References
- Austin EJ, Evans P, Magnus B, O’Hanlon K. A preliminary study of empathy, emotional intelligence and examination performance in MBChB students. Med Educ 2007; 41: 684–689
- Berg K, Majdan JF, Berg D, Veloski J, Hojat M. Medical students’ self-reported empathy and simulated patients’ assessments of student empathy: An analysis by gender and ethnicity. Acad Med 2011; 86: 984–988
- Brownell AK, Cote L. Senior residents’ views on the meaning of professionalism and how they learn about it. Acad Med 2001; 76: 734–737
- Chen DCR, Lew R, Hershman W, Orlander J. A cross-sectional measurement of medical student empathy. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22: 1434–1438
- Chen DCR, Pahilan ME, Orlander JD. Comparing a self-administered measure of empathy with observed behaviour among medical students. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 25: 200–202
- Colliver JA, Conlee MJ, Verhulst SJ, Dorsey JK. Reports of the decline of empathy during medical education are greatly exaggerated: A reexamination of the research. Acad Med 2010; 85: 588–593
- Davis M. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog Selected Documents Psychol 1980; 10: 85
- Del Canale S, Louis DZ, Maio V, Wang X, Hojat M, Gonnella JS. The relationship between physician empathy and disease complications: An empirical study of primary care physicians and their diabetic patients in Parma, Italy. Acad Med 2012; 87: 1243–1249
- Epstein RM, Hundert EM. Defining and assessing professional competence. JAMA 2002; 287: 226–235
- Hojat M, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Cohen MJM, Gonnella JS, Erdmann JB, Veloski JJ, Magee M. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Development and preliminary psychometric data. Educ Psychol Meas 2001; 61: 349–365
- Hojat M, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Rattner S, Erdmann JB, Gonnella JS, Magee M. An empirical study of decline in empathy in medical school. Med Educ 2004; 38: 934–941
- Hojat M, Vergare MJ, Maxwell K, Brainard G, Herrine SK, Isenberg GA, Veloski J, Gonnella JS. The devil is in the third year: A longitudinal study of the erosion of empathy in medical school. Acad Med 2009; 84: 1182–1191
- Hojat M, Louis DZ, Markham FW, Wender R, Rabinowitz C, Gonnella JS. Physicians’ empathy and clinical outcomes for diabetic patients. Acad Med 2011; 86: 359–364
- Kramer D, Ber R, Moore M. Increasing empathy among medical students. Med Educ 1989; 23: 168–173
- Kohut H. The Analysis of Self. International Universities Press, New York 1971
- Mehrabian A, 1996. Manual for the BalancedEmotional Empathy Scale (BEES). Unpublished; available from Albert Mehrabian, 1130 Alta Mesa Road, Monterey, CA 93940
- Newton BW, Barber L, Clardy J, Cleveland E, O'sullivan P. Is there hardening of the heart during medical school?. Acad Med 2008; 83: 244–249
- Ogle J, Bushnell JA, Caputi P. Empathy is related to clinical competence in medical care. Med Educ 2013; 47: 824–831
- Spiro H. What is empathy and can it be taught?. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 843–846
- Stratton TD, Saunders JA, Elam CL. Changes in medical students’ emotional intelligence: An exploratory study. Teach Learn Med 2008; 20: 279–284