304
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Determination of HIV status of infants born to HIV-infected mothers: A review of the diagnostic methods with special focus on the applicability of p24 antigen testing in developing countries

, &
Pages 209-215 | Received 08 Aug 2011, Accepted 22 Sep 2011, Published online: 10 Nov 2011

References

  • World Health Organization. Data and statistics, HIV/AIDS. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/ (accessed 6th June 2011).
  • World Health Organization. HIV transmission through breastfeeding: a review of available evidence, 2007 update. Geneva: WHO; 2008. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596596_eng.pdf (accessed 6 June 2011).
  • George E, Beauharnais CA, Brignoli E, Noel F, Bois G, De Matteis RP, . Potential of a simplified p24 assay for early diagnosis of infant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in Haiti. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45: 3416–8.
  • Zijenah LS, Tobaiwa O, Rusakaniko S, Nathoo KJ, Nhembe M, Matibe P, Katzenstein DA. Signal-boosted qualitative ultrasensitive p24 antigen assay for diagnosis of subtype C HIV-1 infection in infants under the age of 2 years. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;39:391–4.
  • World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in infants and children: towards universal access. Recommendations for a public health report. 2000 revision. Geneva: WHO; 2010. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599801_eng.pdf (accessed 6th June 2011).
  • Sherman GG, Stevens G, Stevens WS. Affordable diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in infants by p24 antigen detection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:173–6.
  • Patton JC, Sherman GG, Coovadia AH, Stevens WS, Meyers TM. Ultrasensitive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 antigen assay modified for use on dried whole-blood spots as a reliable, affordable test for infant diagnosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006;13:152–5.
  • Ciaranello AL, Park JE, Ramirez-Avila L, Freedberg KA, Walensky RP, Leroy V. Early infant HIV-1 diagnosis programs in resource-limited settings: opportunities for improved outcomes and more cost-effective interventions. BMC Med 2011;9:59.
  • World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on the diagnosis of HIV infection in infants and children. Geneva: WHO; 2010. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599085_eng.pdf (accessed 6 June 2011).
  • Benjamin DK Jr, Miller WC, Fiscus SA, Benjamin DK, Morse M, Valentine M, McKinney RE Jr. Rational testing of the HIV-exposed infant. Pediatrics 2001;108:E3.
  • Sherman GG, Jones SA. Oral fluid human immunodeficiency virus tests: improved access to diagnosis for infants in poorly resourced prevention of mother to child transmission programs. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:253–6.
  • Claassen M, van Zyl GU, Korsman SN, Smit L, Cotton MF, Preiser W. Pitfalls with rapid HIV antibody testing in HIV-infected children in the Western Cape, South Africa. J Clin Virol 2006;37:68–71.
  • Andiman WA, Silva TJ, Shapiro ED, O'Connor T, Olson B. Predictive value of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 antigen test in children born to infected mothers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:436–40.
  • Sherman GG, Driver GA, Coovadia AH. Evaluation of seven rapid HIV tests to detect HIV-exposure and seroreversion during infancy. J Clin Virol 2008;43:313–6.
  • Gulia J, Kumwenda N, Li Q, Taha TE. HIV seroreversion time in HIV-1-uninfected children born to HIV-1-infected mothers in Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007;46:332–7.
  • Lewis DE, du-Oppong A, Hollinger FB, Rosenblatt HM, Hanson IC, Reuben JM, . Sensitivity of immune complex-dissociated p24 antigen testing for early detection of human immunodeficiency virus in infants. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1995;2:87–90.
  • Schupbach J, Boni J, Tomasik Z, Jendis J, Seger R, Kind C. Sensitive detection and early prognostic significance of p24 antigen in heat-denatured plasma of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected infants. Swiss Neonatal HIV Study Group. J Infect Dis 1994;170:318–24.
  • Kovacs A, Xu J, Rasheed S, Li XL, Kogan T, Lee M, . Comparison of a rapid nonisotopic polymerase chain reaction assay with four commonly used methods for the early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in neonates and children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14: 948–54.
  • Kline MW, Hollinger FB, Rosenblatt HM, Bohannon B, Kozinetz CA, Shearer WT. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of physical examination, culture and other laboratory studies in the diagnosis during early infancy of vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12:33–6.
  • Paul MO, Tetali S, Lesser ML, Abrams EJ, Wang XP, Kowalski R, . Laboratory diagnosis of infection status in infants perinatally exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 1996;173:68–76.
  • Borkowsky W, Krasinski K, Pollack H, Hoover W, Kaul A, Ilmet-Moore T. Early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 6 months of age: comparison of polymerase chain reaction, culture, and plasma antigen capture techniques. J Infect Dis 1992;166:616–9.
  • Lambert JS, Harris DR, Stiehm ER, Moye J Jr, Fowler MG, Meyer WA III, . Performance characteristics of HIV-1 culture and HIV-1 DNA and RNA amplification assays for early diagnosis of perinatal HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;34:512–9.
  • Mangano A, Pittis G, Galindez C, Bologna R, Sen L. Reliability of laboratory markers of HIV-1 infection in Argentinian infants at risk of perinatal infection. AIDS Patient Care STDS 1998;12:691–6.
  • Escaich S, Wallon M, Baginski I, Ritter J, Philippe N, Bertrand Y, . Comparison of HIV detection by virus isolation in lymphocyte cultures and molecular amplification of HIV DNA and RNA by PCR in offspring of seropositive mothers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4:130–5.
  • Burgard M, Mayaux MJ, Blanche S, Ferroni A, Guihard-Moscato ML, Allemon MC, . The use of viral culture and p24 antigen testing to diagnose human immunodeficiency virus infection in neonates. The HIV Infection in Newborns French Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1192–7.
  • Krivine A, Yakudima A, Le May M, Pena-Cruz V, Huang AS, McIntosh K. A comparative study of virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and antigen detection in children of mothers infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr 1990;116:372–6.
  • McIntosh K, Pitt J, Brambilla D, Carroll S, Diaz C, Handelsman E, . Blood culture in the first 6 months of life for the diagnosis of vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Women and Infants Transmission Study Group. J Infect Dis 1994;170:996–1000.
  • Young NL, Shaffer N, Chaowanachan T, Chotpitayasunondh T, Vanparapar N, Mock PA, . Early diagnosis of HIV-1-infected infants in Thailand using RNA and DNA PCR assays sensitive to non-B subtypes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;24:401–7.
  • Fiscus SA, Wiener J, Abrams EJ, Bulterys M, Cachafeiro A, Respess RA. Ultrasensitive p24 antigen assay for diagnosis of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:2274–7.
  • Cunningham CK, Charbonneau TT, Song K, Patterson D, Sullivan T, Cummins T, Poiesz B. Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus 1 DNA polymerase chain reaction and qualitative and quantitative RNA polymerase chain reaction in human immunodeficiency virus 1-exposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:30–5.
  • Avettand-Fenoel V, Chaix ML, Blanche S, Burgard M, Floch C, Toure K, . LTR real-time PCR for HIV-1 DNA quantitation in blood cells for early diagnosis in infants born to seropositive mothers treated in HAART area (ANRS CO 01). J Med Virol 2009;81:217–23.
  • Piwowar-Manning E, Lugalia L, Kafufu B, Jackson JB. Comparison of results obtained with Amplicor HIV-1 DNA PCR test version 1.5 using 100 versus 500 microliters of whole blood. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:1104–5.
  • Sherman GG, Cooper PA, Coovadia AH, Puren AJ, Jones SA, Mokhachane M, Bolton KD. Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in infancy in low resource settings. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:993–7.
  • Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Khamduang W, Leurent B, Collins I, Nantasen I, Leechanachai P, . Early HIV-1 diagnosis using in-house real-time PCR amplification on dried blood spots for infants in remote and resource-limited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008;49:465–71.
  • Leelawiwat W, Young NL, Chaowanachan T, Ou CY, Culnane M, Vanprapa N, . Dried blood spots for the diagnosis and quantitation of HIV-1: stability studies and evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of infant HIV-1 infection in Thailand. J Virol Methods 2009;155:109–17.
  • Jacob SM, Anitha D, Vishwanath R, Parameshwari S, Samuel NM. The use of dried blood spots on filter paper for the diagnosis of HIV-1 in infants born to HIV seropositive women. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008;26:71–4.
  • Zhang Q, Wang L, Jiang Y, Fang L, Pan P, Gong S, . Early infant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 detection suitable for resource-limited settings with multiple circulating subtypes by use of nested three-monoplex DNA PCR and dried blood spots. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:721–6.
  • Patton JC, Akkers E, Coovadia AH, Meyers TM, Stevens WS, Sherman GG. Evaluation of dried whole blood spots obtained by heel or finger stick as an alternative to venous blood for diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in vertically exposed infants in the routine diagnostic laboratory. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007;14:201–3.
  • Sherman GG, Stevens G, Jones SA, Horsfield P, Stevens WS. Dried blood spots improve access to HIV diagnosis and care for infants in low-resource settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;38:615–7.
  • Fischer A, Lejczak C, Lambert C, Servais J, Makombe N, Rusine J, . Simple DNA extraction method for dried blood spots and comparison of two PCR assays for diagnosis of vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in Rwanda. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:16–20.
  • Nyambi PN, Fransen K, De Beenhouwer H, Chomba EN, Temmerman M, Ndinya-Achola JO, . Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in heel prick blood on filter paper from children born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:2858–60.
  • Comeau AM, Pitt J, Hillyer GV, Landesman S, Bremer J, Chang BH, . Early detection of human immunodeficiency virus on dried blood spot specimens: sensitivity across serial specimens. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group. J Pediatr 1996;129:111–8.
  • Stevens W, Erasmus L, Moloi M, Taleng T, Sarang S. Performance of a novel human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 total nucleic acid-based real-time PCR assay using whole blood and dried blood spots for diagnosis of HIV in infants. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:3941–5.
  • Patton JC, Coovadia AH, Meyers TM, Sherman GG. Evaluation of the ultrasensitive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 antigen assay performed on dried blood spots for diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in infants. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008;15:388–91.
  • Delamare C, Burgard M, Mayaux MJ, Blanche S, Doussin A, Ivanoff S, . HIV-1 RNA detection in plasma for the diagnosis of infection in neonates. The French Pediatric HIV Infection Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;15:121–5.
  • Lujan-Zilbermann J, Bitar W, Knapp K, Flynn P. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA polymerase chain reaction reasonably excludes infection in exposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:97–9.
  • Rouet F, Montcho C, Rouzioux C, Leroy V, Msellati P, Kottan JB, . Early diagnosis of paediatric HIV-1 infection among African breast-fed children using a quantitative plasma HIV RNA assay. AIDS 2001;15: 1849–56.
  • Nadal D, Boni J, Kind C, Varnier OE, Steiner F, Tomasik Z, Schupbach J. Prospective evaluation of amplification-boosted ELISA for heat-denatured p24 antigen for diagnosis and monitoring of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 1999;180:1089–95.
  • Gbadegesin A, Adenibuyan OA, Adegbesan MA, Salu OB, Omilabu SA. Efficacy of HIV PCR techniques to diagnose HIV in infants born to HIV infected mothers at LASUTH. Nig Q J Hosp Med 2010;20:129–32.
  • Kerr RJ, Player G, Fiscus SA, Nelson JA. Qualitative human immunodeficiency virus RNA analysis of dried blood spots for diagnosis of infections in infants. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:220–2.
  • Viljoen J, Gampini S, Danaviah S, Valea D, Pillay S, Kania D, . Dried blood spot HIV-1 RNA quantification using open real-time systems in South Africa and Burkina Faso. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;55:290–8.
  • Garrido C, Zahonero N, Corral A, Arredondo M, Soriano V, de Mendoza C. Correlation between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA measurements obtained with dried blood spots and those obtained with plasma by use of Nuclisens EasyQ HIV-1 and Abbott RealTime HIV load tests. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:1031–6.
  • Lilian RR, Bhowan K, Sherman GG. Early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in infants with the NucliSens EasyQ assay on dried blood spots. J Clin Virol 2010;48:40–3.
  • Lofgren SM, Morrissey AB, Chevallier CC, Malabeja AI, Edmonds S, Amos B, . Evaluation of a dried blood spot HIV-1 RNA program for early infant diagnosis and viral load monitoring at rural and remote healthcare facilities. AIDS 2009;23:2459–66.
  • Schüpbach J. Measurement of HIV-1 p24 antigen by signal-amplification-boosted ELISA of heat-denatured plasma is a simple and inexpensive alternative to tests for viral RNA. AIDS Rev 2002;4:83–92.
  • Paul MO, Toedter G, Hofheinz D, Tetali S, Pelton S, Marecki M, . Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in infants by immune complex dissociation p24 assay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997; 4:75–8.
  • Rich KC, Janda W, Kalish LA, Lew J, Hofheinz D, Landesman S, . Immune complex-dissociated p24 antigen in congenital or perinatal HIV infection: role in the diagnosis and assessment of risk of infection in infants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;15:198–203.
  • Bulterys M, Farzadegan H, Chao A, Dushimimana A, Voltz A, Nawrocki P, . Diagnostic utility of immune-complex-dissociated p24 antigen detection in perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection in Rwanda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995;10:186–91.
  • Guay LA, Hom DL, Kabengera SR, Piwowar-Manning EM, Kataaha P, Ndugwa C, . HIV-1 ICD p24 antigen detection in Ugandan infants: use in early diagnosis of infection and as a marker of disease progression. J Med Virol 2000;62:426–34.
  • Panakitsuwan S, Yoshihara N, Hashimoto N, Miyamura K, Chotpitayasunondh T. Early diagnosis of vertical HIV infection in infants by rapid detection of immune complex-dissociated HIV p24 antigen. AIDS Patient Care STDS 1997;11:429–33.
  • Quinn TC, Kline R, Moss MW, Livingston RA, Hutton N. Acid dissociation of immune complexes improves diagnostic utility of p24 antigen detection in perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1993; 167:1193–6.
  • Miles SA, Balden E, Magpantay L, Wei L, Leiblein A, Hofheinz D, . Rapid serologic testing with immune-complex-dissociated HIV p24 antigen for early detection of HIV infection in neonates. Southern California Pediatric AIDS Consortium. N Engl J Med 1993;328:297–302.
  • Chandwani S, Moore T, Kaul A, Krasinski K, Borkowsky W. Early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected infants by plasma p24 antigen assay after immune complex dissociation. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12:96–7.
  • dos Ramos Farias MS, Garcia MN, Dilernia D, Rabinovich RD, Avila MM. Centrifugation improves the detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen in plasma from children born to mothers infected with HIV-1. J Virol Methods 2009;158:6–10.
  • Lyamuya E, Bredberg-Raden U, Massawe A, Urassa E, Kawo G, Msemo G, . Performance of a modified HIV-1 p24 antigen assay for early diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in infants and prediction of mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996;12:421–6.
  • Nouhin J, Nguyen M. Evaluation of a boosted-p24 antigen assay for the early diagnosis of pediatric HIV-1 infection in Cambodia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;75:1103–5.
  • Cachafeiro A, Sherman GG, Sohn AH, Beck-Sague C, Fiscus SA. Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in infants by use of dried blood spots and an ultrasensitive p24 antigen assay. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:459–62.
  • Knuchel MC, Jullu B, Shah C, Tomasik Z, Stoeckle MP, Speck RF, . Adaptation of the ultrasensitive HIV-1 p24 antigen assay to dried blood spot testing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007;44:247–53.
  • Parpia ZA, Elghanian R, Nabatiyan A, Hardie DR, Kelso DM. p24 antigen rapid test for diagnosis of acute pediatric HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;55:413–9.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2010. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5514a1.htm (accessed 6 June 2011).
  • Moodley D, Bobat RA, Coutsoudis A, Coovadia HM. Predicting perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection by antibody patterns. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:850–2.
  • Sohn AH, Thanh TC, Thinh LeQ, Khanh TH, Thu HK, Giang LeT, Lien TX. Failure of human immunodeficiency virus enzyme immunoassay to rule out infection among polymerase chain reaction-negative Vietnamese infants at 12 months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:273–6.
  • Sutthent R, Gaudart N, Chokpaibulkit K, Tanliang N, Kanoksinsombath C, Chaisilwatana P. p24 Antigen detection assay modified with a booster step for diagnosis and monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:1016–22.
  • Schupbach J, Tomasik Z, Nadal D, Ledergerber B, Flepp M, Opravil M, Boni J. Use of HIV-1 p24 as a sensitive, precise and inexpensive marker for infection, disease progression and treatment failure. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;16:441–5.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.