106
Views
95
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Clonidine and Naltrexone in the Outpatient Treatment of Heroin Withdrawal

, , , &
Pages 1-17 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Gold M. S., Redmond D. E., Jr., Kleber H. D. Clonidine in opiate withdrawal. Lancet 1978; 1: 929–930
  • Gold M. S., Redmond D. E., Kleber H. D. Clonidine blocks acute opiate withdrawal symptoms. Lancet 1978; 2: 599–602
  • Uhde T. W., Redmond D. E., Kleber H. D. Clonidine suppresses the opioid abstinence syndrome without clonidine-withdrawal symptoms: A blind inpatient study. Psychiatry Res. 1980; 2: 37–47
  • Washton A. M., et al. Clonidine for opiate detoxification: Outpatient clinical trial. Am. J. Psychiatry 1980; 137: 1121–1122
  • Washton A. M., Resnick R. B. Clonidine vs methadone for opiate detoxification: Double blind outpatient trials. Problems of Drug Dependence: NIDA Research Monograph, L. S. Harris. Department of Health and Human Services publication (ADM). 1980; #34, 89–94; 81–1058
  • Charney D. S., et al. The clinical use of clonidine in abrupt withdrawal from methadone. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1981; 38: 1273–1277
  • Jasinski D. R., Johnson R. E., Kocher T. R. Clonidine in morphine withdrawal: Differential effects on signs and symptoms. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1985; 42: 1063–1066
  • Kleber H. D., et al. Clonidine in outpatient detoxification from methadone maintenance. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1985; 42: 391–394
  • Wilson B. K., Elms R. R., Thomson C. P. Outpatient vs hospital methadone detoxification: An experimental comparison. Int. J. Addict. 1975; 10(1)13–21
  • Silsby H, Tennant F. S. Short-term, ambulatory detoxification of opiate addicts using methadone. Int. J. Addict. 1974; 9(1)167–170
  • Dorus W., Senay E. C, Showalter C. V. Short term detoxification with methadone. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1981; 362: 203–216
  • Riordan C. E., Kleber H. D. Rapid opiate detoxification with clonidine and naloxone. Lancet 1980; 1: 1079–1080
  • Charney D. S., et al. Clonidine and naltrexone. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1982; 39: 1327–1332
  • Martin W. R., et al. Naltrexone, an antagonist for the treatment of heroin dependence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1973; 28: 784–791
  • Hamburg M., Tallman J. F. Chronic morphine administration increases the apparent number of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in rat brain. Nature 1981; 291: 493–495
  • Anderson R. J., et al. Clonidine overdose: Report of six cases and review of the literature. Ann. Emergency Med. 1981; 10(2)107–112
  • Wang R. I., et al. Rating the presence and severity of opiate dependence. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1974; 16(4)653–658
  • Weisen R. L., et al. The safety and value of naloxone as a therapeutic aid. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1977; 2: 123–130
  • Wang R. I., et al. Initial methadone dose in treating opiate addiction. Int. J. Addict. 1982; 17(2)357–363
  • Hansson L., et al. Blood pressure crisis following withdrawal of clonidine with special reference to arterial and urinary catecholamine levels, and suggestions for acute management. Am. Heart J. 1975; 85: 605
  • Stelzer F. P., et al. Late toxicity of clonidine withdrawal. New Engl. J. Med. 1976; 294: 1182
  • Pettinger W. S. Clonidine–A new antihypertensive drug. New Engl. J. Med. 1975; 293: 1179
  • Brahen L. S., et al. Naltrexone and cyclazocine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1977; 34: 1181–1184
  • Callahan E. J., . Comparison of two naltrexone treatment programs: Naltrexone alone versus naltrexone plus behavior therapy. Narcotic Antagonists: Naltrexone, D. Julius, P. Renault, et al. NIDA Research Monograph. 1976; 163–171; 9
  • Resnick R. B., et al. Psychotherapy and Naltrexone in Opioid Dependence. Paper Presented at Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence. 1980
  • Kosten T. R., Kleber H. D. Strategies to improve compliance with narcotic antagonists. Am. J. Alcohol Abuse 1984; 10(2)249–266
  • Dorus W. Withdrawal from opioid drugs: A review of techniques and outcomes. Drug Dependent Patients, Treatment and Research, R. J. Craig, S. L. Baker. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1982; 7–36
  • Rotellar J. A. O., et al. Clonidine in thousand-fold overdose. Lancet 1981; 1: 1312
  • Judson B. A., et al. The naloxone test for opiate dependence. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1980; 27: 492–501
  • Redmond D. E., Jr., Krystal J. H. Multiple mechanisms of withdrawal from opioid drugs. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1984; 7: 443–478
  • Korf J., Bunney B. S., Aghajanian G. K. Noradrenergic neurons: Morphine inhibition of spontaneous activity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1974; 25: 165–169
  • Bird S. J., Kuhar M. J. Iontophoretic application of opiates to the locus coeruleus. Brain Res. 1977; 122: 523–533
  • Llorens C, et al. Hypersensitivity to noradrenaline in cortex after chronic morphine: Relevance to tolerance and dependence. Nature 1978; 274: 603–605
  • Vasquez B. J., Overstreet D. H., Russell R. W. Psychopharmacological evidence for increase in receptor sensitivity following chronic morphine treatment. Psychopharmacologia 1974; 38: 287–302
  • Gunne L. M. Noradrenaline and adrenaline in the rat brain during acute and chronic morphine administration and during withdrawal. Nature 1959; 184: 1950–1951
  • Crawley J. N., Laverty R. N., Roth R. H. Clonidine reversal of increased norepinephrine metabolite levels during morphine withdrawal. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1979; 57: 247–255
  • Laverty R., Roth R. H. Clonidine reverses the increased norepinephrine turnover during morphine withdrawal in rats. Brain Res. 1980; 182: 482–485
  • Aghajanian G. K. Tolerance of locus coeruleus neurones to morphine and suppression of withdrawal response by clonidine. Nature 1978; 276: 186–188
  • Cedarbaum J. M., Aghajanian G. K. Catecholamine receptors on locus coeruleus neurons: Pharmacological characterization. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1977; 44: 375–385
  • Lahti R., Collins R. H. Chronic naloxone results in prolonged increase in opiate binding sites in brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1978; 51: 185–186
  • Schulz R., Wuster M., Herz A. Supersensitivity to opioids following the chronic blockage of endorphin action by naloxone. Nauvn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1979; 306: 93–96
  • Kosterlitz H. W., Hughes J. Some thoughts on the significance of enkephalin, the endogenous ligand. Life Sci. 1975; 17: 91–96
  • Goldstein A., Cox B. M. Opioid peptides (endorphins in pituitary and brain). Psychoneuroenocrinology 1977; 2: 11–16
  • Kleber H. D., et al. Nontolerance to the opioid antagonism of naltrexone. Biol. Psychiatry 1985; 20: 66–72
  • Sells S. B. Follow-up and treatment outcome. Substance Abuse: Clinical Problems and Perspectives, J. H. Lowinson, P. Ruiz. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland 1981; 783–800

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.