References
- Areskog B, Kjessler B, Uddenberg N. Identification of women with significant fear of childbirth during late pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1982;13:98–107
- Melender HL. Experiences of fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth: a study of 329 pregnant women. Birth 2002;29:101–11
- Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Halmesmaki E, Saisto T. Fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age, and obstetric history. BJOG 2009;116:67–73
- Nieminen K, Stephansson O, Ryding EL. Women's fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section – a cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009;88:807–13
- Saisto T, Ylikorkala O, Halmesmaki E. Factors associated with fear of delivery in second pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:679–82
- Areskog B, Uddenberg N, Kjessler B. Postnatal emotional balance in women with and without antenatal fear of childbirth. J Psychosom Res 1984;28:213–20
- Soderquist J, Wijma B, Thorbert G, Wijma K. Risk factors in pregnancy for post-traumatic stress and depression after childbirth. BJOG 2009;116:672–80
- Laursen M, Johansen C, Hedegaard M. Fear of childbirth and risk for birth complications in nulliparous women in the Danish national birth cohort. BJOG 2009;116:1350–5
- Kringeland T, Daltveit AK, Moller A. What characterizes women in Norway who wish to have a caesarean section? Scand J Public Health 2009;37:364–71
- Ryding EL. Investigation of 33 women who demanded a cesarean section for personal reasons. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72:280–5
- Saisto T, Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi JE, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intervention in fear of childbirth. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:820–6
- Saisto T, Toivanen R, Salmela-Aro K, Halmesmaki E. Therapeutic group psychoeducation and relaxation in treating fear of childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85:1315–19
- Sjogren B, Thomassen P. Obstetric outcome in 100 women with severe anxiety over childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997;76:948–52
- Nerum H, Halvorsen L, Sorlie T, Oian P. Maternal request for cesarean section due to fear of birth: Can it be changed through crisis-oriented counseling? Birth 2006;33:221–8
- Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Toivanen R, et al. Obstetric outcome after intervention for severe fear of childbirth in nulliparous women – randomised trial. BJOG 2013;120:75–84
- Ryding EL, Wirfelt E, Wangborg IB, et al. Personality and fear of childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007;86:814–20
- Saisto T, Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi JE, Halmesmaki E. Psychosocial characteristics of women and their partners fearing vaginal childbirth. BJOG 2001;108:492–8
- Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Gissler M, et al. Mental health problems common in women with fear of childbirth. BJOG 2011;118:1104–11
- Storksen HT, Eberhard-Gran M, Garthus-Niegel S, Eskild A. Fear of childbirth; the relation to anxiety and depression. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012;91:237–42
- Räisänen S, Lehto SM, Nielsen HS, et al. Fear of childbirth predicts postpartum depression: a population-based analysis of 511 422 singleton births in Finland. BMJ Open 2013;3:e004047
- Koubaa S, Hallstrom T, Hirschberg AL. Early maternal adjustment in women with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2008;41:405–10
- Poobalan AS, Aucott LS, Ross L, et al. Effects of treating postnatal depression on mother-infant interaction and child development: Systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2007;191:378–86
- Waldenstrom U, Hildingsson I, Rubertsson C, Radestad I. A negative birth experience: prevalence and risk factors in a national sample. Birth 2004;31:17–27
- Soderquist J, Wijma K, Wijma B. Traumatic stress after childbirth: the role of obstetric variables. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2002;23:31–9
- Larsson C, Saltvedt S, Edman G, et al. Factors independently related to a negative birth experience in first-time mothers. Sex Reprod Healthc 2011;2:83–9
- Fairbrother N, Woody SR. Fear of childbirth and obstetrical events as predictors of postnatal symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2007;28:239–42
- Wijma K, Wijma B, Zar M. Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 1998;19:84–97
- Kumar R, Robson KM, Smith AM. Development of a self-administered questionnaire to measure maternal adjustment and maternal attitudes during pregnancy and after delivery. J Psychosom Res 1984;28:43–51
- Cox J, Holden J, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:782–6
- Wijma K, Söderquist J, Carlsson I, Wijma B. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among gynaecological patients with a history of sexual and physical abuse. J Interpersonal Violence 2000;15:944–58
- Ziv Y. Attachment-based intervention programs: implications for attachment theory and research. In: Berlin L, Ziv Y, Amaya-Jackson L, Greenberg M, eds. Enhancing early attachments. New York: Guilford Press; 2005
- Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decision Process 1991;50:179–211
- Meichenbaum D. Stress inoculation training: a preventive and treatment approach. In: Woolfolk R, Lehrer P, eds. Principles and practices of stress management. New York: Guilford Press; 2007
- Salmela-Aro K, Read S, Rouhe H, et al. Promoting positive motherhood among nulliparous pregnant women with an intense fear of childbirth: RCT intervention. J Health Psychol 2012;17:520–34
- Zar M. Diagnostic aspects of fear of childbirth. PhD thesis. Linköping: Linköping University; 2001
- Rubertsson C, Borjesson K, Berglund A, et al. The Swedish validation of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) during pregnancy. Nord J Psychiatry 2011;65:414–18
- Aalto A, Ohinmaa A, Aro AR. Social support and quality of life in Finnish general population. Health Psychol Qual life Res 1995;2:620–6
- Pacheco A, Figueiredo B. Mother's depression at childbirth does not contribute to the effects of antenatal depression on neonate's behavioural development. Infant Behav Dev 2012;35:513–22
- Chuang CH, Liao HF, Hsieh WS, et al. Maternal psychosocial factors around delivery on development of 2-year-old children: a prospective cohort study. J Paediatr Child Health 2011;47:34–9
- Hoghughi M. The importance of parenting in child health. Doctors as well as the government should do more to support parents. BMJ 1998;316:1545
- Martins C, Gaffan EA. Effects of early maternal depression on patterns of infant-mother attachment: a meta-analytic investigation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2000;41:737–46
- Börjesson K. Mental illness: relation to childbirth and experience of motherhood. Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska University Press; 2005
- Landry SH, Smith KE, Swank PR. The importance of parenting during early childhood for school-age development. Dev Neuropsychol 2003;24:559–91
- Landry SH, Smith KE, Swank PR, Miller-Loncar CL. Early maternal and child influences on children's later independent cognitive and social functioning. Child Dev 2000;71:358–75
- Carter AS, Garrity-Rokous FE, Chazan-Cohen R, et al. Maternal depression and comorbidity: predicting early parenting, attachment security, and toddler social-emotional problems and competencies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:18–26
- Fonagy P, Bateman AW. Mechanisms of change in mentalization-based treatment of BPD. J Clin Psychol 2006;62:411–30
- Ryding EL, Wijma B, Wijma K. Posttraumatic stress reactions after emergency caesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997;76:856–61
- Sahlin M, Carlander-Klint AK, Hildingsson I, Wiklund I. First-time mothers' wish for a planned caesarean section: deeply rooted emotions. Midwifery 2013;29:447–52
- Fink NS, Urech C, Cavelti M, Alder J. Relaxation during pregnancy: what are the benefits for mother, fetus, and the newborn? A systematic review of the literature. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2012;26:296–306
- Gedde-Dahl M, Fors EA. Impact of self-administered relaxation and guided imagery techniques during final trimester and birth. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2012;18:60–5
- Bastani F, Hidarnia A, Montgomery KS, et al. Does relaxation education in anxious primigravid iranian women influence adverse pregnancy outcomes? A randomized controlled trial. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2006;20:138–46
- Webster J, Nicholas C, Velacott C, et al. Quality of life and depression following childbirth: impact of social support. Midwifery 2011;27:745–9
- Cacciatore J, Schnebly S, Froen JF. The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth. Health Soc Care Commun 2009;17:167–76
- Saisto T, Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi JE, Halmesmaki E. Psychosocial predictors of disappointment with delivery and puerperal depression. A longitudinal study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001;80:39–45
- Bilszta JL, Tang M, Meyer D, et al. Single motherhood versus poor partner relationship: outcomes for antenatal mental health. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008;42:56–65
- Ryding EL, Persson A, Onell C, Kvist L. An evaluation of midwives' counselling of pregnant women in fear of childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:10–7
- Sydsjo G, Sydsjo A, Gunnervik C, et al. Obstetric outcome for women who received individualized treatment for fear of childbirth during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012;91:44–9
- Lukasse M, Vangen S, Oian P, et al. Childhood abuse and fear of childbirth – a population-based study. Birth 2010;37:267–74
- Soderquist J, Wijma B, Wijma K. The longitudinal course of post-traumatic stress after childbirth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2006;27:113–9
- Ayers S, Joseph S, McKenzie-McHarg K, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth: current issues and recommendations for future research. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2008;29:240–50
- Ryding EL, Wijma K, Wijma B. Predisposing psychological factors for posttraumatic stress reactions after emergency cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998;77:351–2
- Bryant RA. Early intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder. Early Interv Psychiatry 2007;1:19–26
- Taylor A, Atkins R, Kumar R, et al. A new mother-to-infant bonding scale: links with early maternal mood. Arch Women Ment Health 2005;8:45–51
- Hurskainen R, Aalto AM, Teperi J, et al. Psychosocial and other characteristics of women complaining of menorrhagia, with and without actual increased menstrual blood loss. BJOG 2001;108:281–5