central role of the binding site for nuclear factor-IL-6. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 11463–11471.
  • Young, J. D., & McGwire, B. S. (2005). Infliximab and reactivation of cerebral toxoplasmosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 1530–1531.
  • Zhang, W., Smith, C., Howlett, C., & Stanimirovic, D. (2000). Inflammatory activation of human brain endothelial cells by hypoxic astrocytes in vitro is mediated by IL-1beta. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 20, 967–978.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.