1,561
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Inflammatory bowel disease

&
Pages 748-762 | Received 19 Mar 2015, Accepted 19 Mar 2015, Published online: 08 Apr 2015

References

  • TAMikhailov, SEFurner. Breastfeeding and genetic factors in the etiology of IBD in children. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:270–9.
  • SDanese, MSans, C. IBFiocchiD: the role of environmental factors. Autoimmun Rev. 2004;3:394–400.
  • DKPodolsky. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:417–29.
  • FLWolters, MGRussel, JSijbrandij, TAmbergen, SOdes, LRiis, et al. Crohn’s disease: increased mortality 10 years after diagnosis in a Europeanwide population-based cohort. Gut 2006;55:510–18.
  • OHoie, LJSchouten, FLWolters, ICSolberg, LRiis, AMougas, et al. Ulcerative colitis: no rise in mortality in a European-wide population-based cohort 10 years after diagnosis. Gut 2007;56:497–503.
  • GHuppertz-Hauss, MLHoivik, ELangholz, SOdes, MSmastuen, RStockbrugger, et al. Health related quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease in a European-wide population- based cohort 10 years after diagnosis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014;21:337–44.
  • GVernier-Massouille, MBalde, JSalleron, DTurk, JLDupas, OMouterde, et al. Natural history of pediatric Crohn’s disease: A population based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1106–13.
  • BMoum, AEkbom, MHVatn, EAadland, JSauar, ILygren, et al. Clinical course during the fi rst year after diagnosis in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997;32:1005–12.
  • KGeboes, JFColombel, AGreenstein, DJewell, WJSandborn, MHVatn, et al. Indeterminate colitis: a review of the concept—what is in a name? Infl amm Bowel Dis 2008;14:850–7.
  • OHoie, FLWolters, LRiis, TBernklev, GAamodt, JClofent, et al. Low colectomy rates in ulcerative colitis in an unselected European cohort followed for 10 years. Gastroenterology 2007;132:507–15.
  • ICSolberg, MHVatn, OHoie, NStray, JSauar, JJahnsen, et al. Clinical course inCrohn’s disease: results of a population-based ten-year follow upstudy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1430–8.
  • NSvarts. Salazopyrin, a new sulfanilamide preparation. A. Therapeutic results in rheumatic polyarthritis. B. Therapeutic results in ulcerative colitis. C. Toxic manifestations in treatment with sulphanilamide preparations. Acta Med Scand 1942;110:577–98.
  • ACFord, WJSandborn, KJKhan, SBHanauer, NJTalley, PMoyayyedi, et al. Efficacy of biological therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterology 2011;106:644–59.
  • GSvaninger, SNordgren, TOresland, LHulten. Incidence and characteristics of pouchitis in the Kock continent ileostomy and the pelvic pouch Scand. J Gastroenterol 1993;28:695–700.
  • WHLazarev, TUllman, WHSchrayt, KEKip, MSaul, MRegueiro. Small bowel resection in Crohn’s disease and the indication for surgery over time: experience from a large tertiary center. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;16:830–5.
  • AEkbom, CHelmick, MZack, HOAdami. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population based study. NEJM 1990;323:1228–33.
  • AEkbom, HOAdami, CHelmick, MZack. Increased risk of large-bowel cancer in Crohn’s disease with colonic involvement. Lancet 1990;336:357–9.
  • Eaden JA,Abrams KR, Mayberry JF. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a metanalysis. Gut 2001;48:526–35.
  • TJess, JSimonsen, KTJorgensen, BVPedersen, NMNielsen, MFrisch. Decreasing risk of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease over 30 years. Gastroenterology 2012;143:375–81.
  • KJorgensen. Inflammatory bowel disease in primary sclerosing cholangitis: clinical characteristics in liver transplanted and non-transplated patients. Thesis 2013, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
  • SShivananda, JLennard-Jones, RFALogan, NFear, APrice, LCarpenter, et al. Incidence of Inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: Is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European collaborative study on inflammatory bowel disease (EC-IBD). Gut 1996;39:690–7.
  • CNBernstein, JFBlanchard, PRawsthorne, AWajda, et al. Epidemiology of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in a central Canadian province.Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149:916–24.
  • JJZheng, XSZhu, FZHuang, ZXGao, ZRGuo, ZWang, et al. Crohn’s disease in mainland China: a systematic analysis of 50 years. Chin J Dig Dis 2005;6:175–81.
  • HGDesai, PAGupte. Increasing incidence of Crohn’s disease in India. Indian JGastroenterol 2005;24:23–4.
  • RFLogan. IBD incidence: up, down or unchanged? Gut 1998;42:309–11.
  • EVLoftus. Clinical epidemiology of IBD. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1504–17.
  • DBaumgart. editors. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. From epidemiology and immunobiology to a rational diagnostic and therapeutic approach. New York: Springer Verlag; 2012.
  • NAMolodecky, ISSoon, DMRabi, WAGhali, MFerris, GChernoff, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology 2012;142:46–54.
  • SCNg, CNBernstein, MHVatn, PLLakatos, EVLoftusJr, CTysk, et al. Geographical variability and environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2013;62:630–49.
  • FWolters, MGRussel, JSijbrandij, TAmbergen, SOdes, LRiis, et al. Phenotype atdiagnosis predicts recurrence rates in Crohn’s disease. Gut 2006;55:1124–30.
  • CNBernstein, AWajda, LWSvenson, AMackenzie, MJackson, RFedorak, et al. The epidemiologyof infl ammatory bowel disease in Canada: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1559–68.
  • SRGlick, RSCarvalho. Inflammatory bowel disease. Pediatr Rev 2011;32:14–25.
  • JHalfvarson, LBodin, CTysk, ELindeberg, GJãrnerot. Inflammatory bowel disease in a Swedish twin cohort. A long term follow up of concordance and clinical characteristics. Gastroenterology 2003;24:1767–73.
  • JSatsangi, LGrootsholten, HHolt, DJewell. Clinical patterns of familial inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1996;38:738–41.
  • MBBengtson, ICSolberg, GAamodt, JJahnsen, BMoum, JSauar, et al. Clustering in time of familial IBD separates ulcerative colitis from Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:1867–74.
  • MSlatkin. Epigenetic inheritance and the missing inheritability problem. Genetics 2009;182:845–50.
  • MTAbreu, KDTaylor, YCLin, THang, JGalannie, CJLanders, et al. Mutations in NOD 2 are associated with fibrostenotic disease in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2002;123:679–88.
  • WStrober, IFuss, PMannon. The fundamental basis of inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Invest 2007;117:514–21.
  • AFranke, TBelchun, THKarlsen, JSventoraityte, SNikolaus, GMayr, et al. Sequence variants in IL10, ARPC2 and multiple other loci contribute to ulcerative colitis susceptibility. Nat Genet 2009;41:1319–23.
  • MOrholm, VBinder, TISorensen, LPRasmussen, KDKyvik. Concordance of inflammatory bowel disease among danish twins. results of a nationwide study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000;35:1075–81.
  • THelio, LHalme, MLappalainen, HFodstad, PPaavola-Sakki, UTurinen, et al. Card15/NOD2 gene variants are associated with familially occurring and complicated forms of Crohn’s disease. Gut 2003;52:558–62.
  • MBBengtson, ICSolberg, GAamodt, JSauar, JJahnsen, BMoum, et al. Familial aggregation in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in a Norwegian population- based cohort followed for ten years. J Crohn’s Colitis 2009;3:92–9.
  • TMBayless, AZTokayer, JMPolito2nd, SAQuaskey, EDMelitis, MLHarris, et al. Crohn’s disease concordance for site and clinical type in affected family members – potential heredity influence. Gastroenterology 1996;111:573–9.
  • JMPolito2nd, BChilds, EDMelitis, AZTokayer, MLHarris, TMBayless, et al. Crohn’s disease: influence of age at diagnosis on site and clinical type of disease. Gastroenterology 1996;111:580–6.
  • JMPolito2nd, RCRees, BChilds, AMendeloff, MLHarris, TMBayless, et al. Preliminary evidence for genetic anticipation in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 1996;347:798–800.
  • VBinder, MOrholm. Familial occurrence and inheritance studies in inflammatory bowel disease. Neth J Med 1996;48:53–6.
  • FGuarner, RBourdet-Sicard, PBrandtzaeg, SHGill, RMcGuir, Wvan Eden, et al. Mechanismsof disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;3:275–84.
  • RLey, DPeterson, JGordon. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell 2006;124:837–48.
  • HHildebrand. On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Am Nat 2004;163:192–211.
  • ARezaie, RDParker, MAbdollahi. Oxidative stress and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: an epiphenomenon or the cause? Dig Dis Sci 2007;52:2015–21.
  • GAamodt, GBukholm, JJahnsen, BMoum, MHVatn. The association between water supply and infl ammatory bowel diseasebased on a 1990–1993 cohort study in southeastern Norway. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;168:1065–72.
  • SSMahid, KSMinor, RESoto, CAHornung, RSGalandin. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:1462–71.
  • RKRussel, RFarhodi, MWilson, HDrummond, JSatsangi, DCWilson. Perinatal passivesmoke exposure may be more important than childhoodexposure in the risk of developing childhood IBD. Gut 2005;54:1500–1.
  • Fvan der Heide, ADijkstra, RKWeersma, FAAlbersnagel, EMvan der Logt, KNFaber. Effects ofactive and passive smoking on the disease course of Crohn’sdisease and ulcerative colitis. Infl ammatory Bowel Dis 2009;15:1199–207.
  • MRegueiro, EKKip, Ochenugo, RAHagazi, SPlevy. Cigarette smokingand age at diagnosis of infl ammatory bowel disease. Infl amm Bowel Dis 2005;11:42–7.
  • SBridger, JCWLee, IBjarnason, JEJones, AJMacpharson. Inf ammatorybowel disease. In siblings with similar genetic susceptibilityfor infl ammatory bowel disease, smokers tend to developCrohn’s disease and non-smokers develop ulcerative colitis. Gut 2002;51:21–5.
  • OHoie, GAamodt, SVermeire, TBernklev, SOdes, FLWolters, et al. Serological markersmay predict disease course in ulcerative colitis. Astudy in an unselected population-based cohort followed for 10 years. J Crohn’s Colitis (JCC) 2008;2:114–22.
  • DNFrank, ALSt Amand, RAFeldman, ECBoedeker, NHarpez, NRPace. Molecular- phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proc Nat Acad Sci 2007;104:13780–5.
  • JPHugot, CAlberti, DBerrebi, EBingen, JPCezard. Crohn’s disease: the cold chain hypothesis. Lancet 2003;362:2012–15.
  • AForbes, TKalantzis. Crohn’s disease: the cold chain hypothesis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006;21:399–401.
  • FMalekzadeh, CAlberti, MNouraei, HVahedi, IZaccaria, UMeinzer, et al. Crohn’s disease and early exposure to domestic refrigeration. PLoS ONE 2009;4:e4288.
  • JLuther, MDave, PDHiggins, JYKao. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;16:1077–84.
  • N-AKoloski, LBret, GRadford-Smith. Hygiene hypothesis in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:165–73.
  • JRKorzenik. Past and current theories of etiology of IBD: toothpaste, worms, and refrigerators. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005;4:S59–65.
  • OChacon, LEBermudez, RGBarletta. Johne’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Annu Rev Microbiol 2004;58:329–63.
  • CNBernstein, JFBlanchard, PRawsthorne, MTCollins. Population-based case control study of seroprevalence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:1129–35.
  • MFeller, KHuwiler, RStephan, EAlpeter, AShang, HFurrer, et al. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Crohn’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis [see comment]. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:607–13.
  • PRicanek, SMLothe, ISzpinda, ATJorde, SBrackmann, GPerminow, et al. Paucity of mycobacteria in mucosal bowel biopsies from adults and children with early inflammatory bowel disease. Journ Crohn’s Colitis 2010;4:561–6.
  • ASonnenberg. Similar geographic variations of mortality and hospitalization associated with IBD and Clostridium difficile colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;16:487–93.
  • AEkbom, HOAdami, CGHelmick, AJonzon, MMZack. Perinatal risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:1111–19.
  • EKlement, JLysy, MHoshen, MAvitan, EGoldin, EIsraeli. Childhood hygiene is associated with the risk for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1775–82.
  • KRadon. Contact with farm animals in early life and juvenile inflammatory bowel disease: A case-control study. Pediatrics 2007;120:354–61.
  • JIWurzelmann, CMLyles, RSSandler. Childhood infections and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:555–60.
  • CGreen, LElliott, CBeaudoin, CNBernstein. A population-based ecologic study of inflammatory bowel disease: searching for etiologic clues. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:615–23.
  • SMMontgomery, MLambe, AJWakefield, REPounder, AEkbom. Siblings and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37:1301–8.
  • BALashner, EVLoftusJr. True or false? The hygiene hypothesis for Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1003–4.
  • DKAmre, PLambrette, LLaw, AKrupoves, VChotard, FCostea, et al. Investigating the hygiene hypothesis as a risk factor in pediatric onset Crohn’s disease: a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1005–11.
  • CNBernstein, PRawsthorne, MCheang, JFBlanchard. A population-based case control study of potential risk factors for IBD. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:993–1002.
  • MAFeeney, FMurphy, AJClegg, TMTrebble, NMSharer, JASnook. A case-control study of childhood environmental risk factors for the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14:529–34.
  • ASonnenberg. Disability from inflammatory bowel disease among employees in West Germany. Gut 1989;30:367–70.
  • ASonnenberg. Occupational distribution of inflammatory bowel disease among German employees. Gut 1990;31:1037–40.
  • BMoum, MHVatn, AEkbom, EAadland, OFausa, ILygren, et al. Incidence of ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis in four counties of south-eastern Norway 1990-1993. A large prospective population-based study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996;31:356–60.
  • BMoum, MHVatn, AEkbom, EAadland, OFausa, ILygren, et al. Incidence of Crohn’s disease in four counties of south-eastern Norway 1990-1993. A large prospective population-based study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996;31:350–4.
  • AEDuggan, IUsmani, KRNeal, RFLogan. Appendicectomy, childhood hygiene, Helicobacter pylori status, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study. Gut 1998;43:494–8.
  • TYamamoto, MNakahigashi, ARSaniabadi. Review article: diet and inflammatory bowel disease--epidemiology and treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:99–112.
  • TOGraham, HMKandil. Nutritional factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 2002;31:203–18.
  • PDHan, ABurke, NBaldassano, JLRombeau, GRLichtensein. Nutrition and inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenerol Clin N Am 1999;28:423–43.
  • CCorrao, ATraguone, RCaprilli, GTrallori, CPapi, AAndreoli, et al. Risk of inflammatory bowel disease attributable to smoking, oral contraception and breast feeding in Italy: a nationwide case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 1998;27:397–404.
  • EKlement, RVCohen, JBoxman, AJoseph, SReif. Breastfeeding and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1342–52.
  • SBaron, DTurck, CLeplat, VMerle, CGower-Rousseau, RMarti, et al. Environmental risk factors in paediatric inflammatory bowel diseases: a population based case control study. Gut 2005;54:357–63.
  • PJantshou, SMorois, FClavel-Chapelon, MCBoutron-Ruault, FCarbonell. Animal protein intake and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: The E3N prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:2195–201.
  • PGPersson, AAhlbom, GHellers. Diet and Inflammatory Bosel Disease: A Case-Control Study. Epidemiology 1992;3:47–52.
  • DKAmre, SD’Souza, KMorgan, GSeidman, PLambrette, GGrimard, et al. Imbalances in dietary consumption of fatty acids, vegetables, and fruits are associated with risk for Crohn’s disease in children. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2016–25.
  • BJGeerling, PCDagnelie, ABadart-Smook, MGRussel, RWStockbrugger, RJBrummer. Diet as a risk factor for the development of ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1008–13.
  • NSakamoto, SKono, KWakai, YFukuda, MSatomi, TShimoyama, et al. Dietary risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter case-control study in Japan. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:154–63.
  • GMaconi, SArdizzone, CCucino, CBezzio, AGRusso, GBianchi-Porro. Pre-illness changes in dietary habits and diet as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:4297–304.
  • RShoda, KMatsueda, SYamato, NUemada. Epidemiologic analysis of Crohn’s disease in Japan: increased dietary intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and animal protein relates to the increased incidence of Crohn’s disease in Japan. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:741–5.
  • ATjonneland, KOvervad, MMBergmann, GNagel, JLinseisen, GHallmans, et al. Linoleic acid, a dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and Aetiology of ulcerative colitis: a nested case-control study within a European prospective cohort study. Gut 2009;58:1606–11.
  • ARHart, RLuben, AOlsen, ATjonneland, JLinseisen, GNagel, et al. Diet in the aetiologyof Ulcerative Colitis: A European Prospective Cohort Study. Digestion 2008;77:57–64.
  • HAzakura, KSuzuki, TKitahora, TMorizane. Is there a link between food and intestinal microbes and the occurrence of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:1794–801.
  • GAMartini, JWBrandes. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates in Patients with Crohn’s disease. Klin Wschr 1976;54:367–71.
  • WJPenny, JFMayberry, PJAggett, et al. Relationship between trace elements, sugar consumption, and taste in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1983;24:288–92.
  • BKatschinski, RFLogan, MEdmond, MJLangman. Smoking and sugar intake are separate but interactive risk factors in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1988;29:1202–6.
  • KSilkoff, AHallak, LYegena, PRozen, JMeyberry, JFRhodes, et al. Consumption of refined carbohydrate by patients with Crohn’s disease in Tel-Aviv-Yafo. Postgrad Med J 1980;56:842–6.
  • TMatsui, MIida, MFujishima, KImai, YTsuneyoshi. Increased sugar consumption in Japanese patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterol Jpn 1990;25:271.
  • ATragnone, DValpiani, FMiglio, GElmi, GBazzocchi, EPipitone, et al. Dietary habits as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;7:47–51.
  • AHJames. Breakfast and Crohn’s disease. Brit Med J 1977;1:943–5.
  • CAYoung, ASonnenberg, EABurns. Lymphocyte proliferation response to Baker’s yeast in Crohn’s disease. Digestion 1994;55:40–3.
  • HMckenzie, JMain, CRPennington. Parrat D. antibody to selected strains of Saccharomyces cervisiae(baker’s and brewer’s yeast) and candida albicans in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1990;31:536–8.
  • JHalfvarson, AStandaert-Vitse, GJärnerot, BSendid, TJouault, LBodin, et al. Anti-saccharromyces cervisiae antibodies in twins with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2005;54:1237–43.
  • GLee, ALBuchman. DNA-driven nutritional therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrition 2009;25:885–91.
  • ALBeaudet. Epigenetics and complex human disease: is there a role in IBD? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008;46:E2.
  • ZLin, JPHegarty, JCappel, WYu, XChen, PFaber, et al. Identification of disease-associated DNA methylation in intestinal tissues from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Genet 2010. [Epub ahead of print].
  • LLKosuda, DLGreiner, PEBigazzi. Mercury-induced renal autoimmunity Changes in RT6+ T-lymphocytes of susceptible and resistant rats. Environ Health Perspect 1993;101:178–85.
  • LAaron. Aluminum is a potential environmental factor for Crohn’s Disease induction. Extended hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1107:329–45.
  • DPPerl, UFogarty, NHarpaz, DSachar. Bacterial-metal interactions: the potential role of aluminum and other trace elements in the etiology of Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10:881–3.
  • MCELomer, RSJHarvey, SMEvans, RPHThompson, JJPowell. Efficacy and tolerability of a low mictoparticle diet in a doubble blind, randomized, pilot study in Crohn’s disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;13:101–6.
  • PBrandtzaeg, HSCarlsen, TSHalstensen. The B-cell system in inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 2006;579:149–67.
  • KBjerke, TSHalstensen, FJahnsen, KPulford, PBrandtzaeg. Distribution of macrophages and granulocytes expressing L1 protein (calprotectin) in human Peyer’s patches compared with normal ileal lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes. Gut 1993;34:1357–63.
  • AGRøseth, MKFagerhol, EAadland, HSchjønsby. Assessment of the neutrophildominating protein calprotectin in feces. A methodologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27:793–8.
  • TSipponen, CGBjörkesten, MFärkkilä, HNuutinen, ESavilahti, KLKolho. Faecal calprotectin and lactoferrin are reliable surrogate markers of endoscopic response during Crohn’s disease treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010;45:325–31.
  • MCoskun, JTBjerrum, JBSeidelin, JTTroelsen, JOlsen, OHNielsen. miR-20b, miR-98, miR-125b-1*, and let-7e* as new potential diagnostic biomarkers in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:4289–99.
  • AvGranlund, AFlatberg, AEØstvik, IDrozdov, BIGustafsson, MKidd, et al. Whole genome gene expression meta-analysis of inflammatory bowel disease colon mucosa demonstrates lack of major differences between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. PLoS One 2013;8:e56818.
  • TOlsen, RGoll, GCui, IChristiansen, JFlorholmen. TNF-alpha gene expression in colorectal mucosa as a predictor of remission after induction therapy with infliximab in ulcerative colitis. Cytokine 2009;46:222–7.
  • MHenriksen, JJahnsen, ILygren, JSauar, TSchulz, NStray, et al. Change of diagnosis during the fi rst years after onset of inflammatory bowel disease: results of a prospective follow up study (the IBSEN study). Scand J Gastroenterol 2006;41:1037–43.
  • ICSolberg, ILygren, JJahnsen, EAadland, OHoie, MCvancarova, et al. Clinical course during the fi rst teten years of ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based inception cohort (IBSEN Study). Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:431–40.
  • PMunkholm, ELangholz, MDavidsen, VBinder. Disease activity courses in a regional cohort of Crohn’s disease patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995;30:699–707.
  • LBeaugerie, PSeksik, INion-Larmurier. Predictors of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2006;130:650–6.
  • CLoly, JBelaiche, ELouis. Predictors of severe Crohn’s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008;43:948–54.
  • CGasche, JScholmerich, JBrynskov, GD’Haens, SBHanauer, JIrvine, et al. A simple classification of Crohn’s disease: Report of the Working Party for the World Congresses of Gastroenterology. Vienna 1998. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2000;6:8–15.
  • MSSilverberg, JSatsangi, TAhmad, IDArnott, CNBernstein, SRBrant, et al. Toward an intergrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a working partyof the 2005 Montreal congress of Gastroenterology. Can J Gastroenterol 2005;19:5A–36A.
  • JELennard-Jones. Classification of inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24:16–19.
  • DRachmilewitz. Coated mesalazine(5-aminosalicylic acid) versus sulphasalazine in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. Br Med J 1989;298:82–6.
  • KWSchroeder, WJTremaine, DMIlstrup. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. N Eng J Med 1987;317:1625–9.
  • RSWalmsley, RCAyres, RSPounder, RNAllan. A simple clinical colitis activity index. Gut 1998;43:29–32.
  • SCTruelove, LJWitts. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J 1955;ii:1045–8.
  • GD’Haens, WJSandborn, BGFeagan, KGeboes, SBHanauer, EJIrvine, et al. A review of activity indices and efficacy points for clinical trials of medical therapy in adults with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2007;132:763–86.
  • IBD Working Group of the European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: recommendations for diagnosis- the Porto criteria. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;41:1–7.
  • JATibble, IBjarnason. Fecal calprotectin as an index of intestinal inflammation. Drugs Today 2001;37:85–96.
  • MHenriksen, JJahnsen, ILygren, NStray, JSauar, MHVatn, et al. C-reactive protein: A predictive factor and marker of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Results from a prospective population based study. Gut 2008;57:1518–23.
  • SMazzarolo, PBrady. Small bowel capsule endoscopy: A systematic review. South Med J 2007;100:274–80.
  • MThomson, AFritscher-Ravens, MMylonaki, PSwain, MEltumi, RHeuschkel, et al. Wireless capsule endoscopy in children: A study to assess diagnostic yield in small bowel disease in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;44:192–7.
  • IScotiniotis, SERubesin, GGGinsberg. Imaging modalities in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin iorth Am 1999;28:391–421.
  • CLBevins, EFStange, JWehkamp. Decreased Paneth cell defensin expression in ileal Crohn’s disease is independent of inflammation, but linked to the NOD2 1007fs genotype. Gut 2009;58:882–3.
  • MPapp, GLNorman, IAltorjay, PLLakatos. Utility of serological markers in inflammatory bowel disease: gadget or magic? World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:2028–36.
  • GPerminow, SBrackmann, LGLyckander, AFranke, ABorthne, ARydning, et al. A characterization in childhood inflammatory bowel disease, a new population-based inception cohort from south-eastern Norway, 2005-2007, showing increased incidence in Crohn’s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:446–56.
  • COlbjorn, BNakstad, MCSmastuen, EThiis-Evensen, MHVatn, GPerminow. Earlyanti-TNF treatment in pediatric Crohn’s disease. Predictors of clinical outcome in a population-based cohort of newly diagnosed patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014;49:1425–31.
  • ELouis, ACollard, AFOger, EDegroote, FAAboul Nasr El Yafi, JBelaiche. Behaviour of Crohn’s disease according to the Vienna classification: changing pattern over the course of the disease. Gut 2001;49:777–82.
  • CLevy, WJTremaine. Management of internal fistulas in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002;8:106–11.
  • TAhmad, SEMarshall, DJewell. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease: The role of the HLA complex. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:3628–35.
  • JVan Limbergen, RKRussel, ERNimmo, JSatsangi. The genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2820–31.
  • JHampe, JGrebe, SNicolaus, ICSolberg, PJCroucher, SMascheretti, et al. The NOD2 genotype and clinical course of Crohn’s disease. Lancet 2002;359:1661–5.
  • GQui-Sha, XBing, JYui, QJYan. NOD2 3020 InsC frame shift mutation is not associated With inflammatory bowel disease in Chinese patients of HAN nationality. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:1069–71.
  • NInoue, KTamura, YKinouchi, YFukuda, STakanahashi, YOgura, et al. Lack of common NOD2 variants in Japanese patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2002;123:86–91.
  • GJyual, DAmre, VMidha, ASood, ESeidman, BKThelma. Evidence of allelic heterogeneity for associations betweenthe NOD2/Card15 gene and ulcerative colitis among north Indians. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:1325–32.
  • SJoossens, WReinisch, SVermeire, BSendid, DPoulain, MPeeters. The value of serologic markers in indeterminate colitis: a prospective follow-up study. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1242–7.
  • ICSolberg, ILygren, MCvankarova, JJahnsen, NStray, JSauar, et al. Predictive value of serologic markers in a population based Norwegian cohort with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:406–14.
  • SRTargan, CJLanders, HYang, MJLodes, YChang, KAPapedakis, et al. Antibodies to CBir1 flagellin define a unique response that is associated independently to complicated Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2005;128:2020–8.
  • WSMow, EAVasiliauskas, YCLin, PRFleschner, KAPapedakis, KDTaylor, et al. Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2004;126:414–24.
  • IDArnott, CJLanders, EJNimmo, HEDrummond, BKSmith, SRTargan, et al. Sero-reactivity to microbial components in Crohn’s disease is associated with disease severity and progression but not NOD2/Card15 phenotype. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2376–84.
  • IDotan. Serologic markers in inflammatory bowel disease: tools for better diagnosis and disease stratification. Expert Rev Gastroenterol hepatol 2007;1:65–74.
  • BMoum, AEkbom, MHVatn, EAadland, JSauar, ILygren, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease: re-evaluation of the diagnosis in a prospective population basedstudy in southeastern Norway. Gut 1997;40:328–32.
  • KFFroeslie, JJahnsen, BAMoum, MHVatn; IBSEN Group. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: Results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology 2007;133:412–22.
  • SBrackmann, SNAndersen, GAamodt, FLangmark, OPFClausen, EAadland, et al. Relationship between clinical parameters and the colitis-colorectal cancer interval in a cohort of patients with colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:46–55.
  • ELangholz, PMunkholm, MDavidsen, VBinder. Course of ulcerative colitis: analysis of change in disease activity over years. Gastroenterology 1994;107:3–11.
  • OHoie, FWolters, LRiis, GAamodt, ICSolberg, TBernkles, et al. Ulcerative colitis: patients characteristics may predict 10-years disease recurrence in a European-wide population based cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:1692–701.
  • VAnnese, APiepoli, ALatiano, GLombardi, GNapolitano, NCaruso, et al. HLA-DRB1 alleles may influence disease phenotype in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A critical reappraisal with review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:57–65.
  • AFrenzer, WFierz, ERundler, BHammer, JBinek. Atypical cytoplasmic and perinuclear anti-cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;13:950–4.
  • EVLofthus, GCHarewood, CGLofthus, WJTremaine, WSHarmsen, ARZinsmeister, et al. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 2005;54:91–6.
  • KKJorgensen, CScryb, KLundin, OPClausen, GAamodt, ESchrumpf, et al. Clinical characterization in liver transplanted and nontransplated patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Inflamm bowel dis 2012;18:536–45.
  • EGorgun, FHRemzi, EManillich, MPreen, BShen, VWFazio. Surgical outcome in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a case-control study. Surgery 2005;138:631–7.
  • ALGrucela, RMSteinhagen. Restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: case report and review of literature. Am Surg 2005;71:362–5.
  • FSchnitzler, HFidder, MFerrante, MNoman, IArijs, GVan Assche, et al. Mucosal healing predicts long-term outcome of maintenance therapy with infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:1295–301.
  • FBaert, LMoortgat, GVan Assche, PCaenepeel, PVergauwe, MDe Vos, et al. Mucosal healing predicts sustained clinical remission in patients with early-stage Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2010;138:463–8.
  • JFColombel, WJSandborn, WReinisch, GJMantzaris, AKornbluth, DRachmilewitz, et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl Med 2010;362:1383–95.
  • CHa, AKornbluth. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: where do we stand? Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2010;12:471–8.
  • BGFeagan, MLémann, RBefrits, WConnell, GD’Haens, SGhosh, et al. Recommendations for the treatment of Crohn’s disease with tumor necrosis factor antagonists: an expert consensus report. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:152–60.
  • SBHanauer. Crohn’s disease: step up or top down therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003;17:131–7.
  • OOThomsen, ACortot, DJewell, DPhil, JPWright, TWinter, et al. for the International Budesonide-Mesalamine group. A comparison of Budesonide and Mesalamine for active Crohn’s disease. NEJM 2001;339:370–4.
  • World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO). World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guideline. Inflammatory bowel disease: a global perspective. Munich, Germany: World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO); 2009.
  • KBendtzen, MAinsworth, CSteenholdt, OOThomsen, JBrynskov. Individual medicine in inflammatory bowel disease: Monitoring bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and immunogenecity of anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha antibodies. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:774–81.
  • CHedin, KWhelan, JOLindsay. Evidence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of clinical trials. Proc Nutr Soc 2007;66:307–15.
  • KJKhan, TAUllman, ACFord, MTAbreu, AAbadir, JKMarshall, et al. Antibiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:661–73.
  • TOresland, SPalmblad, MEllstrom, IBerndtsson, NCrona, LHulten. Gynecological and sexual function relate to anatomical changes in the female pelvis after restorative proctocolectomy. Int J Col Dis 1994;9:77–81.
  • RLRamirez, PFleshner. Reoperative Inflammatory Bowel disease Surgery. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2006;19:195–206.
  • MGordon, KNaidoo, AGThomas, AKAkobeng. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of surgically-induced remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst ev 2011:CD008414.
  • CHelwick. Low vitamin D exacerbates inflammatory bowel disease. Medscape Medical news [serial online]. 2013; Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/804509. [ Last accessed 27 May 2013].
  • ANAnanthakrishnan, ACagan, VSGainer, TCai, SCCheng, GSavova, et al. Normalization of vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of surgery in Crohn’s diseaseand hospitalization in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study. Inflamm bowel dis 2013;19:1921–7.
  • SArdizzone, ACassinotti, MBevilacqua, MClerici, GBPorro. Vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease. Vitam horm 2011;86:367–77.
  • Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Effectiveness Unit. Sexual and reproductive health for individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. London, UK: Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH); 2009.
  • MBBengtson, ICSolberg, GAamodt, JJahnsen, BMoum, MHVatn; IBSEN study group. Relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and perinatal factors: both maternal and paternal disease are related to preterm birth of offspring. Inflamm bowel dis 2010;16:847–55.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.