Sudan dyes: are they dangerous for human health?

References

• Aliscioni, S. S., Torretta, J. P., Bello, M. E., Galato, B. G. (2009). Elaiophores in Gomesa bifolia (sims) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams (Oncidiinae: Cymbidieae: Orchidaceae): structure and oil secretion. Ann Bot 104:1141–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, Y., Jiang, L., Cao, J., Geng, C., Zhong, L. (2007). Sudan I induces genotoxic effects and oxidative DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Mutat Res 627:164–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand, H., Bakhshi, S., Saxena, R. (2009) Transient leukemia. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 52:257–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) web page. (2005). Available at: http://www.astaspice.org/files/public/SudanWhitePaper.pdf. Accessed on January 24, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Código Alimentario Argentino 2009/10. Ley 18284 18/07/69. Decreto reglamentario 2126/71 (2009/2010). Available at: http://www.anmat.gov.ar/alimentos/codigoa/CAPITULO_XVIII.pdf, Accessed on March 3, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Coulet, M., Leblanc, J.-C., Setzer, R. W. (2010). Application of the margin of exposure (MoE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic EXAMPLE 12: Sudan I (CAS No. 842-07-9). Food Chem Toxicol 48:S106–S111.
   Google Scholar
• Crinnion, W. J. (2010). Toxic effects of easily avoidable phthalates and parabens. Altern Med Rev 15:190–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daood, H. G., Biacs, P. A. (2005). Simultaneous determination of Sudan dyes and carotenoids in red pepper and tomato products by HPLC. J Chromatogr Sci 43:461–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit, S., Khanna, S. K., Das, M. (2008). A simple 2-directional high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of curcumin, metanil yellow, and Sudan dyes in turmeric, chili, and curry powders. J AOAC Int 91:1387–1396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dracínský, M., Cvacka, J., Semanská, M., Martínek, V., Frei, E., Stiborová, M. (2009). Mechanism of formation of (deoxy)guanosine adducts derived from peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of the carcinogenic nonaminoazo dye 1-phenylazo-2-hydroxynaphtalene (Sudan I). Chem Res Toxicol 22:1765–1773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, P., Sazawal, S., Kumar, R., Saxena, R. (2008). Does acute promyelocytic leukemia in Indian patients have biology different from the West? Indian J Pathol Microbiol 51:437–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EC. (2005). Opinion on the use of CI26100 (CI Solvent Red 23) as a colorant in cosmetic products. European Commission. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. SCCP/0902/05. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_013.pdf. Accessed on June 27, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• FAO/WHO Food Standards. (2010). Codex Alimentarius. List of Codex specifications for food additives, Codex Stan 192 (1995), Revision number 11. Available at: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/more_info.jsp?id_sta=4. Accessed on June 27, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Food Standards Agency Board meeting. (October 2005). Available at: http://www.food.gov.uk/aboutus/ourboard/boardmeetings/boardmeetings2005/boardmeeting091505/boardmins15sep05. Accessed on March, 3, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Food Standards Agency web page. (2011). Available at: http://ww.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/sudani/. Accessed on January 24, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez Pereyra, M. L., Carbalho, E. C., Ticera, J. L., Keller, K. M., Magnoli, C. E., Rosa, C. A., et al. (2008). An outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis on a chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) farm in Argentina. J Vet Diagn Invest 20:853–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haltia, M. (2006). The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses: from past to present. Biochim Biophys Acta 1762:850–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatakeyama, S., Hayasaki, Y., Masuda, M., Kazusaka, A., Fujita, S. (1995). Paradoxical effect of Sudan III on the in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity elicited by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. J Biochem Toxicol 10:143–149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hou, X., Li, Y., Wu, G., Wang, L., Hong, M., Wu, Y. (2010). Determination of Para red, Sudan dyes, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin in animal feeds using UPLC. J Chromatogr Sci 48:22–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC monographs. (2011). Agents classified by the IARC monographs, volumes 1–102. Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf. Accessed on November 5, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Isobe, K., Matsunaga, S., Nakayama, H., Uetsuka, K. (2008). Histopathological characteristics of hepatic lipogranulomas with portosystemic shunt in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 70:133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaafar, I. H., Leblon, C. E., Wei, M. T., Ou-Yang, D., Coulter, J. P., Jedlicka, S. S. (2011). Improving fluorescence imaging of biological cells on biomedical polymers. Acta Biomater 7:1588–1598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, G. E., Quick, E. L., Parry, E. M., Parry, J. M. (2010). Metabolic influences for mutation induction curves after exposure to Sudan 1 and Para red. Mutagenesis 25:327–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju, C., Tang, Y., Fan, H., Chen, J. (2008). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a specific monoclonal antibody as a new tool to detect Sudan dyes and Para red. Anal Chim Acta 621:200–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenneth, D. F., Ogunji, F. (2000). A new method of quantitative fecal fat microscopy and its correlation with chemically measured fecal fat output. Am J Clin Pathol 113:528–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. M., Do, C. H., Lee, D. H. (2010) Characterization of taurine as anti-obesity agent in C. elegans. J Biomed Sci 17(Suppl 1):S33. Available at: http://www.jbiomedsci.com/content/17/S1/S33. Accessed on January 2, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. W., Jung, D.-I, Kang, B.-T., Kim, H.-J, Park, C., Park, E.-H., et al. (2005). Canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency treated with porcine pancreatic extract. J Vet Sci 6:263–266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitoh, H., Kitakoji, T., Kawasumi, M., Ishiguro, N. (2008). A histological and ultrastructural study of the iliac crest apophysis in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop 28:435–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legat, A., Gruber, C., Zangger, K., Wanner, G., Stan-Lotter, H. (2010). Identification of polyhydroxyalkanoates in Halococcus and other haloarchaeal species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:1119–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., Wu, L. Y., Shen, J. Z. (2010). UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of Sudan dyes and Para Red in food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 27:1215–1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., Gao, H.-W, Ren, J.-R, Chen, L., Li, Y.-C., Zhao, J.-F., et al. (2007). Binding of Sudan II and IV to lecithin liposomes and E. coli membranes: insights into the toxicity of hydrophobic azo dyes. BMC Structural Biol 7:16. Available at:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472–6807/7/16. Accessed on November 5, 2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, L., Pu, Q., Zhu, Y., Liu, L. (2010). Chyle leakage in port incision after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: case report. J Cardiothorac Surg 5:83. Available at: http://www.cardiothoracicsurgery.org/content/5/1/83. Accessed on January 2, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MERCOSUR. (2008). Lista de Sustancias Colorantes Permitidas para Productos de Higiene Personal, Cosméticos y Perfumes (List of colorant substances allowed for personal care products, cosmetics and parfums). Mercosur/XXXI SGT No. 11/P. RES No. 14/08. Available at: http://www.anmat.gov.ar/webanmat/mercosur/pdf_files/03gah_cosmeticos/UnidoIII_Pres_Res_14-08_Lista_Colorantes_De_4_99_Rev1.pdf. Accessed on November 5, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• MERCOSUR. (2011). Lista de Sustancias colorantes permitidas para productos de higiene personal, cosméticos y perfumes (List of colorant substances allowed for personal care products, cosmetics and parfums). Disposición 2162/2011. Available at: http://www.anmat.gov.ar/webanmat/Legislacion/cosmeticos/Disposicion_2162-2011.pdf. Accessed on December 6, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Morrissey, C., Buser, A., Scolaro, J., O’Sullivan, J., Moquin, A., Tenniswood, M. (2002). Changes in hormone sensitivity in the ventral prostate of aging Sprague-Dawley rats. J Androl 23:341–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murabayashi, H., Hondo, E., Kitamura, N., Furuoka, H., Taguchhi, K., Nambo, Y., et al. (1999). Morphological study on pigmented cells in the horse testis. J Vet Med Sci 61:1183–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri, M., Riezzo, I., Dambrosio, M., Pomara, C., Turillazzi, E., Fineschi, V. (2010). CD61 and fibrinogen immunohistochemical study to improve the post-mortem diagnosis in a fat embolism syndrome clinically demonstrated by transesophageal echocardiography. Forensic Sci Int 202:1–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noguerol-Cal, R., López-Vilariño, J. M., Fernández-Martínez, G., Barral-Losada, L., González-Rodríguez, M. V. (2008). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of ten dyes for control and safety of commercial articles. J Chromatogr A 1179:152–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nohynek, G. J., Antignac, E., Re, T., Toutain, H. (2010). Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 243:239–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obikane, H., Ariizumi, K., Yutani, C., Mitsumata, M. (2010). Inflammatory pseudotumor (inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor) of the mitral valve of the heart. Pathol Int 60:533–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, V. C., Carrara, R. C., Simoes, D. L., Saggioro, F. P., Carlotti, C. G., Jr., Covas, D. T., et al. (2010). Sudan Black B treatment reduces autofluorescence and improves resolution of in situ hybridization specific fluorescent signals of brain sections. Histol Histopathol 25:1017–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa, T., Taha, N., Messer, H. H. (2009). A comparison of techniques for obturating oval-shaped roots canals. Dent Mater J 28:290–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petigara, B. R., Scher, A. L. (2007). Direct method for determination of Sudan I in FD&C Yellow no. 6 and D&C Orange no. 4 by rerversed-phase liquid chromatography. J AOAC Int 90:1373–1378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pielesz, A., Baranowska, I., Rybakt, A., Wlochowicz, A. (2002). Detection and determination of aromatic amines as products of reductive splitting from selected azo dyes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 53:42–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, B. F., Lewis, B. C., Edwards, J. F., Alroy, J., Zeng, B. J., Torres, P. A., et al. (2010). Pathology of GM2 gangliosidosis in Jacob sheep. Vet Pathol 48:807–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, K., Shanthi, V., Sethumadhavan, R. (2009). In silico identification of catalytic residues in azobenzene reductase from Bacillus subtilis and its docking studies with azo dyes. Interdiscip Sci 1:290–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Refat, N. A., Ibrahim, Z. S., Moustafa, G. G., Sakamoto, K. Q., Ishizuka, M., Fujita, S. (2008). The induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 by Sudan dyes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, J. R., Zhao, H. P., Song, C., Wang, S. L., Li, L., Xu, Y. T., et al. (2010). Comparative transmembrane transports of four typical lipophilic organic chemicals. Bioresour Technol 101:8632–8638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer, E. W., Jr., Bowles, W. A.Jr,. Hurlbut, J. (1983). The acute oral toxicity, repellency, and hazard potential of 998 chemicals to one or more species of wild and domestic birds. Arch Environm Contam Toxicol 12:355–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salakij, C., Salakij, J., Prihirunkit, K., Narkkong, N. A., Pitakkingthong, D. (2010). Characterization of blood cells in the Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bangalensis). Vet Clin Pathol 39:193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnell, S. A., Staines, W. A., Wessendorf, M. W. (1999). Reduction of lipofuscin-like autofluorescence in fluorescently labeled tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 47:719–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sera, Y., LaRue, A. C., Moussa, O., Mehrotra, M., Duncan, J. D., Williams, C. R., et al. (2009). Hematopoietic stem cell origin of adipocytes. Exp Hematol 37:1108–1120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaban, Z., El-Shazly, S., Abdelhady, S., Fattouh, I., Muzandu, K., Ishizuka, M., et al. (2004). Down regulation of hepatic PPARα function by AhR ligand. J Vet Med Sci 66:1377–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, H. L., Storey, G. W. (1947). An improved method of staining leukocyte granules with Sudan black B. J Pathol Bacteriol 59:336–337.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sigma-Aldrich Sudan Black B Staining System. (2003). Available at: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/General_Information/1/insert_es_380.Par.0001.File.tmp/insert_es_380.pdf. Accessed on November 20, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, N. N., Brave, V. R., Khanna, S. (2010). Natural dyes versus lysochrome dyes in cheiloscopy: a comparative evaluation. J Forensic Dent Sci 2:11–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stiborová, M., Martínek, V., Rýdlová, H., Hodek, P., Frei, E. (2002). Sudan I is a potential carcinogen for humans: evidence for its metabolic activation and detoxification by human recombinant cytochrome P450 1A1 and liver microsomes. Cancer Res 62:5678–5684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiborová, M., Martínek, V., Rýdlová, H., Koblas, T., Hodek, P. (2005). Expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 and its contribution to oxidation of a potential human carcinogen 1-phenylazo-2-naphtol (Sudan I) in human livers. Cancer Lett 220:145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiborová, M., Martínek, V., Schmeiser, H. H., Frei, E. (2006). Modulation of CYP1A1-mediated oxidation of carcinogenic azo dye Sudan I and its binding to DNA by cytochrome b5. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 27:35–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surgical Histology Pathology Staining Manual. Special cells and tissues. Fat—Sudan Black B—propilenglycol. (2011). Available at: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/INTRO.PDF. Accessed on November 20, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Taketa, S., Amano, S., Tsujino, Y., Sato T., Saisho, D., Kakeda, K., et al. (2008). Barley grain with adhering hulls is controlled by an ERF family transcription factor gene regulating a lipid biosynthesis pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:4062–4067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Hindu. Online Eddition of Indian’s National Newspaper. (2006). Available at: http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/07/23/stories/2006072300340600.htm. Accessed on June 27, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya, A., Nagotani, S., Hayashi, T., Deguchi, K., Sehara, Y., Yamashita, T., et al. (2007). Macrophage infiltration, lectin-like oxidized-LDL receptor-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 are reduced by chronic HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. Curr Neurovasc Res 4:268–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viegas, M. S., Martins, T. C., Seco, F., do Carmo, A. (2007). An improved and cost-effective methodology for the reduction of autofluorescence in direct immunofluorescence studies on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Eur J Histochem 51:59–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y. H., Chen, W. C., Huang, C. K., Wu, H. S., Sun, Y. M., Lo, C. W., et al. (2011). Screening and evaluation of polyhydroxybutyrate-producing strains from indigenous isolate Cupriavidus taiwanensis strains. Int J Mol Sci 12:252–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xinhuas News Agency. (2007). Cancer-causing Dye Found in Lipsticks. Available at: http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/198981.htm. Accessed on November 5, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, H., Heinze, T. M., Chen, S., Cerniglia, C. E., Chen, H. (2007). Anaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphtol-based azo dyes (Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflora. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:7759–7762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, H., Heinze, T. M., Paine, D. D., Cerniglia, C. E., Chen, H. (2010). Sudan azo dyes and Para Red degradation by prevalent bacteria of the human gastrointestinal tract. Anaerobe 16:114–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemanova, Z., Stmadova, M., Jirsova, Z., Klusonova, P. (2009). Occurrence of lipids in the liver of the hypertriglyceridemic rats. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 153:37–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar