4,164
Views
70
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Vitamin D and Depression: Where is all the Sunshine?

, PhD, RN, , PhD, RD, , BSN, RN & , PhD, RN, FAAN
Pages 385-393 | Published online: 07 May 2010

REFERENCES

  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2009). Vitamin D and Calcium: Systematic review of health outcomes. Evidence Report (AHRQ Publication No. 09-E015). Retrieved August 27, 2009, from www.ahrq.gov/tp/vitacaltp.htm
  • Armstrong, D. J., Meenagh, G. K., Bickle, I., Lee, A. S. H., Curran, E. S., & Finch, M. B. (2007). Vitamin D deficiency is associated with anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia. Clinical Rheumatology, 26, 551–554.
  • Arunabh, S., Pollack, S., Yes, J., & Aloia, J. F. (2003). Body fat content and 25-hydroxvitamin D levels in healthy women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88, 157–161.
  • Autier, P., & Gandini, S. (2007). Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, 1730–1737.
  • Berk, M., Sanders, K. M., Pasco, J. A., Jacka, F. N., Williams, L. J., Hayles, A. L., & Dodd, S. (2007). Vitamin D deficiency may play a role in depression. Medical Hypotheses, 69, 1316–1319.
  • Binkley, N., Novotny, R., Krueger, D., Kawahara, T., Daida, Y. G., Lensmeyer, B., Hollis, B. W., & Drezner, M. K. (2007). Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(6), 2130–2135.
  • Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A. (2007). The 25-hydroxyvitamin D threshold for better health. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 103, 614–619.
  • Bodnar, L. M., & Wisner, K. L. (2005). Nutrition and depression: Implications for improving mental health among childbearing-aged women. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 679–685.
  • Bouillon, R., Eelen, G., Verlinden, L., Mathieu, C., Carmeliet, G., & Verstuyf, A. (2006). Vitamin D and cancer. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 102, 156–162.
  • Brown, M., Goldstein-Shirley, J., Robinson, J., & Casey, S. (2001). The effects of a multi-modal intervention trial of light, exercise, and vitamins on women's mood. Women & Health, 34(3), 93–112.
  • Brown M. A., & Shirley J. L. (2005). Enhancing women's mood and energy: A research-based program for subthreshold depression using light, exercise, and vitamins. Holistic Nursing Practice, 19(6), 278–284.
  • Cashman, K. D. (2007). Vitamin D in childhood and adolescence. Postgraduate Medicine, 83, 230–235.
  • Cashman, K. D., Hill, T. R., Lucey, A. J., Taylor, N., Seamans, K. M., Muldowney, S., FitzGerald, A. P., Flynn, A., Barnes, M. S., Horigan, G., Bonham, M. P., Duffy, E. M., Strain, J. J., Wallace, J. M. W., & Kiely, M. (2008). Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88(6), 1535–1542.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). National report on biochemical indicators of diet and nutrition in the U.S. population 1999–2002. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/nutritionreport
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Health information for older adults. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/aging/info.htm.
  • Das, G., Crocombe, S., McGrath, M., Berry, J. L., & Mughal, M. Z. (2006). Hypovitaminosis D among healthy adolescent girls attending an inner city school. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91, 569–572.
  • Dawson-Hughes, B., Heaney, R. P., Holick, M. F., Lips, P., Meunier, P. J., & Vieth, R. (2005). Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporosis International, 16, 713–716.
  • Eyles, D., Brown, J., Mackay-Sim, A., McGrath, J., & Feron, F. (2003). Vitamin D3 and brain development. Neuroscience, 118, 641–653.
  • Eyles, D. W., Smith, S., Kinobe, R., Hewison, M., & McGrath, J. J. (2005). Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 29, 21–30.
  • Ginde, A. A., Liu, M. C., & Camargo, C. A. (2009). Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988–2004. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169, 626–632.
  • Gloth, F. M., Alam, W., & Hollis, B. (1999). Vitamin D vs broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Nutrition, Health, & Aging, 3(1), 5–7.
  • Gordon, C. M., DePeter, K. C., Feldman, H. A., Grace, E., & Emans, J. (2004). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among health adolescents. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 158, 531–537.
  • Harris, S. (2006). Vitamin D and African Americans. Journal of Nutrition, 136, 1126–1129.
  • Harris, S., & Dawson-Hughes, B. (1993). Seasonal mood changes in 250 normal women. Psychiatry Research, 49, 77–87.
  • Heaney, R. P. (2000). Vitamin D: How much do we need, and how much is too much? Osteoporosis International, 11, 553–555.
  • Heaney, R. P. (2006). Barriers to optimizing vitamin D3 intake for the elderly. Journal of Nutrition, 136, 1123–1125.
  • Holden, J. M., & Lemar, L. E. (2008). Assessing vitamin D contents in foods and supplements: Challenges and needs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88(2), 551S–553S.
  • Holick, M. F. (2004). Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune disease, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(S), 1678S–1688S.
  • Holick, M. F. (2006). Chapter 20: Vitamin D. In M. E. Shils, M. Shike, A. C. Ross, B. Caballero, & R. J. Cousins (Eds.), Modern nutrition in health and disease (10th ed., pp. 376–395). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
  • Holick, M. F. (2007). Vitamin D deficiency. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 266–281.
  • Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Lips, P., Dik, M. G., Deeg, D. J. H., Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx B. W. J. H. (2008). Depression is associated with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased parathyroid hormone levels in older adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(5), 508–512.
  • Institute of Medicine. (2009). Projects: dietary reference intakes for vitamin D and calcium. Retrieved February 11, 2009, from http://www.iom.edu/CMS/3788/61170.aspx
  • Jacobs, E. T., Alberts, D. S., Foote, J. A., Green, S. B., Hollis, B. W., Yu, Z., & Martinez, M. E. (2008). Vitamin D deficiency in southern Arizona. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(3), 608–613.
  • Johnson, J. L., Mistry, V. V., Vukovich, M. D., Hogle-Lorenzen T., Hollis, B. W., & Specker, B. L. (2005). Bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified process cheese and effects on vitamin D status in the elderly. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 2295–2301.
  • Jorde, R., Sneve, M., Figenschau, Y., Svartberg, J., & Waterloo, K. (2008). Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: Randomized double blind trial. Journal of Internal Medicine, 264, 599–609.
  • Jorde, R., Waterloo, K., Saleh, F., Haug, E., & Svartberg, J. (2006). Neuropsychological function in relation to serum parathyroid hormone and serum 25-hydroxvitamin D levels: The Tromso Study. Journal of Neurology, 253, 464–470.
  • Kenny, A. M., Biskup, B., Robbins, B., Marcella, G., & Burleson, J. A. (2003). Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical function, and health perception in older, community-welling men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 1762–1767.
  • Lakhan, S. E., & Viera, K. F. (2008). Nutritional therapies for mental disorders. Nutrition Journal, 7(2), doi:10.1186 /1475-2891-7-2.
  • Landsdowne, A. T. G., & Provost, S. C. (1998). Vitamin D3 enhances mood in healthy subjects during winter. Psychopharmacology, 135, 319–323.
  • Lee, J. H., O’Keefe, J. H., Bell, D., Hensrud, D. D., & Holick, M. F. (2008). Vitamin D deficiency: And important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor? Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52, 1949–1956.
  • Lemstra, M., Neudorf, C., D’Arcy, C., Kunst, A., Warren, L. M., & Bennett, N. R. (2008). A systematic review of depressed mood and anxiety by SES in youth aged 10–15 years. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 99(2), 125–129.
  • Leppamaki, S., Partonen, T., Hurme, J., Haukka, J., & Lonnqvist, J. (2002). Randomized trial of the efficacy of bright-light exposure and aerobic exercise on depressive symptoms and serum lipids. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(4), 316–321.
  • Levis, S., Gomez, A., Jimenez, C., Veras, L., Ma, F., Lai, S., Hollis, B., & Roos, B. A. (2005). Vitamin D deficiency and seasonal variation in an adult south Florida population. The Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90(3), 1557–1562.
  • Lucas M., Asselin G., Merette, C., Poulin, M-J., & Dodin, S. (2009). Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid for the treatment of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women: A double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 641–651.
  • Lustman, P., Penckofer, S., & Clouse, R. (2008). Recent advances in understanding depression adults with diabetes. Current Diabetes Report, 7, 114–122.
  • McCann, J. C., & Ames, B. N. (2008). Is there convincing biological or behavioral evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to brain dysfunction? FASEB Journal, 22, 982–1001.
  • McGill, A. T., Stewart, J. M., Lithander, F. E., Strik, C. M., & Poppitt, S. D. (2008). Relationships of low serum vitamin D3 with anthropometry and markers of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in overweight and obesity. Nutrition Journal, 7(4), doi: 10.1186/1475–2891-7–4.
  • McGrath, J., Saari, K., Hakko, H., Jokelainen, J., Jones, P., Jarvelin, M. R., Chant, D., & Isohanni, M. (2004). Vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life and risk of schizophrenia: A Finnish birth cohort study. Schizophrenia Research, 67(3), 237–245.
  • Mind. (2007). Ecotherapy: The green agenda for mental health. Retrieved September 2, 2008, from www.mind.org.uk/mindweek
  • Misra, M., Pacaud, D., Petryk, A., Collett-Solberg, P., Kappy, M. (2008) Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: Review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics, 122(2), 398–417.
  • Murakami, K., Mizoue, T., Sasaki, S., Ohta, M., Sato, M., Matusushita, Y., & Mishima, N. (2008). Dietary intake of folate, other B vitamins, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to depressive symptoms in Japanese adults. Nutrition, 24(2), 140–147.
  • Murphy, P. K., & Wagner, C. L. (2008). Vitamin D and mood disorders among women: An integrative review. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 53(5), 440–446.
  • National Institute of Mental Health. (2006). Bipolar disorder exacts twice depression's toll in workplace, productivity lags even after mood lifts. Retrieved July 29, 2008, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2006/bipolar-disorder-exacts-twice-depressions-toll-in-workplace-productivity-lags-even-after-mood-lifts.shtml
  • National Institute of Mental Health. (2008). The numbers count: Mental disorders in America. Retrieved July 29, 2008, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml
  • Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary supplement fact sheet: Vitamin D (Updated 9/11/2009). Retrieved October 20, 2009, from http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD_pf.asp
  • Olfson, M., Marcus, S. C., Tedeschi, M., & Wan, G. J. (2006). Continuity of antidepressant treatment for adults with depression in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 101–108.
  • Otten, J. J., Hellwig, J. P., & Meyers, L. D. (Eds). (2006). Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • Partonen, T., Vakkuri, O., Lamberg-Allardt, C., & Lonnqvist, J. (1996). Effects of bright light on sleepiness, melatonin, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in winter seasonal affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 865–872.
  • Payne, M. E., Jamerson, B. D., Potocky, C. F., Ashley-Koch, A. E., Speer, M. C., & Steffens, D. C. (2008). Natural food folate and late-life depression. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 108(9), A35.
  • Penckofer, S., Kouba, J., Wallis, D. E., & Emanuele, M. A. (2008). Vitamin D and diabetes: Let the sunshine in. Diabetes Educator, 34(6), 939–954.
  • Pittas, A. G., Lau J., Hu, F. B., & Dawson-Hughes, B. (2007). Review: The role of vitamin D and calcium in Type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92, 2017–2029.
  • Powell, H. S., & Greenberg, D. (2006). Tackling vitamin D deficiency. Postgraduate Medicine, 119, 25–30.
  • Rover, A. J., & O’Brien, K. O. (2008). Hypovitaminosis D among healthy children in the United States. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 162(6), 513–519.
  • Sanchez-Villegas, A., Doreste, J., Schlatter, J., Pla, J., Bes-Rastrollo, M., & Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A. (2009). Association between folate, vitamin B (6), and vitamin B (12) intake and depression in the SUN cohort study. Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, 22(2), 122–133.
  • Sanchez-Villegas, A., Henriquez, P., Figueiras, A., Ortuno, F., Lahortiga, F., & Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A. (2007). Long chain omega-3 fatty acids intake, fish consumption and mental disorders in the SUN cohort. European Journal of Nutrition, 46, 337–346.
  • Schneider, B., Weber, B., Frensch, A., Stein, J., & Fritze, J. (2000). Vitamin D in schizophrenia, major depression and alcoholism. Journal of Neural Transmission, 107, 839–842.
  • Segal, Z., Pearson, J., & Thase, M. (2003). Challenges in preventing relapse in major depression: Report of a National Institute of Mental Health workshop on state of the science of relapse prevention in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 77(2), 97–108.
  • Strine, T. W., Mokdad, A. H., Dube, S. R., Balluz, L. S., Gonzalez, O., Berry, J. T., Manderscheid, R., & Kroenke, K. (2008). The association of depression and anxiety with obesity and unhealthy behaviors across community dwelling US adults. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30, 127–137.
  • Talwar, S. A., Aloia, J. F., Pollack, S., & Yeh, J. K. (2007). Does response to vitamin D supplementation among postmenopausal African American women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86, 1657–1662.
  • Thase, M. (2003). Achieving remission and managing relapse in depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(suppl 18), 3–7.
  • Vieth, R. (1999). Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 842–856.
  • Vieth, R., Bischoff-Ferrari, H., Boucher, B. J., Dawson-Hughes, B., Garland, C. F., Heaney, R. P., Holick, M. F., Hollis, B. W., Lamberg-Allardt, C., McGrath, J. J., Norman, A. W., Scragg, R., Shiting, S. J., Willett, W. C., & Zittermann, A. (2007). The urgent need to recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effective. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85, 649–650.
  • Vieth, R., Kimball, S., Hu, A., & Walfish, P. G. (2004). Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D3 adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the well being of patients. Nutrition Journal, 3(8), doi: 10.1186 /1475-2891-3-8.
  • Wagner, C. L., Greer, F. R., & the Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Nutrition. (2008). Prevention of Rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics, 122, 1142–1152.
  • Wallis, D. E., Penckofer, S., & Sizemore, G. W. (2008). The “sunshine deficit” and cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 118, 1476–1485.
  • Whiting, S. J., & Calvo, M. S. (2005). Dietary recommendations to meet both endocrine and autocrine needs of vitamin D. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 97, 7–12.
  • Whiting, S. J., & Calvo, M. S. (2006). Optimizing vitamin D intake for populations with special needs: Barriers to effective food fortification and supplementation. Journal of Nutrition, 136, 1114–1116.
  • Wilkins, C. H., Sheline, Y. I., Roe, C. M., Birge, S. J., & Morris, J. C. (2006). Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(12), 1032–1040.
  • World Health Organization. (2008). Depression. Retrieved July 29, 2008, from http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/definition/en/print.html
  • Wortsman, J., Matsuoka, L. Y., Chen, T. C., Lu, Z., & Holick, M. F. (2000). Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, 690–693.
  • Zadshir A., Tareen, N., Pan, D., Norris, K., & Martins, D. (2005). The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among US adults: Data from the NHANES III. Ethnicity & Disease, 15(suppl. 5), S5-97–S5-101.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.