Impulse Noise and Acute Acoustic Trauma in Finnish Conscripts Number of Shots Fired and Safe Distances

References

• Abel S M, Rockley T, Goldfarb D, Hawk M. Outer ear canal shape and its relation to the effectiveness of sound attenuating earplugs. J Otolaryngol 1990; 19: 91–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ACGIH. (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist). Cincinnati, OhioUSA 1989; 99, Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices for 1988–1989
   Google Scholar
• CHABA. (Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics, and Biomechanics). Proposed damage-risk criteria for impulse noise (gunfire). Rep. 57. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 1974
   Google Scholar
• Council directive on protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to noise at work. (86/188/EFC). Brussels 1986
   Google Scholar
• Defence Staff. Safety regulation of the training section. Protection of hearing 1989; D 1.6: 8.3
   Google Scholar
• Forrest M R. Protecting hearing in a military environment. Scand Audiol 1982; 11: 7–12, (Suppl 16)
   Google Scholar
• Kellerhals B. Progressive hearing loss after single exposure to acute acoustic trauma. Fur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1991; 248: 289–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRobert H, Ward W D. Damage-risk criteria: the trading relation between intensity and the number of nonverberant impulses. J Acoust Soc Am 1973; 53: 1297–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekkarinen J O, Starck J P, Ylikoski J. Hearing protection against high-level shooting impulses in relation to hearing damage risk criteria. J Acoust Soc Am 1992; 91: 196–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfander F, Bongartz H, Brinkmann H, Kietz H. Danger of auditory impairment from impulse noise; a comparative study of the CHABA damage-risk criteria and those of the Federal Republic of Germany. J Acoust Soc Am 1980; 67: 628–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoon W H, Lee H S. Hearing protection plans require proper ear plug selection usage. Occup Health Safety 1993; 62: 98–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pilgramm M. Clinical and animal experiment studies to optimize the therapy for acute acoustic trauma. Scand Audiol 1991; 20: 103–22, (Suppl 34)
   Google Scholar
• Plomp R. Hearing losses induced by small arms. Int Audiol 1967; 6: 31–6
   Google Scholar
• Pääkkönen R. Low-frequency noise impulses from explosions. J Low Freq Noise Vib 1991; 10: 78–82
   Google Scholar
• Pääkkönen R. Low-frequency impulse noise and its attenuation by hearing protectors and other technical means. Doctoral dissertation. Tampere University of Technology, Tampere 1993; 32–3, Publications 117
   Google Scholar
• Pääkkönen R. Noise attenuation of structures against impulses from large calibre weapons or explosions. Appl Acoust 1995; 45: 263–78
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pääkkönen R, Vienamo T, Järvinen J, Hämäläinen E. Development of a new noise helmet. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1991; 10: 438–44
   Google Scholar
• Savolainen S, Lehtomäki KMT. Hearing protection in acute acoustic trauma in Finnish conscripts. Scand Audiol 1996; 25: 53–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shnurbusch F. Klinik und Begutachtung des akuten Sehalltraumas. HNO 1956; 6: 6–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tschopp K, Probst R. Acute acoustic trauma. A retrospective study of influencing factors and different therapies in 268 patients. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1989; 108: 378–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward WD. Proposed damage-risk criterion for impulse noise (gunfire). Committee on hearing, bioacoustics and biomechanics. US National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington DC 1968; 8, Working Group 57
   Google Scholar
• Woxen O, Borchgrevink H M. Attenuation of hearing protectors at 85 dB SPL investigated by commercial “insertion gain” methods. Scand Audiol 1991; 20: 145–55, (Suppl 34)
   Google Scholar
• Ylikoski J. Noise induced hearing damage-risk in Defence Forces. Military Health and Medical Care, K Koskenvuo, Helsinki 1989a; 139
   Google Scholar
• Ylikoski J. Acute acoustic trauma in Finnish conscripts. Etiological factor and characteristics of hearing impairment. Scand Audiol 1989b; 18: 161–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ylikoski J, Pekkarinen J, Starck J. The efficiency of earmuffs against impulse noise from firearms. Scand Audiol 1987; 16: 85–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ylikoski J, Pääkkönen R. Hazardous impulse noise from firearms physical characteristics. Ann Med Milit Fenn 1986; 61: 176–80, (In Finnish)
   Google Scholar
• Ylikoski M E, Pekkarinen J O, Starck J P, Pääkkönen RJ, Ylikoski J S. Physical characteristics of gunfire impulse noise and its attenuation by hearing protectors. Scand Audiol 1995; 24: 3–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar