814
Views
75
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW ARTICLE

Endoscopic skull base surgery: a comprehensive comparison with open transcranial approaches

, , , &
Pages 637-648 | Received 09 Sep 2011, Accepted 31 Dec 2011, Published online: 10 Feb 2012

  • Lanzino G, Dumont AS, Lopes MBS, Laws ER Jr. Skull base chordomas: Overview of disease, management options, and outcome. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10:Article 12.
  • Samii M, Gerganov VM. Surgery of extra-axial tumors of the cerebral base. Neurosurgery 2008;62(6 Suppl 3):1153–68.
  • Tamaki N, Nagashima T, Ehara K, Motooka Y, Barua KK. Surgical approaches and strategies for skull base chordomas. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10:Article 9.
  • Bragg TM, Scianna J, Kassam A, . Clinicopathological review: Esthesioneuroblastoma. Neurosurgery 2009;64:764–70.
  • Dulguerov P, Allal AS, Calcaterra TC. Esthesioneuroblastoma: A meta-analysis and review. Lancet Oncol 2001;2:683–90.
  • Agrawal A, Cincu R, Goel A. Current concepts and controversies in the management of non-functioning giant pituitary macroadenomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007;109:645–50.
  • King WA, Jodts GE Jr, Becker DP, Mc Bride DQ. Microsurgical management of giant pituitary tumors. Skull Base Surgery 1996;6:17–26.
  • Black PM, Villavicencio AT, Rhouddou C, Loeffler JS. Aggressive surgery and focal radiation in the management of meningiomas of the skull base: Preservation of function with maintenance of local control. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143:555–62.
  • Rachinger W, Grau S, Tonn JC. Different microsurgical approaches to meningiomas of the anterior cranial base. Acta Neurochir 2010;152:931–9.
  • Schwartz TH, Fraser JF, Brown S, Tabaee A, Kacker A, Anand VK. Endoscopic cranial base surgery: Classification of operative approaches. Neurosurgery 2008;62:991–1005.
  • Dehdashti AR, Ganna A, Witterick I, Gentili F. Expanded endoscopic endonasal approach for anterior cranial base and suprasellar lesions: Indications and limitations. Neurosurgery 2009;64:677–89.
  • Jho HD. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. J Neuro Oncol 2001;54:187–95.
  • Casler JD, Doolittle AM, Mair EA. Endoscopic surgery of the anterior skull base. Laryngoscope 2005;115:16–24.
  • Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Raper DMS, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. The endoscope-assisted ventral approach compared with open microscope-assisted surgery for clival chordomas: A systematic review of outcomes. World Neurosurg 2011;76:318–27.
  • Kassam AB, Snyderman C, Gardner P, . The expanded endonasal approach: A fully endoscopic transnasal approach and resection of the odontoid process: Technical case report. Neurosurgery 2005;57 (ONS Suppl 1):213–4.
  • Nayak JV, Gardner PA, Vescan AD, . Experience with the expanded endonasal approach for resection of the odontoid process in rheumatoid disease. Am J Rhinol 2007;21:601–6.
  • Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Raper DMS, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic endonasal versus transsphenoidal microscopic and open transcranial resection of craniopharyngiomas: A systematic analysis of outcomes. World Neurosurg 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
  • Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Raper DMS, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic endonasal versus open transcranial resection of anterior midline skull base meningiomas: A systematic review of outcomes. World Neurosurg 2012; 77:713–24.
  • Bassiouni H, Asgari S, Stolke D. Olfactory groove meningiomas: Functional outcome in a series treated microsurgically. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2007;149:109–121.
  • Colli BO, Carlotti CG Jr, Assirati JA Jr, . Olfactory groove meningiomas: Surgical technique and follow-up review. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2007;65:795–9.
  • de Aguiar PHP, Tahara A, Almeida AN, . Olfactory groove meningiomas: Approaches and complications. J Clin Neurosci 2009;16:1168–73.
  • de Divitiis E, Esposito F, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, de Divitiis O, Esposito I. Endoscopic transnasal resection of anterior cranial fossa meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus 2008;25:E8.
  • El Bahy K. Validity of the frontolateral approach as a minimally invasive corridor for olfactory groove meningiomas. Acta Neurochir 2009;151:1197–205.
  • El Gindi S. Olfactory groove meningioma: Surgical techniques and pitfalls. Surg Neurol 2000;54:415–7.
  • Gardner PA, Kassam AB, Thomas A, . Endoscopic endonasal resection of anterior cranial base meningiomas. Neurosurgery 2008;63:36–54.
  • Gazzeri R, Galarza M, Gazzeri G. Giant olfactory groove meningioma: Ophthalmological and cognitive outcome after bifrontal microsurgical approach. Acta Neurochir 2008;150: 1117–26.
  • Hentschel SJ, De Monte F. Olfactory groove meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus 2003;14:Article 4.
  • Nakamura M, Struck M, Roser F, Vorkapic P, Samii M. Olfactory groove meningiomas: Clinical outcome and recurrence rates after tumor removal through the frontolateral and bifrontal approach. Neurosurgery 2007;60:844–52.
  • Obeid F, Al-Mefty O. Recurrence of olfactory groove meningiomas. Neurosurgery 2003;53:534–43.
  • Romani R, Lehecka M, Gaal E, . Lateral supraorbital approach applied to olfactory groove meningiomas: Experience with 66 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery 2009;65:39–53.
  • Snyder WE, Shah MV, Weisberger EC, Campbell RL. Presentation and patterns of late recurrence of olfactory groove meningiomas. Skull Base Surgery 2000;10:131–9.
  • Spektor S, Valarezo J, Fliss DM, . Olfactory groove meningiomas from neurosurgical and ear, nose, and throat perspectives: Approaches, techniques, and outcomes. Neurosurgery 2005; 57(ONS Suppl 3):268–80.
  • Tuna H, Bozkurt M, Ayten M, Erdogan A, Deda H. Olfactory groove meningiomas. J Clin Neurosci 2005;12:664–8.
  • Welge-Luessen A, Temmel A, Quint C, Moll B, Wolf S, Hummel T. Olfactory function in patients with olfactory groove meningioma. J Neurol NeurosurgPsychiatry 2001;70:218–21.
  • Zevgaridis D, Medele RJ, Muller A, Hischa AC, Steiger HJ. Meningiomas of the sellar region presenting with visual impairment: Impact of various prognostic factors on surgical outcome in 62 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143:471–6.
  • Ali N, Akunjee M, Abfat F. Acute and severe visual loss due to an olfactory groove meningioma. Can J Ophthalmol 2009;44:e49–e50.
  • Klein O, Freppel S, Auque J, Civit T. Cavernous angioma within an olfactory groove meningioma. J Neurosurg 2006;104:325–8.
  • O’Brien DF, Farrell M, Pidgeon CN. Combined nasal and skull base pathology: Adjacent nasal schwannoma and olfactory groove meningioma. BrJ Neurosurg 2005;19:446–8.
  • Tachikawa T, Adachi JI, Nishikawa R, Matsutani M. An anterior ethmoidal artery aneurysm associated with an olfactory groove meningioma. J Neurosurg 2002;97:1479.
  • Webb-Myers R, Wormald PJ, Brophy B. An endoscopic endonasal technique for resection of olfactory groove meningioma. J Clin Neurosci 2008;15:451–5.
  • Wei CP, Wang AD, Tsai MD. Resection of giant olfactory groove meningioma with extradural devascularization. Skull Base 2002;12:27–31.
  • Arai H, Sato K, Okuda O, . Transcranial transsphenoidal approach for tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2000;142:751–7.
  • Bassiouni H, Asgari S, Stolke D. Tuberculum sellae meningiomas: Functional outcome in a consecutive series treated microsurgically. Surg Neurol 2006;66:37–45.
  • Ceylan S, Koc K, Anik I. Extended endoscopic approaches for midline skull-base lesions. Neurosurg Rev 2009;32:309–319.
  • Chi JH, McDermott MW. Tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus 2003;14:Article 6.
  • Ciric I, Rosenblatt S. Suprasellar meningiomas. Neurosurgery 2001;49:1372–7.
  • Cook SW, Smith Z, Kelly DF. Endonasal transsphenoidal removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas: Technical note. Neurosurgery 2004;55:239–46.
  • Couldwell WT, Weiss MH, Rabb C, Liu JK, Apfelbaum RI, Fukushima T. Variations on the standard transsphenoidal approach to the sellar region, with emphasis on the extended approaches and parasellar approaches: Surgical experience in 105 cases. Neurosurgery 2004;55:539–50.
  • de Divitiis E, Cavallo LM, Esposito F, Stella L, Messina A. Extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach for tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Neurosurgery 2007;61(ONS Suppl 2);229–38.
  • de Divitiis E, Esposito F, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, de Divitiis O. Tuberculum sellae meningiomas: High route or low route? A series of 51 consecutive cases. Neurosurgery 2008;62:556–63.
  • Dusick JR, Esposito F, Kelly DF, . The extended direct endonasal transsphenoidal approach for nonadenomatous suprasellar tumors. J Neurosurg 2005;102:832–41.
  • Fahlbusch R, Schott W. Pterional surgery of meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale: Surgical results with special consideration of ophthalmological and endocrinological outcomes. J Neurosurg 2002;96:235–43.
  • Fatemi N, Dusick JR, de Paiva Neto MA, Malkasian D, Kelly DF. Endonasal versus supraorbital keyhole removal of craniopharyngiomas and tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Neurosurgery 2009;64(ONS Suppl 2):269–87.
  • Finn JE, Mount LA. Meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale. Arch Ophthalmol 1974;92:23–7.
  • Galal A, Faisal A, Al-Werdany M, El Shehaby A, Lotfy T, Moharram H. Determinants of postoperative visual recovery in suprasellar meningiomas. Acta Neurochir 2010;152:69–77.
  • Ganna A, Dehdashti AR, Karabatsou K, Gentili F. Fronto-basal interhemispheric approach for tuberculum sellae meningiomas; long-term visual outcome. BrJ Neurosurg 2009;23:422–30.
  • Goel A, Muzumdar D, Desai KI. Tuberculum sellae meningioma: A report on management on the basis of a surgical experience with 70 patients. Neurosurgery 2002;51:1358–64.
  • Gokalp HZ, Arasil E, Kanpolat Y, Balim T. Meningiomas of the tuberculum sella. Neurosurg Rev 1993;16:111–4.
  • Hullay J, Gombi R, Velok G, Rozsa L, Borus F. Planum sphenoidale meningioma: Attachment and blood supply. Acta Neurochir 1980;52:9–12.
  • Iwai Y, Yamanaka K, Nakajima H. The treatment of skull base meningiomas – combining surgery and radiosurgery. J Clin Neurosci 2001;8:528–33.
  • Jallo GI, Benjamin V. Tuberculum sellae meningiomas: Microsurgical anatomy and surgical technique. Neurosurgery 2002;51:1432–40.
  • Kim TW, Jung S, Jung TY, Kim IY, Kang SS, Kim SH. Prognostic factors of postoperative visual outcomes in tuberculum sellae meningioma. BrJ Neurosurg 2008;22:231–4.
  • Kitano M, Taneda M, Nakao Y. Postoperative improvement in visual function in patients with tuberculum sellae meningiomas: Results of the extended transsphenoidal and transcranial approaches. J Neurosurg 2007;107:337–46.
  • Laufer I, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic, endonasal extended transsphenoidal, transplanum transtuberculum approach for resection of suprasellar lesions. J Neurosurg 2007;106:400–406.
  • Leng LZ, Brown S, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. “Gasket-seal” watertight closure in minimal-access endoscopic cranial base surgery. Neurosurgery 2008;62(ONS Suppl 2):E342–E343.
  • Li X, Liu M, Liu Y, Zhu S. Surgical management of tuberculum sellae meningiomas. J Clin Neurosci 2007;14:1150–4.
  • Nakamura M, Roser F, Struck M, Vorkapic P, Samii M. Tuberculum sellae meningiomas: Clinical outcome considering different surgical approaches. Neurosurgery 2006;59:1019–29.
  • Ohta K, Yasuo K, Morikawa M, Nagashima T, Tamaki N. Treatment of tuberculum sellae meningiomas: A long-term follow-up study. J Clin Neurosci 2001:8(Suppl 1):26–31.
  • Otani N, Muroi C, Yano H, Khan N, Pangalu A, Yonekawa Y. Surgical management of tuberculum sellae meningioma: Role of selective extradural anterior clinoidectomy. Br J Neurosurg 2006;20:129–38.
  • Pamir MN, Ozduman K, Belirgen M, Kilic T, Ozek MM. Outcome determinants of pterional surgery for tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005;147:1121–30.
  • Park CK, Jung HW, Yang SY, Seol HJ, Paek SH, Kim DG. Surgically treated tuberculum sellae and diaphragm sellae meningiomas: The importance of short-term visual outcome. Neurosurgery 2006;59:238–43.
  • Sade B, Lee JH. High incidence of optic canal involvement in tuberculum sellae meningiomas: Rational for aggressive skull base approach. Surg Neurol 2009;72:118–23.
  • Schick U, Hassler W. Surgical management of tuberculum sellae meningiomas: Involvement of the optic canal and visual outcome. J Neurol NeurosurgPsychiatry 2005;76:977–83.
  • Wang Q, Lu XJ, Ji WY, . Visual outcome after extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for tuberculum sellae meningiomas. World Neurosurg 2010;73:694–700.
  • Kaptain GJ, Vincent DA, Sheehan JP, Laws Jr ER. Transsphenoidal approaches for the extracapsular resection of midline suprasellar and anterior cranial base lesions. Neurosurgery 2001;49:94–101.
  • Mathiesen T, Kihlstrom L. Visual outcome of tuberculum sellae meningiomas after extradural optic nerve decompression. Neurosurgery 2006;59:570–6.
  • Nyquist GG, Anand VK, Singh A, Schwartz TH. Janus flap: Bilateral nasoseptal flaps for anterior skull base reconstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;142:327–31.
  • Ebner FH, Bornemann A, Wilhelm H, Ernemann U, Honegger J. Tuberculum sellae meningioma symptomatic during pregnancy: Pathophysiological considerations. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2008;150:189–93.
  • Marano SR, Sonntag VKH, Spetzler RF. Planum sphenoidale meningioma mimicking pituitary apoplexy: A case report. Neurosurgery 1984;15:859–62.
  • Mohit A, Grant G, Stevenson K, . A large planum sphenoidale meningioma with sinonasal extension in a child. Pediatric Neurosurg 2003;39:270–4.
  • Presutti L, Trani M, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Marchioni D. Exclusive endoscopic removal of a planum sphenoidale meningioma: A case report. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2008;51:51–3.
  • Prevedello DM, Thomas A, Gardner P, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Kassam AB. Endoscopic endonasal resection of a synchronous pituitary adenoma and a tuberculum sellae meningioma: Technical case report. Neurosurgery 2007;60(ONS Suppl 2):E401.
  • Sughrue ME, Kane AJ, Shangari G, . The relevance of Simpson Grade I and II resection in modern neurosurgical treatment of World Health Organization Grade I meningiomas. J Neurosurg 2010;113:1029–35.
  • Al-Mefty O, Ayoubi S, Kadri PAS. The petrosal approach for the total removal of giant retrochiasmatic craniopharyngiomas in children. J Neurosurg 2007;106(2 Suppl Pediatrics):87–92.
  • Albright AL, Hadjipanayis CG, Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, Pollack IF, Adelson PD. Individualized treatment of pediatric craniopharyngiomas. Childs Nerv Syst 21:649–54.
  • Barua KK, Ehara K, Kohmura E, Tamaki N. Treatment of recurrent craniopharyngiomas. Kobe J Med Sci 2003;49:123–32.
  • Bulow B, Attewell R, Hagmar L, Malmstrom P, Nordstrom CH, Erfurth EM. Postoperative prognosis in craniopharyngioma with respect to cardiovascular mortality, survival and tumor recurrence. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1998;83:3897–904.
  • Caldarelli M, Massimi L, Tamburrini G, Cappa M, Di Rocco C. Long-term results of the surgical treatment of craniopharyngioma: The experience at the Policlinico Gemelli, Catholic University, Rome. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:747–57.
  • Chakrabarti I, Amar AP, Couldwell W, Weiss MH. Long-term neurological, visual, and endocrine outcomes following transnasal resection of craniopharyngioma. J Neurosurg 2005;102:650–7.
  • Chen C, Okera S, Davies PE, Selva D, Crompton JL. Craniopharyngioma: A review of long-term visual outcome. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003; 31:220–8.
  • de Vile CJ, Grant DB, Kendall BE, . Management of childhood craniopharyngioma: Can the morbidity of radical surgery be predicted? J Neurosurg 1996;85:73–81.
  • Duff JM, Meyer FB, Ilstrup DM, Laws Jr ER, Schleck CD, Scheithauer BW. Long-term outcomes for surgically resected craniopharyngiomas. Neurosurgery 2000;46:291.
  • Elliott RE, Wisoff JH. Successful surgical treatment of craniopharyngioma in very young children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2009;3:397–406.
  • Elliott RE, Hsieh K, Hochman T, Belitskaya-Levy I, Wisoff J, Wisoff JH. Efficacy and safety of radical resection of primary and recurrent craniopharyngiomas in 86 children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2010;5:30–48.
  • Ersahin Y, Yurtseven T, Ozgiray E, Mutluer S. Craniopharyngiomas in children: Turkey experience. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:766–72.
  • Fahlbusch R, Honegger J, Paulus W, Huk W, Buchfelder M. Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas: Experience with 168 patients. J Neurosurg 1999;90:237–50.
  • Fisher PG, Jenab J, Goldthwaite PT, . Outcomes and failure patterns in childhood craniopharyngiomas. Childs Nerv Syst 1998;14:558–63.
  • Golshani KJ, Lalwani K, Delashaw Jr JB, Selden NR. Modified orbitozygomatic craniotomy for craniopharyngioma resection in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2009;4:345–52.
  • Gsponer J, De Tribolet N, Deruaz JP, . Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of pituitary tumors and other abnormal intrasellar masses: Retrospective analysis of 353 patients. Medicine 1999;78:236–69.
  • Gupta DK, Ojha BK, Sarkar C, Mahapatra AK, Sharma BS, Mehta VS. Recurrence in pediatric craniopharyngiomas: Analysis of clinical and histological features. Childs Nerv Syst 2006;22:50–5.
  • Hamlat A, Morandi X, Riffaud L, . Transtemporal-transchoroidal approach and its transamygdala extension to the posterior chiasmatic cistern and diencephalo-mesencephalic lesions. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2008;150:317–28.
  • Honegger J, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R. Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas: Endocrinological results. J Neurosurg 1999;90:251–7.
  • Hukin J, Visser J, Sargent M, Goddard K, Fryer C, Steinbok P. Childhood craniopharyngioma: Vancouver experience. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:758–65.
  • Inoue HK, Fujimaki H, Kohga H, Ono N, Hirato M, Ohye C. Basal interhemispheric supra- and/or infrachiasmal approaches via superomedial orbitotomy for hypothalamic lesions: Preservation of hypothalamo-pituitary functions in combination treatment with radiosurgery. Childs Nerv Syst 1997;13:250–6.
  • Jang WY, Lee KS, Son BC, . Repeat operations in pediatric patients with recurrent craniopharyngiomas. Pediatr Neurosurg 2009;45:451–5.
  • Jung TY, Jung S, Choi JE, Moon KS, Kim IY, Kang SS. Adult craniopharyngiomas: Surgical results with special focus on endocrinological outcomes and recurrence according to pituitary stalk preservation. J Neurosurg 2009;111:572–7.
  • Kabil MS, Shahinian HK. Application of the supraorbital endoscopic approach to tumors of the anterior cranial base. J Craniofac Surg 2005;16:1070–4.
  • Kalapurakal JA, Goldman S, Hsieh YC, Tomita T, Marymont MH. Clinical outcome in children with craniopharyngioma treated with primary surgery and radiotherapy deferred until relapse. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:214–8.
  • Karavitaki N, Brufani C, Warner JT, . Craniopharyngiomas in children and adults: Systematic analysis of 121 cases with long-term follow-up. Clin Endocrinol 2005;62:397–409.
  • Khafaga Y, Jenkin D, Kanaan I, Hassounah M, Al Shabanah M, Gray A. Craniopharyngioma in children. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1998;42:601–6.
  • Kim SK, Wang KC, Shin SH, Choe G, Chi JG, Cho BK. Radical excision of pediatric craniopharyngioma: Recurrence pattern and prognostic factors. Childs Nerv Syst 2001;17:531–6.
  • Larijani B, Bastanhagh MH, Pajouhi M, Kargar Shadab F, Vasigh A, Aghakhani S. Presentation and outcome of 93 cases of craniopharyngioma. Eur J Canc Care 2004;13:11–5.
  • Lena G, Paredes AP, Scavarda D, Giusiano B. Craniopharyngioma in children: Marseille experience. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21: 778–84.
  • Maira G, Anile C, Rossi GF, Colosimo C. Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas: An evaluation of the transsphenoidal and pterional approaches. Neurosurgery 1995;36:715–24.
  • Minamida Y, Mikami T, Hashi K, Houkin K. Surgical management of the recurrence and regrowth of craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg 2005;103:224–32.
  • Merchant TE, Kiehna EN, Sanford RA, . Craniopharyngioma: The St Jude Children's Research Hospital experience 1984–2001. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;53:533–42.
  • Moon SH, Kim IH, Park SW, . Early adjuvant radiotherapy toward long-term survival and better quality of life for craniopharyngiomas – a study in single institute. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:799–807.
  • Mottolese C, Szathmari A, Berlier P, Hermier M. Craniopharyngiomas: Our experience in Lyon. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:790–8.
  • Rajan B, Ashley S, Thomas DGT, Marsh H, Britton J, Brada M. Craniopharyngioma: Improving outcome by early recognition and treatment of acute complications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;37:517–21.
  • Sainte-Rose C, Puget S, Wray A, . Craniopharyngioma: The pendulum of surgical management. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:691–5.
  • Schubert T, Trippel M, Tacke U, . Neurosurgical treatment strategies in childhood craniopharyngiomas: Is less more? Childs Nerv Syst 2009;25:1419–27.
  • Shi XE, Wu B, Zhou ZQ, Fan T, Zhang YL. Microsurgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas: Report of 284 patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006;119:1653–63.
  • Shirane R, Hayashi T, Tominaga T. Fronto-basal interhemispheric approach for craniopharyngiomas extending outside the suprasellar cistern. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:669–78.
  • Siomin V, Spektor S, Beni-Adani L, Constantini S. Application of the orbito-cranial approach in pediatric neurosurgery. Childs Nerv Syst 2001;17:612–7.
  • Sosa IJ, Krieger MD, McComb JG. Craniopharyngioma of childhood: The CHLA experience. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:785–9.
  • Stripp DCH, Maity A, Janss AJ, . Surgery with or without radiation therapy in the management of craniopharyngiomas in children and young adults. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;58:714–20.
  • Tena-Suck ML, Salinas-Lara C, Arce-Arellano RI, . Clinico-pathological and immunohistochemical characteristics associated to recurrence/regrowth of craniopharyngiomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006;108:661–9.
  • Thompson D, Phipps K, Hayward R. Craniopharyngioma in childhood: Our evidence-based approach to management. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:660–8.
  • Tomita T, Bowman RM. Craniopharyngiomas in children: Surgical experience at Children's Memorial Hospital. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:729–46.
  • Van Effenterre R, Boch AL. Craniopharyngioma in adults and children: Study of 122 surgical cases. J Neurosurg 2002;97:3–11.
  • Villani RM, Tomei G, Bello L, . Long-term results of treatment for craniopharyngioma in children. Childs Nerv Syst 1997;13:397–405.
  • Zuccaro G, Jaimovich R, Mantese B, Monges J. Complications in paediatric craniopharyngioma treatment. Childs Nerv Syst 1996;12:385–91.
  • Zuccaro G. Radical resection of craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:679–90.
  • Pierre-Kahn A, Recassens C, Pinto G, . Social and psycho-intellectual outcome following removal of craniopharyngiomas in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 2005;21:817–24.
  • Puget S, Garnett M, Wray M, . Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: Classification and treatment according to the degree of hypothalamic involvement. J Neurosurg 2007;106(1 Suppl Pediatrics):3–12.
  • Deutsch H, Kothbauer K, Persky M, Epstein FJ, Jallo GI. Infrasellar craniopharyngiomas: Case report and review of the literature. Skull Base 2001;11:121–8.
  • Fraioli MF, Santoni R, Fraioli C, Contratti F. “Conservative” surgical approach and early postoperative radiotherapy in a patient with a huge cystic craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst 2006;22:151–5.
  • Abe T, Ludecke D. Transnasal surgery for infradiaphragmatic craniopharyngiomas in pediatric patients. Neurosurgery 1999;44:957–64.
  • Burkey BB, Speyer MT, Maiunas RJ, Fitzpatrick JM, Galloway Jr RL, Allen GS. Sublabial, transseptal, transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary region guided by the ACUSTAR I system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:191–4.
  • Dusick JR, Fatemi N, Mattozo C, . Pituitary function after endonasal surgery for nonadenomatous parasellar tumors: Rathke's cleft cysts, craniopharyngiomas, and meningiomas. Surg Neurol 2008;70:482–91.
  • Kaptain GJ, Vincent DA, Sheehan JP, Laws Jr, ER. Transsphenoidal approaches for the extracapsular resection of midline suprasellar and anterior cranial base lesions. Neurosurgery 2001;49:94–101.
  • Khouri JG, Chen MY, Watson JC, Oldfield EH. Resection of suprasellar tumors by using a modified transsphenoidal approach. J Neurosurg 2000;92:1028–35.
  • Kitano M, Taneda M. Extended transsphenoidal surgery for suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: Infrachiasmatic radical resection combined with or without a suprachiasmatic trans-lamina terminalis approach. Surg Neurol 2009;71:290–8.
  • Maira G, Anile C, Albanese A, Cabezas D, Pardi F, Vignati A. The role of transsphenoidal surgery in the treatment of craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg 2004;100:445–51.
  • Norris JS, Pavaresh M, Afshar F. Primary transsphenoidal microsurgery in the treatment of craniopharyngiomas. Br J Neurosurg 1998;12:305–12.
  • Arbolay OL, Gonzalez JG, Gonzalez RH, Galvez YH. Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the skull base. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2009;52:114–8.
  • Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, Colao A, . Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach: Outcome analysis of 100 consecutive procedures. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2002;45:193–200.
  • Cavallo LM, Prevedello DM, Solari D, . Extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for residual or recurrent craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg 2009;111:578–89.
  • de Divitiis E, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, Esposito F, de Divitiis O, Messina A. Extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach for extrasellar craniopharyngiomas. Neurosurgery 2007;61(ONS Suppl 2):ONS219–ONS228.
  • Frank G, Pasquini E, Doglietto F, . The endoscopic extended transsphenoidal approach for craniopharyngiomas. Neurosurgery 2006;59(ONS Suppl 1):ONS75–ONS83.
  • Frazier JL, Chaichana K, Jallo GI, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Combined endoscopic and microscopic management of pediatric pituitary region tumors through one nostril: Technical note with case illustrations. Childs Nerv Syst 2008;24:1469–78.
  • Gardner PA, Kassam AB, Snyderman CH, . Outcomes following endoscopic, expanded endonasal resection of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: A case series. J Neurosurg 2008;109:6–16.
  • Jane Jr JA, Kiehna E, Payne SC, Early SV, Laws Jr ER. Early outcomes of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for adult craniopharyngiomas. Neurosurg Focus 2010;28:E9.
  • Jho HD, Carrau RL. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery: Experience with 50 patients. J Neurosurg 1997;87:44–51.
  • Locatelli D, Levi D, Rampa F, Pezzotta S, Castelnuovo P. Endoscopic approach for the treatment of relapses in cystic craniopharyngiomas. Childs Nerv Syst 2004;20:863–7.
  • Moses R, Keane W, Andrews D, Goel R, Simeone F. Endoscopic transseptal transsphenoidal hypophysectomy with three-dimensional intraoperative localization technology. Laryngoscope 1999;109:509–12.
  • Stamm AC, Vellutini E, Harvey RJ, Nogeir Jr JF, Herman DR. Endoscopic transnasal craniotomy and the resection of craniopharyngioma. Laryngoscope 2008;118:1142–8.
  • Thomas RF, Monacci WT, Mair EA. Endoscopic image-guided transethmoid pituitary surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:409–16.
  • Fujimoto Y, Fujimoto Y, Kato A, Yoshimine T. Neuroendoscopic palliation for large cystic craniopharyngioma in an elderly patient. BrJ Neurosurg 2007;21:618–20.
  • Rudnick EF, Di Nardo LJ. Image-guided endoscopic endonasal resection of a recurrent craniopharyngioma. Am J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;27:266–7.
  • Blevins NH, Jackler RK, Kaplan MJ, Gutin PH. Combined transpetrosal-subtemporal craniotomy for clival tumors with extension into the posterior fossa. Laryngoscope 1995;105:975–82.
  • Cho YH, Kim JH, Khang SK, Lee JK, Kim CJ. Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: Comparative analysis of clinical results in 30 patients. Neurosurg Rev 2008;31:35–43.
  • Choi D, Melcher R, Harms J, Crockard A. Outcome of 132 operations in 97 patients with chordomas of the craniocervical junction and upper cervical spine. Neurosurgery 2010;66:59–65.
  • Colli BO, Al-Mefty O. Chordomas of the craniocervical junction: Follow-up review and prognostic factors. J Neurosurg 2001;95: 933–43.
  • Ferraresi V, Nuzzo C, Zoccali C, . Chordoma: Clinical characteristics, management and prognosis of a case series of 25 patients. BMC Canc 2010;10:22–32.
  • Goel A. Extended middle fossa approach for petroclival lesions. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995;135:78–83.
  • Goel A. Middle fossa sub-Gasserian ganglion approach to clivus chordomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995;136:212–6.
  • Ito E, Saito K, Okada T, Nagatani T, Nagasaka T. Long-term control of clival chordoma with initial aggressive surgical resection and gamma knife radiosurgery for recurrence. Acta Neurochir 2010;152:57–67.
  • Keisch ME, Garcia DM, Shibuya RB. Retrospective long-term follow-up analysis in 21 patients with chordomas of various sites treated at a single institution. J Neurosurg 1991;75:374–7.
  • Khaoroptham S, Jittapiromsak P, Siwanuwatn R, Chantra K. The outcome of surgical treatment for tumors of the craniocervical junction. J Med Assoc Thai 2007;90:1450–7.
  • Kyoshima K, Oikawa S, Kanaji M, . Repeat operations in the management of clival chordomas: Palliative surgery. J Clin Neurosci 2003;10:571–8.
  • Maira G, Pallini R, Anile C, . Surgical treatment of clival chordomas: The transsphenoidal approach revisited. J Neurosurg 1996;85:784–92.
  • Mizerny BR, Kost KM. Chordoma of the cranial base: The McGill experience. J Otolaryngol 1995;24:14–19.
  • Mortini P, Mandelli C, Franzin A, Giugni F, Giovanelli M. Surgical excision of clival tumors via the enlarged transchochlear approach. J NeurosurgSci 2001;45:127–40.
  • Pallini R, Maira G, Pierconti F, . Chordoma of the skull base: Predictors of tumor recurrence. J Neurosurg 2003;98:812–22.
  • Samii A, Gerganov VM, Herold C, . Chordomas of the skull base: Surgical management and outcome. J Neurosurg 2007;107:319–24.
  • Sekhar LN, Schramm VL, Jones NF. Subtemporal-preauricular infratemporal fossa approach to large lateral and posterior cranial base neoplasms. J Neurosurg 1987;67:488–99.
  • Sekhar LN, Pranatartiharan R, Chanda A, Wright DC. Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: Results and complications of surgical management. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10:Article 2.
  • Sen C, Triana A. Cranial chordomas: Results of radical excision. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10:Article 3.
  • Stuer C, Schramm J, Schaller C. Skull base chordomas: Management and results. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2006;46:118–25.
  • Takahashi S, Kawase T, Yoshida K, Hasegawa A, Mizoe J. Skull base chordomas: Efficacy of surgery followed by carbon ion radiotherapy. Acta Neurochir 2009;151:759–69.
  • Tzortzidis F, Elahi F, Wright D, Natarajan SK, Sekhar LN. Patient outcome at long-term follow-up after aggressive microsurgical resection of cranial base chordomas. Neurosurgery 2006;59: 230–7.
  • Uttley D, Moore A, Archer DJ. Surgical management of midline skull-base tumors: A new approach. J Neurosurg 1989;71:705–10.
  • Vidor I, Sivak-Callcott JA, Rosen CL, Rassekh CH, Williams HJ, Ellis BD. Chordoma of the anterior cranial fossa and ethmoids with orbital involvement. Orbit 2008;27:444–50.
  • Watkins L, Khudados ES, Kaleoglu M, Revesz T, Sacares P, Crockard HA. Skull base chordomas: A review of 38 patients, 1958–88. Br J Neurosurg 1993;7:241–8.
  • Yang SY, Gao YZ. Clinical results of the transoral operation for lesions of the craniovertebral junction and its abnormalities. Surg Neurol 1999;51:16–20.
  • Yoneoka Y, Tsumanuma I, Fukuda M, . Cranial base chordoma – long term outcome and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2008;150:773–8.
  • Gay E, Sekhar L, Rubinstein E, . Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the cranial base: Results and follow-up of 60 patients. Neurosurgery 1995;36:887–97.
  • Al-Mefty O, Kadri PAS, Hasan DM, Isolan GR, Pravdenkova S. Anterior clivectomy: Surgical technique and clinical applications. J Neurosurg 2008;109:783–93.
  • Ceylan S, Koc K, Anik I. Extended endoscopic approaches for midline skull-base lesions. Neurosurg Rev 2009;32:309–19.
  • Dehdashti AR, Karabatsou K, Ganna A, Witterick I, Gentili F. Expanded endoscopic endonasal approach for treatment of clival chordomas: Early results in 12 patients. Neurosurgery 2008;63:299–309.
  • Fatemi N, Dusick JR, Gorgulho AA, . Endonasal microscopic removal of clival chordomas. Surg Neurol 2008;69:331–8.
  • Frank G, Sciarretta V, Calbucci F, Farneti G, Mazzatenta D, Pasquini E. The endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach for the treatment of cranial base chordomas and chondrosarcomas. Neurosurgery 2006;59(Suppl 1):ONS50–ONS57.
  • Fraser JF, Nyquist GG, Moore N, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic endonasal transclival resection of chordomas: Operative technique, clinical outcome, and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2010;112:1061–9.
  • Jiang WH, Zhao SP, Xie ZH, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xiao JY. Endoscopic resection of chordomas in different clival regions. Acta Oto-Laryngoloica 2009;129:71–83.
  • Pirris SM, Pollack IF, Snyderman CH, . Corridor surgery: The current paradigm for skull base surgery. Childs Nerv Syst 2007;23:377–84.
  • Solares CA, Grindler D, Luong A, . Endoscopic management of sphenoclival neoplasms: Anatomical correlates and patient outcomes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;142:315–21.
  • Stippler M, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Prevedello DM, Kassam AB. Endoscopic endonasal approach for clival chordomas. Neurosurgery 2009;64:268–78.
  • Zanation AM, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Gardner PA, Prevedello DM, Kassam AB. Endoscopic endonasal surgery for petrous apex lesions. Laryngoscope 2009;119:19–25.
  • Zhang Q, Kong F, Yan B, Ni Z, Liu H. Endoscopic endonasal surgery for clival chordoma and chondrosarcoma. ORL 2008;70:124–29.
  • Argiris A, Dutra J, Tseke P, Haines K. Esthesioneuroblastoma: The Northwestern University experience. Laryngoscope 2003;113: 155–60.
  • Austin JR, Cebrun H, Kershisnik MM, . Olfactory neuroblastoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma of the anterior skull base: Treatment results at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Skull Base Surg 1996;6:1–8.
  • Bilsky MH, Kraus DH, Strong EW, Harrison LB, Gutin PH, Shah JP. Extended anterior craniofacial resection for intracranial extension of malignant tumors. Am J Surg 1997;174:565–8.
  • Constantinidis J, Steinhart H, Koch M, . Olfactory neuroblastoma: The University of Erlangen-Nuremberg experience 1975–2000. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:567–74.
  • Dias FL, Sa GM, Lima RA, . Patterns of failure and outcome in esthesioneuroblastoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;129:1186–92.
  • Diaz EM Jr, Johnigan RH III, Pero C, . Olfactory neuroblastoma: The 22-year experience at one comprehensive cancer center. Head Neck 2005;27:138–49.
  • Dulguerov P, Calcaterra T. Esthesioneuroblastoma: The UCLA experience 1970–1990. Laryngoscope 1992;102:843–9.
  • Kim BJ, Kim DW, Kim SW, . Endoscopic versus traditional craniofacial resection for patients with sinonasal tumors involving the anterior skull base. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2008;1:148–53.
  • Kim HJ, Kim CH, Lee BJ, . Surgical treatment versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy as an initial treatment modality in advanced olfactory neuroblastoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2007;34:493–8.
  • Loy AH, Reibel JF, Read PW, . Esthesioneuroblastoma: Continued follow-up of a single institution's experience. Arch Otolaryngol Head NeckSurg 2006;132:134–8.
  • Lund VJ, Howard D, Wei W, Spittle M. Olfactory neuroblastoma: Past, present, and future? Laryngoscope 2003;113:502–507.
  • McLean JN, Nunley SR, Klass C, Moore C, Muller S, Johnstone PAS. Combined modality therapy of esthesioneuroblastoma. Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2007;136:998–1002.
  • Meneses MS, Thurel C, Mikol J, . Esthesioneuroblastoma with intracranial extension. Neurosurgery 1990;27:813–20.
  • Miyamoto RC, Gleich LL, Biddinger PW, Gluckman JL. Esthesioneuroblastoma and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma: Impact of histological grading and clinical staging on survival and prognosis. Laryngoscope 2000;110:1262–5.
  • Nakamura M, Stover T, Rodt T, . Neuronavigational guidance in craniofacial approaches for large (para)nasal tumors involving the anterior skull base and upper clival lesions. Eur J Surg Oncol 2009;35:666–72.
  • Nakao K, Watanabe K, Fujishiro Y, . Olfactory neuroblastoma: Long-term clinical outcome at a single institute between 1979 and 2003. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 2007;127:113–7.
  • Newbill ET, Johns ME, Cantrell RW. Esthesioneuroblastoma: Diagnosis and management. South Med J 1985;78:275–82.
  • Nichols AC, Chan AW, Curry WT, Barker FG II, Deschler DG, Lin DT. Esthesioneuroblastoma: The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Massachusetts General Hospital experience with craniofacial resection, proton beam radiation, and chemotherapy. Skull Base 2008;18:327–37.
  • Resto VA, Eisele DW, Forastiere A, Zahurak M, Lee DJ, Westra WH. Esthesioneuroblastoma: The Johns Hopkins experience. Head Neck 2000;22:550–8.
  • Smee RI, Broadley K, Williams JR, Meagher NS, Bridger GP. Retained role of surgery for olfactory neuroblastoma. Head Neck [epub ahead of print December 15, 2010. DOI: 10.1002/hed.21644].
  • Zafereo ME, Fakhri S, Prayson R, . Esthesioneuroblastoma: 25-year experience at a single institution. Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2008;138:452–8.
  • Capelle L, Krawitz H. Esthesioneuroblastoma: A case report of diffuse subdural recurrence and review of recently published studies. J Med Imaging Radiation Oncol 2008;52:85–90.
  • Feiz-Erfan I, Han PP, Spetzler RF, . Exposure of midline cranial base without a facial incision through a combined craniofacial-transfacial procedure. Neurosurgery 2005;56(Suppl 1):28–35.
  • Gondim J, Ramos F Jr, Azevedo J, Carrero FP Jr, Tella OI Jr. Esthesioneuroblastoma: Case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2002;60:303–7.
  • Sampath P, Park MC, Huang D, Deville C, Cortez S, Chougule P. Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma) with hemorrhage: An unusual presentation. Skull Base 2006;16:169–74.
  • Schmidt JL, Zarbo RJ, Clark JL. Olfactory neuroblastoma: Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characterization of four representative cases. Laryngoscope 1990;100:1052–8.
  • Wei JL, Scheithauer BW, Smith JS, . Primary neuroblastoma of the maxillary sinus. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2002;63: 155–62.
  • Casiano RR, Numa WA, Falquez AM. Endoscopic resection of esthesioneuroblastoma. Am J Rhinol 2001;15:271–9.
  • Castelnuovo PG, Delu G, Sberze F, . Esthesioneuroblastoma: Endonasal endoscopic treatment. Skull Base 2006;16:25–9.
  • Dave SP, Bared A, Casiano RR. Surgical outcomes and safety of transnasal endoscopic resection for anterior skull tumors. Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2007;136:920–7.
  • Folbe A, Herzallah I, Duvvuri U, . Endoscopic endonasal resection of esthesioneuroblastoma: A multicenter study. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009;23:91–4.
  • Liu JK, O’Neill B, Orlandi RR, Moscatello AL, Jensen RL, Couldwell WT. Endoscopic-assisted craniofacial resection of esthesioneuroblastoma: Minimizing facial incisions – technical note and report of 3 cases. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2003;46:310–5.
  • Poetker DM, Toohill RJ, Loehrl TA, Smith TL. Endoscopic management of sinonasal tumors: A preliminary report. Am J Rhinol 2005;19:307–5.
  • Suriano M, De Vincentiis M, Colli A, Benfari G, Mascelli A, Gallo A. Endoscopic treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma: A minimally invasive approach combined with radiation therapy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;136:104–7.
  • Unger F, Haselberger K, Walch C, Stammberger H, Papaefthymiou G. Combined endoscopic surgery and radiosurgery as treatment modality for olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma). Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005;147:595–602.
  • Walch C, Stammberger H, Anderhuber W, Unger F, Kole W, Feichtinger K. The minimally invasive approach to olfactory neuroblastoma: Combined endoscopic and stereotactic treatment. Laryngoscope 2000;110:635–40.
  • Cakmak O, Ergin NT, Yilmazer C, Kayaselcuk F, Barutcu O. Endoscopic removal of esthesioneuroblastoma. Int J Pediatr Otolaryngol 2002;64:233–8.
  • Chan LP, Wang LF, Tai CF, Wu CC, Kuo WR. Huge sphenoid sinus olfactory neuroblastoma: A case report. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2009;25:87–92.
  • Pasquini E, Sciarretta V, Compadretti GC, Cantaroni C. A case report of inverted papilloma associated with esthesioneuroblastoma treated by endoscopic sinus surgery. Am J Otolaryngol 2003;24:181–2.
  • Podboj J, Smid L. Endoscopic surgery with curative intent for malignant tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007;33:1081–6.
  • Roh HJ, Batra PS, Citardi MJ, Lee J, Bolger WE, Lanza DC. Endoscopic resection of sinonasal malignancies: A preliminary report. Am J Rhinol 2004;18:239–46.
  • Devaiah AK, Larsen C, Tawfik O, O’Boynick P, Hoover LA. Esthesioneuroblastoma: Endoscopic nasal and anterior craniotomy resection. Laryngoscope 2003;113:2086–90.
  • Yuen APW, Fan YW, Fung CF, Hung KN. Endoscopic-assisted cranionasal resection of olfactory neuroblastoma. Head Neck 2005;27:488–93.
  • Kenmochi M, Ohashi T, Ochi K, Yazaki H, Ogino S, Shinagawa T. A rare case of olfactory neuroblastoma with intracranial extension. Auris Nasus Larynx 2003;30:S111–S114.
  • Park KJ, Kang SH, Lee HG, Chung YG. Olfactory neuroblastoma following treatment for pituitary adenoma. J Neurooncol 2008;90:237–41.
  • Vergani F, Pirola E, Fiori L, Pagni F, Parmigiani F, Sganzerla EP. Combined transcranial and endoscopic nasal resection for esthesioneuroblastoma. J Neurosurg Sci 2007;51:99–102.
  • Alleyne CH Jr, Barrow DL, Oyesiku NM. Combined transsphenoidal and pterional craniotomy approach to giant pituitary tumors. Surg Neurol 2002;57:380–90.
  • Goel A, Nadkarni T. Surgical management of giant pituitary tumors – a review of 30 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1996;138:1042–9.
  • Mortini P, Barzaghi R, Losa M, Boari N, Giovanelli M. Surgical treatment of giant pituitary adenomas: Strategies and results in a series of 95 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery 2007;60: 993–1004.
  • Goel A, Nadkarni T, Muzumdar D, Desai K, Phalke U, Sharma P. Giant pituitary tumors: A study based on surgical treatment of 118 cases. Surg Neurol 2004;61:436–46.
  • Baumann F, Schmid C, Bernays RL. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging-guided transsphenoidal surgery for giant pituitary adenomas. Neurosurg Rev 2010;33:83–90.
  • Zhao B, Wei YK, Li GL, . Extended transsphenoidal approach for pituitary adenomas invading the anterior cranial base, cavernous sinus, and clivus: A single-center experience with 126 consecutive cases. J Neurosurg 2010;112:108–17.
  • Fraioli MF, Novegno F, Catena E, Fraioli C, Moschettoni L. Multidisciplinary treatment of giant invasive prolactinomas in paediatric age: Long-term follow-up in two children. Childs Nerv Syst 2010;26:1233–7.
  • Furtado SV, Saikiran NA, Ghosal N, Hegde AS. Giant, solid, invasive prolactinoma in a prepubescent boy with gynecomastia. Pediatr Neurol 2010;42:72–4.
  • Schwartz TH, Stieg PE, Anand VK. Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery with intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery 2006;58(Suppl 1):44–51.
  • de Paiva Neto MA, Vandergrift A, Fatemi N, . Endonasal transsphenoidal surgery and multimodality treatment for giant pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol 2010;72:512–9.
  • Nakao N, Itakura T. Surgical outcome of the endoscopic endonasal approach for non-functioning giant pituitary adenoma. J Clin Neurosci 2011;18:71–5.
  • Greenfield JP, Leng LZ, Chaudhury U, . Combined simultaneous endoscopic transsphenoidal and endoscopic transventricular resection of a giant pituitary macroadenoma. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2008;51:306–9.
  • Ojha BK, Husain M, Rastogi M, Chandra A, Chugh A, Husain N. Combined trans-sphenoidal and simultaneous trans-ventricular-endoscopic decompression of a giant pituitary adenoma: Case report. Acta Neurochir 2009;151:843–7.
  • Messerklinger W. Background and evolution of endoscopic sinus surgery. Ear Nose Throat J 1994;73:449–50.
  • Stammberger H. The evolution of functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Ear Nose Throat J 1994;73:454–5.
  • Alfieri A, Jho HD. Endonasal endoscopic approaches to the cavernous sinus: An anatomic study. Neurosurgery 2001;48:827–37.
  • Alfieri A, Jho HD, Schettino R, Tschabitscher M. Endoscopic endonasal approach to the pterygopalatine fossa: Anatomical study. Neurosurgery 2003;52:374–80.
  • Alfieri A, Jho HD, Tschabitscher M. Endoscopic endonasal approach to the ventral cranio-cervical junction: Anatomic study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002;144:219–25.
  • Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Practical endoscopic skull base surgery. San Diego: Plural Publishing, 2007.
  • Brown SM, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. The endoscopic, transethmoidal, transorbital approach to the orbital apex. In Anand VK, Schwartz TH (eds). Practical endoscopic skull base surgery. San Diego: Plural Publishing, 2007:123–34.
  • Cavallo LM, Cappabianca P, Galzio R, Iaconetta G, de Divitiis E, Tschabitscher M. Endoscopic transnasal approach to the cavernous sinus versus transcranial route: Anatomic study. Neurosurgery 2005;56(Suppl 2):379–89.
  • Cavallo LM, Messina A, Cappabianca P, Esposito F, de Divitiis E, Tschabitscher M. Endoscopic endonasal surgery of the midline skull base: Anatomical study and clinical considerations. Neurosurg Focus 2005;19:E2.
  • Cavallo LM, Messina A, Gardner P, . Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the pterygopalatine fossa: Anatomical study and clinical considerations. Neurosurg Focus 2005;19:E5.
  • de Diviitis E, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM. Endoscopic transsphenoidal approach: Adaptability of the procedure to different sellar lesions. Neurosurgery 2002;51:699–707.
  • Jho HD, Ha HG. Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: Part I – the midline anterior fossa skull base. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2004; 47:1–8.
  • Jho HD, Ha HG. Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: Part 2 – the cavernous sinus. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2004;47:9–15.
  • Jho HD, Ha HG. Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: Part 3 – the clivus and posterior fossa. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2004;47:9–15.
  • Kassam AB, Gardner P, Snyderman C, Mintz A, Carrau R. Expanded endonasal approach: Fully endoscopic, completely transnasal approach to the middle third of the clivus, petrous bone, middle cranial fossa, and infratemporal fossa. Neurosurg Focus 2005;19:E6.
  • Kassam A, Snyderman CH, Mintz A, Gardner P, Carrau RL. Expanded endonasal approach: The rostrocaudal axis – Part I: Crista galli to the sella turcica. Neurosurg Focus 2005;19:E3.
  • Kassam A, Snyderman CH, Mintz A, Gardner P, Carrau RL. Expanded endonasal approach: The rostrocaudal axis – Part II: Posterior clinoids to the foramen magnum. Neurosurg Focus 2005;19:E4.
  • Kassam A, Thomas AJ, Snyderman C, . Fully endoscopic expanded endonasal approach treating skull base lesions in pediatric patients. J Neurosurg 2007;106(Suppl 2):77–86.
  • Magro F, Solari D, Cavallo LM, . The endoscopic endonasal approach to the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus via the pterygopalatine fossa: Comparison of endoscopic and radiological landmarks. Neurosurgery 2006;59(Suppl 2):ONS237–ONS243.
  • Schwartz TH, Anand VK. The endoscopic, endonasal transsphenoidal approach to the sella. In Anand VK, Schwartz TH (eds). Practical endoscopic skull base surgery. San Diego: Plural Publishing, 2007:89–104.
  • Schwartz TH, Anand VK. The endoscopic, transethmoidal, transcribiform approach to the anterior cranial fossa. In Anand VK, Schwartz TH (eds). Practical endoscopic skull base surgery. San Diego: Plural Publishing, 2007: 135–54.
  • Solari D, Magro F, Cappabianca P, . Anatomical study of the pterygopalatine fossa using an endoscopic endonasal approach: Spatial relations and distances between surgical landmarks. J Neurosurg 2007;106:157–63.
  • Andrews BT, Wilson CB. Suprasellar meningiomas: The effect of tumor location on postoperative visual outcome. J Neurosurg 1988;69:523–8.
  • Dusick JR, Fatemi N, Mattozo C, . Pituitary function after endonasal surgery for nonadenomatous parasellar tumors: Rathke's cleft cysts, craniopharyngiomas, and meningiomas. Surg Neurol 2008;70:482–91.
  • Mirimanoff RO, Dosoretz DE, Linggood RM, Ojemann RG, Martuza RL. Meningioma: Analysis of recurrence and progression following neurosurgical resection. J Neurosurg 1985;62:18–24.
  • Nozaki K, Kikuta K, Takagi Y, Mineharu Y, Takahashi JA, Hashimoto N. Effect of early optic canal unroofing on the outcome of visual functions in surgery for meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale. Neurosurgery 2008;62:839–46.
  • Paterniti S, Fiore P, Levita A, la Camera A, Cambria S. Basal meningiomas: A retrospective study of 139 surgical cases. J Neurosurg Sci 1999;43:107–114.
  • Raco A, Bristot R, Domenicucci M, Cantore G. Meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae. Our experience in 69 cases surgically treated between 1973 and 1993. J Neurosurg Sci 1999;43:253–62.
  • Toshihiko K, Al-Mefty O, Ciric I. Diaphragma sellae meningiomas. Neurosurgery 1995;36:1082–92.
  • Mayfrank L, Gilsbach JM. Interhemispheric approach for microsurgical removal of olfactory groove meningiomas. Br J Neurosurg 1996;10:541–5.
  • Turazzi S, Cristofori L, Gambin R, Bricolo A. The pterional approach for the microsurgical removal of olfactory groove meningiomas. Neurosurgery 1999;45:821–5.
  • Elia AE, Shih HA, Loeffler JS. Stereotactic radiation treatment for benign meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus 2007;23:E5.
  • McGregor JM, Sarkar A. Stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy in the treatment of skull base meningiomas. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2009;42:677–88.
  • Marosi C, Hassler M, Roessler K, . Meningioma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008;67:153–71.
  • Minniti G, Amichetti M, Enrici RM. Radiotherapy and radiosurgery for benign skull base meningiomas. Radiat Oncol 2010;4:42.
  • Greenfield JP, Anand VK, Kacker A, . Endoscopic endonasal transethmoidal transcribriform transfovea ethmoidalis approach to the anterior cranial fossa and skull base. Neurosurgery 2010;66:883–92.
  • Zanation AM, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, . Nasoseptal flap reconstruction of high flow intraoperative cerebral spinal fluid leaks during endoscopic skull base surgery. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009;23:518–21.
  • Kassam AB, Thomas A, Carrau RL, . Endoscopic reconstruction of the cranial base using a pedicled nasoseptal flap. Neurosurgery 2008;63(1 Suppl 1):ONS44–ONS52.
  • Patel MR, Shah RN, Snyderman CH, . Pericranial flap for endoscopic anterior skull-base reconstruction: Clinical outcomes and radioanatomic analysis of preoperative planning. Neurosurgery 2010;66:506–12.
  • Yasargil MG, Curcic M, Kis M, Siegenthaler G, Teddy PJ, Roth P. Total removal of craniopharyngiomas. Approaches and long-term results in 144 patients. J Neurosurg 1990;73:3–11.
  • Kassam AB, Prevedello DM, Thomas A, . Endoscopic endonasal pituitary transposition for a transdorsum sellae approach to the interpeduncular cistern. Neurosurgery 2008;62(ONS Suppl 1):ONS57–ONS74.
  • Cavallo LM, Prevedello D, Esposito F, . The role of the endoscope in the transsphenoidal management of cystic lesions of the sellar region. Neurosurg Rev 2008; 31:55–64.
  • de Divitiis E, Cavallo LM, Cappabianca P, Esposito F. Extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for the removal of suprasellar tumors: Part 2. Neurosurgery 2007;60:46–59.
  • Samii M, Tatagiba M. Surgical management of craniopharyngiomas: A review. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1997;37:141–9.
  • Leng LZ, Greenfield JP, Souweidane MM, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic resection of craniopharyngiomas. (Submitted for publication).
  • Jawad MU, Scully SP. Surgery significantly improves survival in patients with chordoma. Spine 2010;35:117–23.
  • Teo C. Endoscopic-assisted tumor and neurovascular procedures. Clin Neurosurg 2000;46:515–25.
  • Lund VJ, Harrison DFN. Craniofacial resection for tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Am J Surg 1988;156:187–90.
  • Plinkert PK, Zenner HP. Transfacial approach, craniofacial resection and midface degloving in surgery of malignant tumors of the anterior cranial base and adjacent paranasal sinuses. HNO 1996;44:192–200.
  • Raveh J, Turk JB, Ladrach K, . Extended anterior subcranial approach for skull base tumors: Long-term results. J Neurosurg 1995;82:1002–10.
  • Wellman BJ, Traynelis VC, McCulloch TM, Funk GF, Menezes AH, Hoffman HT. Midline anterior craniofacial approach for malignancy: Results of en bloc versus piecemeal resections. Skull Base Surg 1999;9:41–6.
  • Ozsahin M, Gruber G, Olszyk O, . Outcome and prognostic factors in olfactory neuroblastoma: A rare cancer network study. Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys 2010;78:992–7.
  • Stammberger H, Anderhuber W, Walch C, Papaefthymiou G. Possibilities and limitations of endoscopic management of nasal and paranasal sinus malignancies. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1999;53:199–205.
  • Levine PA Would Dr. Ogura approve of endoscopic resection of esthesioneuroblastomas? An analysis of endoscopic resection data versus that of craniofacial resection. Laryngoscope 2009;119:3–7.
  • Devaiah AK, Andreoli MT Treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma: A 16-year meta-analysis of 361 patients. Laryngoscope 2009;119:1412–6.
  • Choe JH, Lee KS, Jeun SS, Cho JH, Hong YK. Endocrine outcome of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery in functioning pituitary adenomas. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2008;44:151–5.
  • Garibi J, Pomposo I, Villar G, Gaztambide S. Giant pituitary adenomas: clinical characteristics and surgical results. Br J Neurosurg 2002;16:133–9.
  • Sinha S, Sharma BS. Giant pituitary adenomas – An enigma revisited. Microsurgical treatment strategies and outcome in a series of 250 patients. Br J Neurosurg 2010;24:31–9.
  • Jane JA, Laws ER. Craniopharyngioma. Pituitary 2006;9:323–6.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.