REFERENCES
- Andersen, R. M. (1995). Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: Does it matter? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 1–10. doi:10.2307/2137284
- Badr, H., Acitelli, L., Duck, S., & Carl, W. (2001). Weaving social support and relationships together. In B. R. Sarason & S. Duck (Eds.), Personal relationships: Implications for clinical and community psychology (pp. 1–14). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94. doi:10.1037/0033–2909.121.1.65
- Barkley, R. A. (2006). ADHD: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Barkley, R. A. (2010). Deficient emotional self-regulation: A core component of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of ADHD & Related Disorders, 1, 5–37.
- Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C. S., & Smallish, L. (1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: An 8-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 546–557. doi: 10.1097/00004583–199007000-00007
- Barkley, R., Murphy, K., & Fischer, M. (Eds.), (2008). ADHD in adults: What the science says. New York, NY: Guilford.
- Ben-Porath, D. D. (2002). Stigmatization of individuals who receive psychotherapy: An interaction between help-seeking behavior and the presence of depression. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 21, 400–413.
- Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Taylor, A., Sienna, M., Williamson, S., & Fine, C. (1998). Diagnostic continuity between child and adolescent ADHD: Findings from a longitudinal clinical sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 305–313. doi:10.1097/00004583-199803000-00016
- Biederman, J., Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (1998). Normalized functioning in youths with persistent ADHD. Journal of Pediatrics, 133, 544–551. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(98) 70065-4
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Brown, V. B., Melchior, L. A., Panter, A. T., Slaughter, R., & Huba, G. J. (2000). Women's steps of change and entry into drug abuse treatment: A multidimensional stages of change model. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18, 231–240. doi:10.1016/S0740- 5472(99)00049-5
- Bussings, R., Gary, F., Mills, T., & Garvan, C. (2003). Parental explanatory models of ADHD: Gender and cultural variations. Social Psychiatry and Psy- chiatric Epidemiology, 38(10), 563–575. doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0674-8
- Bussings, R., Schoenberg, N., & Perwien, A. (1998). Knowledge and information about ADHD: Evidence of cultural differences among African American and white parents. Social Science Medicine, 46(7), 919–928. doi:10.1016/S0277–9536(97)00219-0
- Canu, W. H., Newman, M. L., Morrow, T. L., & Pope, D. L. W. (2008). Social appraisal of adults with ADHD: Stigma and influences of the beholder's big five personality traits. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 700–710.
- Cauce, A., Domenech-Rodríguez, M., Paradise, M., Cochran, B., Shea, J., Srebnik, D., & Baydar, N. (2002). Cultural and contextual influences in mental health help-seeking: A focus on ethnic minority youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 44–55.
- Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In S. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (vol. 2, pp. 504–553). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
- Cross, T., Bazron, B., Dennis, K., & Isaacs, M. (1989). Towards a culturally competent system of care: A monograph on effective services for minority children who are severely emotionally disturbed. Washington, DC: CASSP Technical Assistance Center, Georgetown University Child Development Center.
- Eiraldi, R., Mazzuca, L., Clarke, A., & Power, T. (2006). Service utilization among ethnic minority children with ADHD: A model of help-seeking behavior. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, pp 1–16. Retrieved from, http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy2. library.drexel.edu/content/n165826u15765623/fulltext.pdf. doi:10.1007/s10488-006-0076-9
- Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T. J., Montano, C. B., & Biederman, J. (2004). ADHD in adults: A survey of current practice in psychiatry and primary care. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 1221–1226. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.11.1221
- Faraone, S. V., Wilens, T. E., & Petty, C. (2007). Substance use among ADHD adults: Implications of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses. American Journal on Addictions, 16(suppl. 1), 24–34. doi:10.1080/10550490601082767
- Franc, N., & Purper-Ouakil, D. (2009). ADHD medications and ethnicity. Current Attention Disorders Reports, 1, 159–164.
- Gibbins, C., & Weiss, M. (2009). Clinical recommendations in current practice guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in adults. Current Attention Disorders Reports, 1(3), 116–122. doi: 10.1007/s12618-009-0016-1
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Goldsmith, H., Jackson, D., & Hough, R. (1988). Process model of seeking mental health services: Proposed framework for organizing the research literature on help-seeking. In H. Goldsmith, E. Lin, R. Bell, & D. Jackson (Eds.), Needs assessment: Its future (pp. 49–64). (DHSS Publication No. ADM 88–1550). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Gomes, K., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2009). Primed for change: Facilitating factors in problem gambling treatment. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(1), 1–18.
- Goodman, D. (2007). The consequences of ADHD in adults. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 13(5), 318–327. doi:10.1097/01.pra.000029 0670.87236.18
- Guarnaccia, P. J. (1998). Multicultural experiences of family caregiving: A study of African American, European American and Hispanic American families. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 77, 45–62. doi:10.1002/yd.23319987706
- Hausmann-Muela, S., Ribera, J. M., & Nyamongo, I. (2003). Health seeking behaviour and the health system response. Disease Control and Priorities Project Working Paper No. 14. Retrieved from http://www.dcp2.org/file/29/wp14.pdf
- Herek, G. M. (1999). AIDS and stigma. American Behavioral Scientist, 42, 1106–1116.
- Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman.
- Kendall, J., & Hatton, D. (2002). Racism as a source of health disparity in families with children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Advances in Nursing Science, 25(2), 22–39.
- Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., … Zaslavsky, A. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 716–723. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.716
- Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Bruce, M. L., Koch, R., Laska E. M., Leaf, P. J., …Wang, P. S. (2001). The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness. Health Services Research, 36, 987–1006.
- Knouse, L. E., Cooper-Vince, C., Sprich, S., & Safren, S. (2008). Recent developments in the psychosocial treatment of adult ADHD. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 8, 1537–1548. doi:10.1586/14737175.8.10.1537
- Kodjo, C. (2009). Cultural competence in clinician communication. Pediatric Reviews, 30(2), 57–64. doi:10.1542/pir.30–2-57
- Kolar, D., Keller, A., Golfinopoulos, M., Cumyn, L., Syer, C., & Hechtman, L. (2008). Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(2), 389–403.
- Koro-Ljungberg, M., & Bussing, R. (2009). The management of courtesy stigma in the lives of families with teenagers with ADHD. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 1175–1200. doi:10.1177/0192513×09333707
- Leon, A. C., Olfson, M., Portera, L., Farber, L., & Sheehan, D. V. (1997). Assessing psychiatric impairment in primary care with the Sheehan Disability Scale. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 27, 93–105. doi:10.2190/T8EM-C8YH-373N-1UWD
- Lesaca, T. (2001). Executive functions in parents with ADHD. Psychiatric Times. Retrieved from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/adhd/content/article/10168/53746?pageNumber=2
- Malebranche, D., Arriola, K., Jenkins, T., Dauria, E., & Patel, S. (2010). Exploring the “bisexual bridge”: A qualitative study of risk behavior and disclosure of same sex behavior among black bisexual men. American Journal of Public Health, 100(1), 159–165.
- Ojeda, V., & Bergstresser, S. (2008). Gender, race-ethnicity, and psychosocial barriers to mental health care: An examination of perceptions and attitudes among adults reporting unmet need. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49(3), 317–335. doi:10.1177/002214650804900306
- Parens, E., & Johnston, J. (2009). Facts, values, and ADHD: An update on the controversies. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3(1). doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-3-1
- Pescosolido, B. A. (1991). Illness, careers and network ties: A conceptual model of utilization and compliance. Advances in Medical Sociology, 2, 161–184.
- Pescosolido, B. A., Wright, E. R., Alegría, M., & Vera, M. (1998). Social networks and patterns of use among the poor with mental health problems in Puerto Rico. Medical Care, 36, 1057–1072. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199807000-00012
- Prochaska, J. O. (1992). Helping patients at every stage of change. Behavioral Approaches to Addiction Journal, 1(1), 2–7.
- Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change in smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 5, 390–395. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390
- Prochaska, J., Redding, C., & Evers, K. (2002). The transtheoretical model and stages of change, In K. Glanz, F. Lewis, & B. Rimer (Eds.), Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice (3rd ed., pp. 99–120). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Ramsay, J. R. (2009). Evidenced-based psychosocial treatments for adult ADHD: A review. Current Attention Disorders Reports, 1, 85–91.
- Ramsay, J. R. (2010). Nonmedication treatments for adult ADHD: Evaluating impact on daily functioning and well-being. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Ray, G., Croen, L., & Habel, L. (2009). Mothers of children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Health conditions and medical care utilization in periods before and after birth of the child. Medical Care, 47(1), 105–114. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e31817e18c0.
- Rothman, A. J., Baldwin, A. S., & Hertel, A. W. (2004). Self-regulation and behavior change: Disentangling behavioral initiation and behavioral maintenance. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.) Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 130–148). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Rüdell, K., Bhui, K., & Priebe, S. (2008). Do ‘alternative’ help-seeking strategies affect primary care service use? A survey of help-seeking for mental distress. BioMedCenter Public Health, 8, 207–217. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-207
- Schmidt, S., & Petermann, F. (2009). Developmental psychopathology: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 9, 58–68. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-9-58
- Schomerus, G., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2008). Stigma and its impact on help-seeking for mental disorders: What do we know? Epidemiologiae Psichiatria Sociale, 17(1), 31–37.
- Spencer, T., Biederman, J., & Wilens, T. (2004). Nonstimulant treatment of ADHD. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27, 373–383. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2003.12.001
- Srebnik, D., Cauce, A. M., & Baydar, N. (1996). Help-seeking pathways for children and adolescents. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 4, 210–220. doi:10.1177/106342669600400402
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture and ethnicity—A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: Author, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General. Retrieved from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library
- Van Dorn, R., Swanson, J., Elbogen, E., & Swartz, M. (2005). A comparison of stigmatizing attitudes towards persons with schizophrenia in four stakeholder groups: Perceived likelihood of violence and desire for social distance. Psychiatry, 68(2), 152–163.
- Verheijden, M., Bakx, J., Delemarre, I., Wanders, A., Woudenbergh, N., Bottema, B., … Staveren, W. (2005). GPs’ assessment of patients’ readiness to change diet, activity and smoking. The British Journal of General Medicine, 55(515), 452–457.
- Waite, R. (2007). Women and attention deficit disorders: A great burden overlooked. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 19(3), 116–125.
- Waite, R. (2010). Women with ADHD: It's an explanation not the excuse de jour. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 46(3), 182–196. doi: 10.1111/j.1744–6163.2010.00254.x
- Waite, R. & Ramsay, J. (2010). Adults with ADHD: Who are we missing? Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(10), 670–678.
- Waite, R., & Tran, M. (2010). Adult ADHD: The role of cultural explanatory models. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 24(4), 247–259.
- Wender, P. H. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21, 761–774. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70039-3
- Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., & Spencer, T. J. (2002). ADHD across the lifespan. Annual Review of Medicine, 53, 113–131. doi.10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103945