The role of anorectal investigations in predicting the outcome of biofeedback in the treatment of faecal incontinence

References

• Nelson R, Norton N, Cautley E, Furner S, et al. Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence. JAMA 1995;274:559–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead WE, Wald A, Diamant N, Enck P, Pemberton J, Rao SS. Functional disorders of the anus and rectum. In Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Talley NJ, Thompson WG, Whitehead WE, editors. Rome II: the functional gastrointestinal disorders. 2nd ed. McLean, VA: Degnon Associates; 2000. pp 483–532.
   Google Scholar
• Hayden DM, Weiss EG. Fecal incontinence: etiology, evaluation and treatment. Clin Colon Rectum Surg 2011;24:64–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry S, Shaw C, McGrother C, et al. Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community. Gut 2002;50:480–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teunissen TA, van den Bosch WJ, van den Hoogen HJ, Lagro-Janssen AL. Prevalence of urinary, fecal and double incontinence in the elderly living at home. Int Urogynecol J 2004;15:10–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamm MA. Obstetric damage and fecal incontinence. Lancer 1994;344:730–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellgren A, Jensen LL, Zetterström JP, Wong WD, Hofmeister JH, Lawry AC, et al. Long-term cost of fecal incontinence secondary to obstetric injuries. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:857–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharucha AE. Fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 2003;124:1672–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madoff RD. Surgical treatment options for faecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 2004;126:S48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatoor DR, Taylor SJ, Cohen CR, Emmanuel AV. Faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2007;94:134–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haeymen S, Jones KR, Ringel Y, Scarlett Y, Whitehead WE, et al. Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence, a Critical Review. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:728–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton C, Kamm MA. Outcome of biofeedback for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1999;86:1159–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loening-Baucke V. Efficacy of biofeedback training in improving faecal incontinence and anorectal physiologic function. Gut 1990;31:1395–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubel KA. Voluntary control of gastrointestinal function: operant conditioning and biofeedback [editorial]. Gastroenterology 1974;66:1085–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel BT, Nikoomanesh O, Schuster MM. Operant conditioning of rectosphincteric responses in the treatment of faecal incontinence. N Engl J Med 1974;290:646–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassotti G, Whitehead WE. Biofeedback as a treatment approach to gastrointestinal tract disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:158–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead WE, Wald A, Norton NJ. Priorities for treatment research from different professional prospectives. Gastroenterology 2004;126:s180–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge JM, Wexner SD. Etiology and management of faecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:77–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroi AM, Parc Y, Lehur PA, et al. Efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: results of a multi-centre double-blind crossover study. Ann Surg 2005;242:662–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamant NE, Kamm MA, Wald A, Whitehead WE, et al. Aga technical review on anorectal testing techniques. Gastroenterology 1999;116:735–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead WE, Corazziari E, Prizont R, Thompson WG, Van Zanten SJ, et al. Definition of a responder in clinical trials for functional gastrointestinal disorders: report on a symposium. Gut 1999;45:ii78–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milner PB, Donnelly TC, Read NW. Investigation in the mode of action of biofeedback in the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dig Dis Sci 1990;35:1291–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boselli AS, Pinna F, Cecchini S, Costi R, Marchesi F, Violi L, Sarli L, Roncovoni L, et al. Biofeedback therapy plus anal electrostimulation for fecal incontinence: prognostic factors and effects on anorectal physiology. World J Surg 2010;34:815–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne CM, Solomon MJ, Young JM, Rex J, Merlino CL. Biofeedback for faecal incontinence: short-term outcomes of 513 consecutive patients and predictors of successful treatment. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:417–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton C, Cody JD, Hosker G. Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;3:CD002111.
   Google Scholar
• Heymen S, Scarlett Y, Jones K, Ringel Y, Drossman D, Whitehead WE, et al. Randomized controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to pelvic floor exercises for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:1730–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon MJ, Pager CK, Rex J, Roberts R, Maning J. Randomized, controlled trial of biofeedback with anal manometry, transanal ultrasound, or pelvic floor retraining with digital guidance alone in the treatment of mild to moderate fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:703–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozturk R, Niazi S, Stessman M, Rao SS. Long-term outcome and objective changes of anorectal function after biofeedback therapy for faecal incontinence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:667–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarioni G, Bassotti G, Stegagnini S, Vantini I, Whitehead WE, et al. Sensory retraining is key to biofeedback therapy for formed stool fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:109–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieger NA, Wattchow DA, Serre RG, et al. Prospective trial of pelvic floor retraining in patients with faecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:821–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernadez-Fraga X, Aspiroz F, Aparici A, Casaus M, Malagelada MR, et al. Predictors of response to biofeedback treatment in anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:1218–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroi AM, Dorival MP, Frangoise M, Saiter C, Walter ML, Touchais JY, Denis P, et al. Pudendal neuropathy and severity of incontinence but not presence of of an anal sphincter defect may determine the response to biofeedback therapy in faecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:762–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacima G, Pera M, Amador A, Escaramist G, Pique JM. Long-term results of biofeedback treatment for faecal incontinence: a comparative study with untreated controls. Colorectal Dis 2009;12:742–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozturk R, Niazi S, Stessman S, Rao SS. Long-term outcome and objective changes of anorectal function after biofeedback therapy for faecal incontinence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:667–74.
   Google Scholar
• Guilemot F, Bouche B, Gower-Rousseau C, Chartier M, Wolschies E, Lambil MD, Harbonnier E, Cortot A, et al. Biofeedback for the treatment of faecal incontinence. Long-term clinical results. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:393–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glia A, Gylin M, Akerlund J, Lindfords U, Lindberg G. Biofeedback training in patients with faecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:359–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgell RE, Bhan C, Lunnis PJ, Scott M. Faecal incontinence in men: coexistent constipation and impact of rectal hyposensitivity. Dis Colon Rectum 2012;55:18–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD, Melton LJ. Bowel disturbances are the most important risk factors for late onset fecal incontinence: a population-based control study in women. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1559–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvioli B, Bharuca AE, Rath-Harvey D, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF. Rectal compliance, capacity and rectoanal sensation in fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;96:2158–68.
   Google Scholar
• Chan CL, Ponsford S, Scott SM, Swash M, Lunniss PJ. Contribution of the pudendal nerve to sensation of the distal rectum. Br J Surg 2005;92:859–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald A. Fecal incontinence in adults. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1648–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raza N, Bielefeldt K. Discriminative value of anal manometry in clinical practice. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54:2503–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titi MA, Jenkins JT, Urie A, Molloy RG. Correlation between anal manometry and endosonography in females with fecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis 2008;10:131–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam TJ, Kuik DJ, Felt-Bersma RJF. Anorectal function evaluation and predictive factors for faecal incontinence in 600 patients. Colorectal Dis 2011;14:214–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terra MP, Dobben AC, Berghmans MB, et al. Electrical stimulation and pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback in patients with faecal incontinence: a cohort study of 281 patiens. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:1149–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck JO, Staniunas RJ, Coller JA, et al. Biofeedback training is useful in fecal incontinence but disappointing in constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:1271–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar