Effects of polysaccharides of the Euphoria Longan (Lour.) Steud on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and its underlying mechanism

References

• Lo EH, Dalkara T, Moskowitz MA. Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2003; 43: 99–415
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen TT, Cho SO, Ban JY, Kim JY, Ju HS, Koh SB, Song KS, Seong YH. Neuroprotective effect of sanguisorbae radix against oxidative stress-induced brain damage: In vitro and in vivo. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2008; 31: 2028–2035
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsiao G, Lin KH, Chang Y, Chen TL, Tzu NH, Chou DS, Sheu JR. Protective mechanisms of inosine in platelet activation and cerebral ischemic damage. Arterioscler, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2005; 25: 1998–2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Zhang S, Zhang L, Yan W, Zheng X. The neuroprotection of puerarin against cerebral ischemia is associated with the prevention of apoptosis in rats. Planta Medica 2005; 71: 585–591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta SL, Manhas N, Raghubir R. Molecular targets in cerebral ischemia for developing novel therapeutics. Brain Research Review 2007; 54: 34–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jian C, Ren-bin H. Protective effect of Yulangsan polysaccharide on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats and its underlying mechanism. Neurosciences 2009; 14: 7–12
   Google Scholar
• Li TJ, Qiu Y, Mao JQ, Yang PY, Rui YC, Chen WS. Protective effects of Guizhi-Fuling-Capsules on rat brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 2007; 105: 34–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan SM, Rothwell NJ. Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2001; 2: 734–744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iadecola C, Alexander M. Cerebral ischemia and inflammation. Current Opinion in Neurology 2001; 4: 89–94
   Google Scholar
• Liou KT, Shen YC, Chen CF, Tsao CM, Tsai SK. Honokiol protects rat brain from focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and reactive oxygen species production. Brain Research 2003; 992: 159–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Smythe GA. Assessment of hydroxyl radical generation and radical scavenging activity of Chinese medicinal herbs using GC-MS. Rodox report: Communications. Free Radical Research 2003; 8: 223–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuyama E, Ebihara H, Takeuchi H, Yamazaki M. Adenosine, the antiolytic-like principle of the Arillus of Euphoria Longana. Planta Medica 1999; 65: 115–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XH, Long SJ, Xie YF. The extraction of Euphoria longan(Lour.) steud and Litchichinensis sonn polysaccharides and its effect of cleaning oxygen radical. Journal of Guang Xi Medical University 2004; 21: 342–344
   Google Scholar
• Huang RQ, Liu XM. Study on the extract of Longan seeds toimprove oxidation resistance funtion of mouses. Journal of South China Normal University 2008; 01: 08–4
   Google Scholar
• Gelmers HJ, Gorter K, de Weerdt CJ, Wiezer HJ. A controlled trial of nimodipine in acute ischemic stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 1988; 318: 203–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uematsu D, Greenberg JH, Hickey WF, Reivich M. Nimodipine attenuates both increase in cytosolic free calcium and histologic damage following focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in cats. Stroke 1989; 20: 1531–1537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HQ, Xie MY, Fu ZH. Studies on the antioxidant activity of carthamin from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology 2003; 22: 98–101
   Google Scholar
• Jin M, Cai YX, Li JR. 1,10-Phenanthroline-Fe2+ oxidative assay of hydroxyl radical produced by H2O2/Fe2+. Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics 1996; 23: 553–555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longa EZ, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, Cummins R. Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke 1989; 20: 84–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton P. Ischemic cell death in brain neurons. Physiological Review 1999; 79: 1431–1568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki M, Joh T. Oxidative stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury in gastrointestinal tract and antioxidant, protective agents. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 2007; 40: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feuerstein GZ, Wang X, Barone FC. The role of cytokines in the neuropathology of stroke and neurotrauma. Neu-roimmunomodulation 1998; 5: 143–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storini C, Rossi E, Marrella V. C1-inhibitor protects against brain ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of cell recruitment and inflammation. Neurobiology of Disease 2005; 19: 10–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giulian D. Microglia, cytokines, and cytotoxins: Modulators of cellular responses after injury to the central nervous systems. Journal of Immunology & Immunopharmacology 1990; 10: 15–21
   Google Scholar
• Matsuo Y, Onodera H, Shiga Y, Nakamura M, Ninomiya M, Kihara T, Kogure K. Correlation between myeloperoxidase-quantified neutrophil accumulation and ischemic brain injury in the rat. Effect of neutrophil depletion. Stroke 1994; 25: 1469–1475
   Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Yin W, Chen J. Apoptosis in cerebral ischemia: Executional and regulatory signaling mechanisms. Neurological Research 2004; 26: 835–845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millan M, Arenillas J. Gene expression in cerebral ischemia: A new approach for neuroprotection. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006; 21(Suppl 2)30–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gustafsson AB, Gottlieb RA. Bcl-2 family members and apoptosis, taken to heart. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 2007; 292: C45–C51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masashi T, Susumu N, Raya DT, Mokhtari GK, Feny G, Balsam LB, Hideaki K, Theo K, Philip ST, Robert CR. Cardiomyocyte-specific Bcl-2 overexpression attenuates ischemia-reperfusioninjury, immune response during acute rejection, and graft coronary artery disease. Blood 2004; 104: 3789–3796
   PubMedGoogle Scholar