Teaching musculoskeletal clinical skills to medical trainees and physicians: A Best Evidence in Medical Education systematic review of strategies and their effectiveness: BEME Guide No. 18

References

• Ahern MJ, Soden M, Schultz D, Clark M. The musculo-skeletal examination: A neglected clinical skill. Aust N Z J Med 1991; 21(3)303–306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alliance for the Canadian Arthritis Program. 2006. Report for the summit on standards for arthritis prevention and care. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance. http://www.arthritispatient.ca/images/uploads/Summit_on_Standards_for_Arthritis_Prevention_and_Care_March_31_06.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Anderson RC, Fagan MJ, Sebastian J. Teaching students the art and science of physical diagnosis. Am J Med 2001; 110(5)419–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson KK, Meyer TC. The use of instructor-patients to teach physical examination techniques. J Med Educ 1978; 53(10)831–836
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Association of American Medical Colleges. 2005. Report VII contemporary issues in medicine: Musculoskeletal medicine education, medical school objectives project No. VII). Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges.
   Google Scholar
• Averns H, Maraschiello M, van Melle E, Day A. Evaluation of a web-based teaching module on examination of the hand. J Rheumatol 2009; 36(3)623–627
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Badley EM, Crotty M. An international comparison of the estimated effect of the aging of the population on the major cause of disablement, musculoskeletal disorders. J Rheumatol 1995; 22(10)1934–1940
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Badley EM, Rasooly I, Webster GK. Relative importance of musculoskeletal disorders as a cause of chronic health problems, disability, and health care utilization: Findings from the 1990 Ontario health survey. J Rheumatol 1994; 21(3)505–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badley EM, Wang PP. Arthritis and the aging population: Projections of arthritis prevalence in Canada 1991 to 2031. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(1)138–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badley EM, Wang PP. The contribution of arthritis and arthritis disability to nonparticipation in the labor force: A Canadian example. J Rheumatol 2001; 28(5)1077–1082
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Badley EM, Webster GK, Rasooly I. The impact of musculoskeletal disorders in the population: Are they just aches and pains? Findings from the 1990 Ontario health survey. J Rheumatol 1995; 22(4)733–739
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barley GE, Fisher J, Dwinnell B, White K. Teaching foundational physical examination skills: Study results comparing lay teaching associates and physician instructors. Acad Med 2006; 81(10 Suppl)S95–S97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkson L. Problem-based learning: Have the expectations been met?. Acad Med 1993; 68(10 Suppl)S79–S88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilderback K, Eggerstedt J, Sadasivan KK, Seelig L, Wolf R, Barton S, McCall R, Chesson AL, Jr, Marino AA. Design and implementation of a system-based course in musculoskeletal medicine for medical students. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90(10)2292–2300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Branch VK, Graves G, Hanczyc M, Lipsky PE. The utility of trained arthritis patient educators in the evaluation and improvement of musculoskeletal examination skills of physicians in training. Arthritis Care Res 1999; 12(1)61–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branch VK, Lipsky PE. Positive impact of an intervention by arthritis educators on retention of information, confidence, and examination skills of medical students. Arthritis Care Res 1998; 11(1)32–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bridges AJ, Reid JC, Cutts JH, 3rd, Hazelwood S, Sharp GC, Mitchell JA. AI/LEARN/Rheumatology. A comparative study of computer-assisted instruction for rheumatology. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36(5)577–580
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burke J, Fayaz S, Graham K, Matthew R, Field M. Peer-assisted learning in the acquisition of clinical skills: A supplementary approach to musculoskeletal system training. Med Teach 2007; 29(6)577–582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chumley-Jones HS, Dobbie A, Alford CL. Web-based learning: Sound educational method or hype? A review of the evaluation literature. Acad Med 2002; 77(10 Suppl)S86–S93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clawson DK, Jackson DW, Ostergaard DJ. It's past time to reform the musculoskeletal curriculum. Acad Med 2001; 76(7)709–710
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• College des Medecins du Quebec Practice Enhancement Division. 1999. Clinical practice guidelines: The musculoskeletal system. Montreal, Quebec: College des Medecins du Quebec.
   Google Scholar
• Cook DA. Learning and cognitive styles in web-based learning: Theory, evidence, and application. Acad Med 2005; 80(3)266–278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crotty M, Ahern MJ, McFarlane AC, Brooks PM. Clinical rheumatology training of Australian medical students. A national survey of 1991 graduates. Med J Aust 1993; 158(2)119–120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dacre JE, Griffith SM, Jolly BC. Rheumatology and medical education in Great Britain. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35(3)269–274
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Day CS, Yeh AC, Franko O, Ramirez M, Krupat E. Musculoskeletal medicine: An assessment of the attitudes and knowledge of medical students at Harvard Medical School. Acad Med 2007; 82(5)452–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dequeker J, Rasker H. High prevalence and impact of rheumatic diseases is not reflected in the medical curriculum: The ILAR undergraduate medical education in rheumatology (UMER) 2000 project. Together everybody achieves more. International league of associations for rheumatology. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(6)1037–1040
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Distlehorst LH, Dawson E, Robbs RS, Barrows HS. Problem-based learning outcomes: The glass half-full. Acad Med 2005; 80(3)294–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty M, Abawi J, Pattrick M. Audit of medical inpatient examination: A cry from the joint. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1990; 24(2)115–118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ericsson KA. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Acad Med 2004; 79(10 Suppl)S70–S81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox RA, Dacre JE, Clark CL, Scotland AD. Impact on medical students of incorporating GALS screen teaching into the medical school curriculum. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59(9)668–671
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham K, Burke JM, Field M. Undergraduate rheumatology: Can peer-assisted learning by medical students deliver equivalent training to that provided by specialist staff?. Rheumatology 2008; 47(5)652–655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh T. Computer assisted learning in undergraduate medical education. BMJ 2001; 322(7277)40–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammoud M, Gruppen L, Erickson SS, Cox SM, Espey E, Goepfert A, Katz NT, Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics Undergraduate Medical Education Committee. To the point: Reviews in medical education online computer assisted instruction materials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194(4)1064–1069
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haq I, Fuller J, Dacre J. The use of patient partners with back pain to teach undergraduate medical students. Rheumatology 2006; 45(4)430–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartling L, Spooner C, Tjosvold L, Oswald A. Problem-based learning in pre-clinical medical education: 22 years of outcome research. Med Teach 2010; 32(1)28–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasle JL, Anderson DS, Szerlip HM. Analysis of the costs and benefits of using standardized patients to help teach physical diagnosis. Acad Med 1994; 69(7)567–570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry GD, Schrieber L, Bryce D. Patients teach students: Partners in arthritis education. Med Educ 1999; 33(9)674–677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hergenroeder AC, Chorley JN, Laufman L, Fetterhoff A. Two educational interventions to improve pediatricians’ knowledge and skills in performing ankle and knee physical examinations. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002; 156(3)225–229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Green S. 2008. pp 187–201. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Cochrane Collaboration.
   Google Scholar
• Hull P, Chaudry A, Prasthofer A, Pattison G. Optimal sequencing of bedside teaching and computer-based learning: A randomised trial. Med Educ 2009; 43(2)108–112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Humphrey-Murto S, Smith CD, Touchie C, Wood TC. Teaching the musculoskeletal examination: Are patient educators as effective as rheumatology faculty?. Teach Learn Med 2004; 16(2)175–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha V, Quinton ND, Bekker HL, Roberts TE. Strategies and interventions for the involvement of real patients in medical education: A systematic review. Med Educ 2009; 43(1)10–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick DL. pp 21–26. Evaluating training programs: The four levels3rd, DL Kirkpatrick, JD Kirkpatrick. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco (CA) 2006; 21–26
   Google Scholar
• Lam-Antoniades M, Ratnapalan S, Tait G. Electronic continuing education in the health professions: An update on evidence from RCTs. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2009; 29(1)44–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leroux I, Dionne CE, Bourbonnais R, Brisson C. Prevalence of musculoskeletal activity limitation and associated factors among adults in the general population in the 1998 Quebec health survey. J Rheumatol 2005; 32(9)1794–1804
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Katz BP. Improved training of house officers in a rheumatology consult service. Arthritis Care Res 1993; 6(2)59–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGaghie WC, Kowlowitz V, Renner BR, Sauter SV, Hoole AJ, Schuch CP, Misch MS. A randomized trial of physicians and physical therapists as instructors of the musculoskeletal examination. J Rheumatol 1993; 20(6)1027–1032
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNaughton N, Ravitz P, Wadell A, Hodges BD. Psychiatric education and simulation: A review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry 2008; 53(2)85–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNulty JA, Sonntag B, Sinacore JM. Evaluation of computer-aided instruction in a gross anatomy course: A six-year study. Anat Sci Educ 2009; 2(1)2–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinney SJ, Regan WD. Educating medical students about musculoskeletal problems. Are community needs reflected in the curricula of Canadian medical schools?. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001; 83–A(9)1317–1320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj N, Badcock LJ, Brown GA, Deighton CM, O'Reilly SC. Undergraduate musculoskeletal examination teaching by trained patient educators–a comparison with doctor-led teaching. Rheumatology 2006; 45(11)1404–1408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby JC, Oswald AG. An evaluation of the performing and recording of physical examinations by psychiatric trainees. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150: 533–535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmale GA. More evidence of educational inadequacies in musculoskeletal medicine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005; 437: 251–259
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt HG, Dauphinee WD, Patel VL. Comparing the effects of problem-based and conventional curricula in an international sample. J Med Educ 1987; 62(4)305–315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt HG, Machiels-Bongaerts M, Hermans H, ten Cate TJ, Venekamp R, Boshuizen HP. The development of diagnostic competence: Comparison of a problem-based, an integrated, and a conventional medical curriculum. Acad Med 1996; 71(6)658–664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrieber L, Hendry GD, Hunter D. Musculoskeletal examination teaching in rheumatoid arthritis education: Trained patient educators compared to nonspecialist doctors. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(6)1531–1532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MD, Henry-Edwards S, Shanahan EM, Ahern MJ. Evaluation of patient partners in the teaching of the musculoskeletal examination. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(6)1533–1537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CC, Newman L, Davis RB, Yang J, Ramanan R. A comprehensive new curriculum to teach and assess resident knowledge and diagnostic evaluation of musculoskeletal complaints. Med Teach 2005; 27(6)553–558
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith MD, Walker JG, Schultz D, Ash J, Roberts-Thomson P, Shanahan EM, Ahern MJ. Teaching clinical skills in musculoskeletal medicine: The use of structured clinical instruction modules. J Rheumatol 2002; 29(4)813–817
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer B. The purposes of adult education. Thompson Educational Publishing Inc, Toronto 1998
   Google Scholar
• Tamblyn R, Abrahamowicz M, Dauphinee D, Girard N, Bartlett G, Grand’Maison P, Brailovsky C. Effect of a community oriented problem based learning curriculum on quality of primary care delivered by graduates: Historical cohort comparison study. BMJ 2005; 331(7523)1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon DT, Blake RL. Does problem-based learning work? A meta-analysis of evaluative research. Acad Med 1993; 68(7)550–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivekananda-Schmidt P, Lewis M, Hassell AB, Virtual Rheumatology ARC, Research Group CAL. Cluster randomized controlled trial of the impact of a computer-assisted learning package on the learning of musculoskeletal examination skills by undergraduate medical students. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 53(5)764–771
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang PP, Badley EM. Consistent low prevalence of arthritis in Quebec: Findings from a provincial variation study in Canada based on several Canadian population health surveys. J Rheumatol 2003; 30(1)126–131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Canada., Ottawa 2010, [Published 2010 April 26]. Available from http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.htm
   Google Scholar
• Woolf AD, Akesson K. 2007. Education in musculoskeletal health – how can it be improved to meet growing needs. J Rheumatol 34:455–457.
   Google Scholar
• Wutoh R, Boren SA, Balas EA. eLearning: A review of internet-based continuing medical education. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2004; 24(1)20–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yelin E, Cisternas MG, Pasta DJ, Trupin L, Murphy L, Helmick CG. Medical care expenditures and earnings losses of persons with arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the united states in 1997: Total and incremental estimates. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50(7)2317–2326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yelin E, Herrndorf A, Trupin L, Sonneborn D. A national study of medical care expenditures for musculoskeletal conditions: The impact of health insurance and managed care. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44(5)1160–1169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar