How Practice and Science Are Balanced and Blended in the NIDA Clinical Trials Network: The Bidirectional Process in the Development of the STAGE-12 Protocol as an Example

REFERENCES

• Miller WR, Hester RK. The effectiveness of alcoholism treatment: What research reveals. In Treating Addictive Behaviors: Processes of Change. Miller WR, Heather N, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1986; 121–174.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Bridging the gap: A hybrid model to link efficacy and effectiveness research in substance abuse treatment. Psychiatr Serv 2003; 54(3):333–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai B, Straus MM, Liu D, Sparenborg S, Jackson R,McCarty D. The first decade of the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network: Bridging the gap between research and practice to improve drug abuse treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010; 38(Suppl. 1):S4–S13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller WR, Sorenson JL, Selzer JA, Brigham GS. Disseminating evidence-based practices in substance abuse treatment: A review with suggestions. J Subst Abuse Treat 2006; 31(1):25–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L. Practice-based research – “Blue Highways” on the NIH roadmap. JAMA 2007; 297(4):403–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohmann AA, Shear MK. Community-based intervention research: Coping with the “noise” of real life in study design. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159(2):201–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman PM, Abraham AJ, Rothrauff TC, Knudsen HK. A longitudinal study of organizational formation, innovation adoption, and dissemination activities within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010; 38(Suppl. 1):S44–S52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb S, Greenlick MR, McCarty D, eds. Bridging the Gap Between Practice and Research: Forging Partnerships with Community-Based Drug and Alcohol Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson GR, Leshner AI, Tai B. Putting drug abuse research to use in real-life settings. J Subst Abuse Treat 2002; 23(2):69–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M, Stewart D, Marsden J. Attendance at Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, frequency of attendance and substance use outcomes after residential treatment for drug dependence: A 5-year follow-up study. Addiction 2008; 103(1):119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys K, Moos RH. Encouraging posttreatment self-help group involvement to reduce demand for continuing care services: Two-year clinical and utilization outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31(1):64–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys K, Wing S, McCarty D, Chappel J, Gallant L, Haberle B, Kaskutas LA, Kirk T, Kivlahan D, Laudet A, McCrady BS, McLellan AT, Morgenstern J, Townsend M, Weiss R. Self-help organizations for alcohol and drug problems: Toward evidence-based practice and policy. J Subst Abuse Treat 2004; 26(3):151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskutas LA. Alcoholics anonymous effectiveness: Faith meets science. J Addict Dis 2009; 28(2):145–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskutas LA, Subbaraman MS, Witbrodt J, Zemore SE. Effectiveness of making alcoholics anonymous easier: A group format 12-step facilitation approach. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009; 37(3):228–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly JF. Self-help for substance-use disorders: History, effectiveness, knowledge gaps, and research opportunities. Clin Psychol Rev 2003; 23(5The Clinical Trials Network: A Decade of Progress (Guest Editor: Edward Nunes)):639–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos RH, Moos BS. Long-term influence of duration and frequency of participation in alcoholics anonymous on individuals with alcohol use disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004; 72(1):81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos RH, Moos BS. Participation in treatment and alcoholics anonymous: A 16-year follow-up of initially untreated individuals. J Clin Psychol 2006; 62(6):735–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timko C, DeBenedetti A, Billow R. Intensive referral to 12-step self-help groups and 6-month substance use disorder outcomes. Addiction 2006; 101(5The Clinical Trials Network: A Decade of Progress (Guest Editor: Edward Nunes)):678–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys K. Alcoholics anonymous and 12-step alcoholism treatment programs. Recent Dev Alcohol 2003; 16:149–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fiorentine R, Hillhouse MP. Drug treatment and 12-step program participation: The additive effects of integrated recovery activities. J Subst Abuse Treat 2000; 18(1):65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorentine R, Hillhouse MP. Exploring the additive effects of drug misuse treatment and twelve-step involvement: Does twelve-step ideology matter? Subst Use Misuse 2000; 35(3):367–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorentine R. After drug treatment: Are 12-step programs effective in maintaining abstinence? Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1999; 25(1):93–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss RD, Griffin ML, Gallop R, Onken LS, Gastfriend DR, Daley D, Crits-Christoph P, Bishop S, Barber JP. Self-help group attendance and participation among cocaine dependent patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 60(2):169–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss RD, Griffin ML, Gallop RJ, Najavits LM, Frank A, Crits-Christoph P, Thase ME, Blaine J, Gastfriend DR, Daley D, Luborsky L. The effect of 12-step self-help group attendance and participation on drug use outcomes among cocaine-dependent patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005; 77(2):177–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss RD, Griffin ML, Najavits LM, Hufford C, Kogan J, Thompson HJ, Albeck JH, Bishop S, Daley DC, Mercer D, Siqueland L. Self-help activities in cocaine dependent patients entering treatment: Results from NIDA collaborative cocaine treatment study. Drug Alcohol Depend 1996; 43(1–2):79–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly JF, Moos R. Dropout from 12-step self-help groups: Prevalence, predictors, and counteracting treatment influences. J Subst Abuse Treat 2003; 24(3):241–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Nich C, Ball SA, McCance E, Frankforter TL, Rounsaville BJ. One-year follow-up of disulfiram and psychotherapy for cocaine alcohol users: Sustained effects of treatment. Addiction 2000; 95(9):1335–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Nich C, Ball SA, McCance E, Rounsavile BJ. Treatment of cocaine and alcohol dependence with psychotherapy and disulfiram. Addiction 1998; 93(5The Clinical Trials Network: A Decade of Progress (Guest Editor: Edward Nunes)):713–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan DM, Floyd AS. Facilitating involvement in twelve-step programs. Recent Dev Alcohol 2008; 18:303–320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donovan DM, Wells EA. “Tweaking 12-Step”: The potential role of 12-step self-help group involvement in methamphetamine recovery. Addiction 2007; 102(Suppl. 1):121–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen PL, Slaymaker V, Tonigan JS, McCrady BS, Epstein EE, Kaskutas LA, Humphreys K, Miller WR. Participation in alcoholics anonymous: Intended and unintended change mechanisms. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27(3):524–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman RF, Bovasso G, Woody G. Staff beliefs about addiction treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2001; 21(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawson R, Simon SL, Ling W. If a US drug abuse epidemic fails to include a major east coast city, can it be called an epidemic? J Addict Dis 2002; 21(1):1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawson RA, Anglin MD, Ling W. Will the methamphetamine problem go away? J Addict Dis 2002; 21(1):5–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph P, Siqueland L, Blaine J, Frank A, Luborsky L, Onken LS, Muenz L, Thase ME, Weiss RD, Gastfriend DR, Woody G, Barber JP, Butler SF, Daley D, Bishop S, Najavits LM, Lis J, Mercer D, Griffin ML, Moras K, Beck AT. The National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Rationale and methods. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54(8):721–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph P, Siqueland L, Blaine J, Frank A, Luborsky L, Onken LS, Muenz LR, Thase ME, Weiss RD, Gastfriend DR, Woody GE, Barber JP, Butler SF, Daley D, Salloum I, Bishop S, Najavits LM, Lis J, Mercer D, Griffin ML, Moras K, Beck AT. Psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence: National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56(6):493–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TG, Seraganian P, Tremblay J, Annis H. Matching substance abuse aftercare treatments to client characteristics. Addict Behav 2002; 27(4):585–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker S. Twelve Step Facilitation for Drug Dependence. New Haven: Psychotherapy Development Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Nowinski J. Twelve-step facilitation. In Approaches to Drug Abuse Counseling. Boren JJ, Onken LS, Carroll KM, eds. Bethesda: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2000; 95–102.
   Google Scholar
• Nowinski J, Baker S. The Twelve Step Facilitation Handbook. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Nowinski J, Baker S, Carroll K. Twelve Step Facilitation Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Dependence. Project MATCH MonographSeries. Mattson ME, ed. (vol. 1). Rockville: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Timko C, DeBenedetti A. A randomized controlled trial of intensive referral to 12-step self-help groups: One-year outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 90(2–3):270–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell PE, Cutter HS. Alcoholics anonymous affiliation during early recovery. J Subst Abuse Treat 1998; 15(3):221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano ME, Friend KB, Tonigan JS, Stout RL. Helping other alcoholics in alcoholics anonymous and drinking outcomes: Findings from Project MATCH. J Stud Alcohol 2004; 65(6):766–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Project Match Research Group. Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes. J Stud Alcohol 1997; 58:7–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, DW, Spitz HI, eds. The Group Therapy of Substance Abuse. New York: The Haworth Medical Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Flores PJ, Georgi JM. Substance Abuse Teatment: Group Therapy. Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) Series. Vol. TIP 41 (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 05- 3991). Rockville: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Stinchfield R, Owen PL, Winters KC. Group therapy for substance abuse: A review of the empirical evidence. In Handbook of Group Psychotherapy: An Empirical and Clinical Synthesis. Fuhriman A, Burlinggame GM, eds. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994; 458–488.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss RD, Jaffee WB, de Menil VP, Cogley CB. Group therapy for substance use disorders: What do we know? Harv Rev Psychiatr 2004; 12(6):339–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskutas LA, Oberste E. MAAEZ: Making Alcoholics Anonymous Easier. Berkeley: Public Health Institute, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. State of the science of group therapy research for drug abuse and dependence: Workshop summary. Bethesda: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Intensive Outpatient Treatment for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP). Vol. Tip No. 8. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Ducharme LJ, Knudsen HK, Roman PM, Johnson JA. Innovation adoption in substance abuse treatment: Exposure, trialability, and the Clinical Trials Network. J Subst Abuse Treat 2007; 32(4):321–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan-Lopez AA, Fals-Stewart W. Analyzing data from open enrollment groups: Current considerations and future directions. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008; 35(1):36–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley DC, Mercer DE, Carpenter G. Drug Counseling for Cocaine Addiction: The Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study Model. National Institute on Drug Abuse Therapy Manuals for Drug Addiction. ( vol. 4). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Wells EA, Peterson PL, Gainey RR, Hawkins JD, Catalano RF. Outpatient treatment for cocaine abuse: A controlled comparison of relapse prevention and Twelve-Step approaches. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1994; 20(1):1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maude-Griffin PM, Hohenstein JM, Humfleet GL, Reilly PM, Tusel DJ, Hall SM. Superior efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for urban crack cocaine abusers: Main and matching effects. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998; 66(5The Clinical Trials Network: A Decade of Progress (Guest Editor: Edward Nunes)):832–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigham GS, Feaster DJ, Wakim PG, Dempsey CL. Choosing a control group in effectiveness trials of behavioral drug abuse treatments. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009; 37:388–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes EV, Ball S, Booth R, Brigham G, Calsyn DA,Carroll K, Feaster DJ, Hien D, Hubbard RL, Ling W, Petry NM, Rotrosen J, Selzer J, Stitzer M, Tross S, Wakim P, Winhusen T, Woody G. Multisite effectiveness trials of treatments for substance abuse and co-occurring problems: Have we chosen the best designs? J Subst Abuse Treat 2010; 38(Suppl. 1):S97–S112.
   Google Scholar