Neuropsychological and physiological correlates of fatigue following traumatic brain injury

References

• Traumatic Brain Injury [Internet]. [updated 2007 Sep 21]. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2007. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/tbi.htm, accessed 22 July 2009
   Google Scholar
• Bushnik T, Englander J, Wright J. Patterns of fatigue and its correlates over the first 2 years after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2008;23:25–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olver J, Ponsford J, Curran C. Outcome following traumatic brain injury: A comparison between 2 and 5 years after injury. Brain Injury 1996;10:841–848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsford J, Ziino C, Parcell D, Shekleton J, Roper M, Redman J, Phipps-Nelson J, Rajaratnam S. Fatigue and sleep disturbance following traumatic brain injury- Their nature, causes, and potential treatments. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2012;27:224–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Naalt J, van Zomeren AH, Sluiter WJ, Minderhoud JM. One year outcome in mild to moderate head injury: The predictive value of acute injury characteristics related to complaints and return to work. The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1999;66:207–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker EA, Katon WJ, Jemelka RP. Psychiatric disorders and medical care utilization among people in the general population who report fatigue. The Journal of General Internal Medicine 1993;8:436–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaronson LS, Teel CS, Cassmeyer V, Neuberger GB, Pallikkathayil L, Pierce J, Press A, Williams P, Wingate A. Defining and measuring fatigue. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship 1999;31:45–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leavitt V, DeLuca J. Central fatigue: Issues related to cognition, mood and behavior, and psychiatric diagnoses. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2010;2:332–337
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri A, Behan P. Fatigue in neurological disorders. The Lancet 2004;363:978–988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmont A, Agar N, Hugeron C, Gallais B, Azouvi P. Fatigue and traumatic brain injury. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2006;49:283–288
   Google Scholar
• Jha A, Weintraub A, Allshouse A, Morey C, Cusick C, Kittelson J, Harrison-Felix C, Whiteneck G, Gerber D. A randomized trial of Modafinil for the treatment of fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness in individuals with chronic traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2008;23:52–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson B, Berglund P, Rönnbäck L. Mental fatigue and impaired information processing after mild and moderate traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2009;23:1027–1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyerman A, King N, editors. Psychological approaches to rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2008
   Google Scholar
• Reischies FM. Pattern of disturbance of different ventral frontal functions in organic depression. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1999;29:775–780
   Google Scholar
• Stuss DT, Gow CA. “Frontal dysfunction” after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology 1992;5:272–282
   Google Scholar
• Schnieders J, Willemsen D, de Boer H. Factors contributing to chronic fatigue after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2012;27:404–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englander J, Bushnik T, Oggins J, Katznelson L. Fatigue after traumatic brain injury: Association with neuroendocrine, sleep, depression and other factors. Brain Injury 2010;24:1379–1388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capruso DX, Levin HS. Cognitive impairment following closed head injury. Neurologic Clinics 1992;10:879–893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draper K, Ponsford J. Cognitive functioning ten years following traumatic brain injury and rehabilitation. Neuropsychology 2008;22:618–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Zomeren AH, Brouwer WH. Clinical neuropsychology of attention. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994
   Google Scholar
• Cantor J, Ashman T, Gordon W, Ginsberg A, Engmann C, Egan M, Spielman L, Dijkers M, Flanagan S. Fatigue after traumatic brain injury and its impact on participation and quality of life. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2008;23:41–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziino C, Ponsford J. Selective attention deficits and subjective fatigue following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology 2006;20:383–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziino C, Ponsford J. Vigilance and fatigue following traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2006;12:100–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri A, Behan P. Fatigue and basal ganglia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2000;1–2:34–42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgaljardic DJ, Foldi NS, Borod JC. Cognitive and behavioral dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: Neurochemical and clinicopathological contributions. Journal of Neural Transmission 2004;111:1287–1301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobryakova E, DeLuca J, Genova H, Wylie G. Neural correlates of cognitive fatigue: Cortico-striatal circuitry and effort-reward imbalance. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2013;19:849–853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glader E, Stegmayr B, Asplund K. Poststroke fatigue: A 2-year follow-up study of stroke patients in Sweden. Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association 2002;33:1327–1333
   Google Scholar
• Haber SN, Knutson B. The reward circuit: Linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:4–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staub F, Bogousslavsky J. Is there such a thing as brain fatigue? Revue Neurologique 2001;157:259–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgaljardic DJ, Borod JC, Foldi NS, Mattis P. A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson’s disease: Relationship to frontostriatal circuitry. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 2003;16:193–210
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohl A, Wylie G, Genova H, Hillary F, DeLuca J. The neural correlates of cognitive fatigue in traumatic brain injury using functional MRI. Brain Injury 2009;23:420–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen DG, Lamb GD, Westerblad H. Skeletal muscle fatigue: Cellular mechanisms. Physiological Reviews 2008;88:287–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandevia SC. Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiological Reviews 2001;81:1725–1789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amann M, Blain G, Proctor L, Sebranek J, Pegelow D, Dempsey J. Group III and IV muscle afferents contribute to ventilatory and cardiovascular response to rhythmic exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 2010;109:966–976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amann M, Proctor L, Sebranek J, Pegelow D, Dempsey J. Opioid-mediated muscle afferents inhibit central motor drive and limit peripheral muscle fatigue development in humans. The Journal of Physiology 2009;587:271–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandevia S, McCloskey D. Changes in motor commands, as shown by changes in perceived heaviness, during partial curarization and peripheral anesthesia in man. The Journal of Physiology 1977;272:673–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones L. Perception of force and weight: Theory and research. Psychological Bulletin 1986;100:29–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones L, Hunter I. Effect of fatigue on force sensation. Experimental Neurology 1983;81:640–650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey D, Ebeling P, Goodwin G. Estimation of weights and tensions and apparent involvement of a “sense of effort”. Experimental Neurology 1974;42:220–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmer S, McDaniel J, Martin J. Alterations in neuromuscular function and perceptual responses following acute eccentric cycling exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2010;110:1225–1233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampson DB, Gibson ASC, Lambert MI, Nakes TD. The influence of sensory cues on the perception of exertion during exercise and central regulation of exercise performance. Sports Medicine 2001;31:935–952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerakkody N, Percival P, Morgan D, Gregory J, Proske U. Matching different levels of isometric torque in elbow flexor muscles after eccentric exercise. Experimental Brain Research 2003;149:141–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amann M, Dempsey J. Locomotor muscle fatigue modifies central motor drive in healthy humans and imposes a limitation to exercise performance. The Journal of Physiology 2008;586:161–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piepoli M, Clark A, Volterrani M, Adamopoulos S, Sleight P, Coats A. Contribution of muscle afferents to the hemodynamic, autonomic, and ventilatory responses to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure: Effects of physical training. Circulation 1996;93:940–952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JZ, Shan ZY, Zhang LD, Sahgal V, Brown RW, Yue GH. Human brain activation during sustained and intermittent submaximal fatigue muscle contractions: An fMRI study. Journal of Neurophysiology 2003;90:300–312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcora SM, Staiano W, Manning V. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 2009;106:857–864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buono R, Vantaggiato C, Pisa V, Azzoni E, Bassi MT, Brunelli S, Sciorati C, Clementi E. Nitric oxide sustains long-term skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating fate of satellite cells via signaling pathways requiring Vangl2 and cyclic GMP. Stem Cells 2012;30:197–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khairallah M, Khairallah RJ, Young ME, Allen BG, Gillis MA, Danialou G, Deschepper CF, Petrof BJ, Des Rosiers C. Sildenafil and cardiomyocyte-specific cGMP signaling prevent cardiomyopathic changes associated with dystrophin deficiency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 2008;105:7028–7033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi YM, Rader EP, Crawford RW, Iyengar NK, Thedens DR, Faulkner JA, Parikh SV, Weiss RM, Chamberlain JS, Moore SA, et al. Sarcolemma-localized nNOS is required to maintain activity after mild exercise. Nature 2008;456:511–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival JM, Adamo CM, Beavo JA, Froehner SC. Evaluation of the therapeutic utility of phosphodiesterase 5A inhibition in the mdx mouse model of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 2011;204:323–344
   Google Scholar
• Asai A, Sahani N, Kaneki M, Ouchi Y, Martyn JA, Yasuhara SE. Primary role of functional ischemia, quantitative evidence for the two-hit mechanism, and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor therapy in mouse muscular dystrophy. Public Library of Science One 2007;2:e806
   Google Scholar
• Kim DY, Silverman RH, Chan RV, Khanifar AA, Rondeau M, Lloyd H, Schlegel P, Coleman DJ. Measurement of choroidal perfusion and thickness following systemic sildenafil (Viagra(®)). Acta Ophthalmologica 2013;91:183–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers SA, DeVries WH, Gruenthal MJ, Andres KR, Hagg T, Whittemore SR. Sildenafil improves epicenter vascular perfusion but not hindlimb functional recovery after contusive spinal cord injury in mice. Journal of Neurotrauma 2012;29:528–538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roustit M, Hellmann M, Cracowski C, Blaise S, Cracowski JL. Sildenafil increases digital skin blood flow during all phases of local cooling in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2012;91:813–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazji I, Sodhi CP, Lee EK, Good M, Egan CE, Afrazi A, Neal MD, Jia H, Lin J, Ma C, et al. Endothelial TLR4 activation impairs intestinal microcirculatory perfusion in necrotizing enterocolitis via eNOS-NO-nitrite signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U S A 2013;110:9451–9456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCully KK, Natelson B, Lotti S, Sisto S, Leigh J. Reduced oxidative muscle metabolism in chronic fatigue syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1996;19:621–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits B, van den Heuvel L, Knoop H, Küsters B, Janssen A, Borm G, Bleijenberg G, Rodenburg R, van Engelen B. Mitochondrial enzymes discriminate between mitochondrial disorders and chronic fatigue syndrome. Mitochondrion 2011;11:735–738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb BA, Evans MA, Dimsdale JE, White HL. Effects of statins on energy and fatigue with exertion: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2012;172:1180–1182
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwak HB, Thalacker-Mercer A, Anderson E, Lin C, Kane D, Lee N. Simvastatin impairs ADP-stimulated respiration and increases mitochondrial oxidative stress in primary human skeletal myotubes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2012;52:198–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen S, Stride N, Hey-Mogensen M, Hansen C, Bang L, Bundgaard H, Nielsen L, Helge J, Dela F. Simvastatin effects on skeletal muscle: Relation to decreased mitochondrial function and glucose intolerance. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2013;61:44–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stringer HA, Sohi G, Maguire J, Côté H. Decreased skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA in patients with statin-induced myopathy. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2013;325:142–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarapués M, Cereza G, Figueras A. New statins also produce fatigue: Spontaneous reporting as a complementary system to increase safety knowledge. JAMA Internal Medicine 2013;173:247–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chariot P, Drogou I, Lacroix-Szmania I, Eliezer-Vanerot M, Chazaud B, Lombè A, Schaeffer A, Zafrani E. Zidovudine-induced mitochondrial disorder with massive liver steatosis, myopathy, lactic acidosis, and mitochondrial DNA depletion. Journal of Hepatology 1999;30:156–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gérard Y, Maulin L, Yazdanpanah Y, De La Tribonnière X, Amiel C, Maurage C, Robin S, Sablonnière B, Dhennain C, Mouton, Y. Symptomatic hyperlactataemia: An emerging complication of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2000;14:2723–2730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safdar A, Hamadeh M, Kaczor J, Raha S, Debeer J, Tarnopolsky M. Aberrant mitochondrial homeostasis in the skeletal muscle of sedentary older adults. Public Library of Science One 2010;5:1--12
   Google Scholar
• O'Leary MF, Vainshtein A, Carter H, Zhang Y, Hood D. Denervation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy in skeletal muscle of apoptosis-deficient animals. American Journal of Physiology and Cell Physiology 2012;303:447–454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers SK, Wiggs M, Duarte J, Zergeroglu A, Demirel H. Mitochondrial signaling contributes to disuse muscle atrophy. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012;303:31–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon KG, Drezner J, Gammons M, Guskiewicz K, Halstead M, Herring S, Kutcher J, Pana A, Putukian M, Roberts W. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: Concussion in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2013;47:15–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg ND, Iverson GL. Is rest after concussion “The Best Medicine?”: Recommendations for activity resumption following concussion in athletes, civilians, and military service members. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2013;28:250--259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossberg KA, Amonette WE, Masel BE. Endurance training and cardiorespiratory conditioning after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2010;25:173–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amonette WE, Mossberg KA. Ventilatory anaerobic thresholds of individuals recovering from traumatic brain injury compared with noninjured controls. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2012;28:e13–20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossberg KA, Ayala D, Baker T, Heard J, Masel B. Aerobic capacity after traumatic brain injury: Comparison with a nondisabled cohort. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007;88:315–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhambhani Y, Rowland G, Farag M. Reliability of peak cardiorespiratory responses in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84:1629–1636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski L, Sullivan S. Aerobic and neuromuscular training: Effect on the capacity, efficiency, and fatigability of patients with traumatic brain injuries. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1990;71:500–504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Convertino V, Bloomfield S, Greenleaf J. An overview of the issues: Physiological effects of bed rest and restricted physical activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1997;29:187–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenleaf J, Kozlowski S. Physiological consequences of reduced physical activity during bed rest. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 1982;10:84–119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker E, Bar-Or O, Mendelson L, Najenson T. Pulmonary functions and responses to exercise of patients following cranio cerebral injury. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1978;10:47–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benvenga S, Campennĺ A, Ruggeri RM, Trimarchi F. Hypopituitarism secondary to head trauma. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000;85:1353–1361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider HJ, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Ghigo E, Stalla G, Agha A. Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review. The Journal of the American Medical Association 2007;298:1429–1438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, Cavazzini L, Bertocchi A, Zatelli MC, Carli A, Valle D, Basaglia N, Uberti E. Anterior pituitary function may predict functional and cognitive outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury undergoing rehabilitation. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007;24:1687–1698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly DF, McArthur DL, Levin H, Swimmer S, Dusick JR, Cohan P, Wang C, Swerdloff R. Neurobehavioral and quality of life changes associated with growth hormone insufficiency after complicated mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2006;23:928–942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanriverdi F, De Bellis A, Bizzarro A, Sinisi AA, Bellastella G, Unluhizarci K, Selcuklu A, Casanueva FF, Kelestimur F. Antipituitary antibodies after traumatic brain injury: Is head trauma-induced pituitary dysfunction associated with autoimmunity? European Journal of Endocrinology 2008;159:7–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanriverdi F, De Bellis A, Ulutabanca H, Bizzarro A, Sinisi AA, Bellastella G, Amoresano Paglionico V, Dalla Mora L, Selcuklu A, Unluhizarchi K, et al. A five year prospective investigation of anterior pituitary function after traumatic brain injury: Is hypopituitarism long-term after head trauma associated with autoimmunity? Journal of Neurotrauma 2013;30:1426–1433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masel B, Dewitt D. Traumatic brain injury: A disease process, not an event. Journal of Neurotrauma 2010;27:1529–1540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agha A, Thompson CJ. Anterior pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Clinical Endocrinology 2006;64:481–488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavisetty S, Chang D, Muizelaar J, Kelly D, Bavisetty S, McArthur D, Dusick J, Wang C, Cohan P, Boscardin W, et al. Chronic hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury: Risk assessment and relationship to outcome. Neurosurgery 2008;62:1080–1094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman SA, Oberoi AL, Gilkison CR, Masel BE, Urban RJ. Prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in patients recovering from traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;86:2752–2756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson CW, Pagulayan KF, Petrie EC, Mayer CL, Colasurdo EA, Shofer JB, Hart KL, Hoff D, Tarabochia MA, Peskind ER. High prevalence of chronic pituitary and target-organ hormone abnormalities after blast-related mild traumatic brain injury. Frontiers in Neurology 2012;3:1--12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zgaljardic DJ, Guttikonda S, Grady JJ, Gilkison CR, Mossberg KA, High WM Jr, Masel BE, Urban RJ. Serum IGF-1 concentrations in a sample of patients with traumatic brain injury as a diagnostic marker of growth hormone secretory response to glucagon stimulation testing. Clinical Endocrinology 2011;74:365–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace JD, Cuneo RC, Baxter R, Orskov H, Keay N, Pentecost C, Dall R, Rosén T, Jørgensen JO, Cittadini A, et al. Responses of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor axis to exercise, GH administration, and GH withdrawal in trained adult males: A potential test for GH abuse is sport. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999;84:3591–3601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton P, Gleeson H, Monson J, Popovic V, Shalet S, Christiansen J. Growth hormone replacement throughout life: Insights into age-related responses to treatment. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 2007;17:369–382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copinschi G, Van Cauter E, Nedeltcheva A, Leproult R, Morselli L, Spiegel K, Martino E, Legros J, Weiss R, Mockel J. Sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010;95:2195–2202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stouthart PJ, Deijen J, Roffel M, Delemarre-van de Waal H. Quality of life of growth hormone (GH) deficient young adults during discontinuation and restart of GH therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003;28:612–626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodhouse LJ, Mukherjee A, Shalet S, Ezzat S. The influence of growth hormone status on physical impairments, functional limitations, and health-related quality of life in adults. Endocrine Reviews 2006;27:287–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas S, Esposito J, Ezzat S. Exercise training benefits growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults in the absence or presence of GH treatment. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003;88:5734–5738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwaerts J, Moorkens G, Abs R. Secretion of growth hormone in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 1998;8(Suppl B):127–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuatrecasas G. Fibromyalgic syndromes: Could growth hormone therapy be beneficial? Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews 2009;6(Suppl 4):529–533
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuatrecasas G, Puig-Domino M, Gonzalez M, Alegre C, Sesmilo G, Fernandez-Solà J, Casanueva F, Garcia-Fructuoso F, Poca-Dias V, Izquierdo J. High prevalence of growth hormone deficiency in severe fibromyalgia syndromes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010;95:4331–4337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal-Cerro A, Povedano J, Astorga R, Gonzalez M, Silva H, Garcia-Pesquera F, Casanueva F, Dieguez C. The growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-GH-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999;84:3378–3381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen KC, Bennett R, Hryciw C, Cook D, Cook M, Rhoads S. Is further evaluation for growth hormone (GH) deficiency necessary in fibromyalgia patients with low serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I levels? Growth Hormone and IGF Research 2007;17:82–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makimura H, Stanley T, Sun N, Hrovat M, Systrom D, Grinspoon S. The association of growth hormone parameters with skeletal muscle phosphocreatine recovery in adult men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011;96:817–823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short KR, Moller N, Bigelow M, Coenen-Schimke J, Nair KS. Enhancement of muscle mitochondrial function by growth hormone. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;93:597–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossberg K, Masel B, Gilkison C, Urban R. Aerobic capacity and growth hormone deficiency after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;93:2581–2587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhagia V, Gilkison C, Fitts R, Zgaljardic D, High W, Masel B, Urban R, Mossberg K. Effect of recombinant growth hormone replacement in a growth hormone deficient subject recovering from mild traumatic brain injury: A case report. Brain Injury 2010;24:560–567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossberg K, Horstman A, Durham W, Gilkison C, Masel B, Urban R. Ventilatory equivalents improve after growth hormone replacement in growth hormone deficient patients recovering from traumatic brain injury. Abstract presented at Endocrine Society, Houston, TX, June 2012
   Google Scholar
• Prigitano GP. Principles of neuropsychological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press; 1999
   Google Scholar
• Borgaro SR, Baker J, Wethe JV, Prigatano GP, Kwasnica C. Subjective reports of fatigue during early recovery from traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2005;20:416–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;357:266–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovic V, Aimaretti G, Casanueva FF, Ghigo E. Hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 2005;15:177–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushnik T, Englander J, Katznelson L. Fatigue after TBI: Association with neuroendocrine abnormalities. Brain Injury 2007;21:559–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• High WM Jr, Briones-Galang M, Clark JA, Gilkison C, Mossberg KA, Zgaljardic DJ, Masel BE, Urban RJ. Effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on cognition after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2010;27:1565–1575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau OK, Cortet-Rudelli C, Yollin E, Merlen E, Daveluy W, Rousseaux M. Growth hormone replacement therapy in patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2013;30:998–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimunde P, Quintana A, Castañón B, Casteleiro N, Vilarnovo Z, Otero A, Devesa A, Otero-Cepeda XL, Devesa J. Effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement and cognitive rehabilitation in patients with cognitive disorders after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2011;25:65–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundarum NK, Geer EB, Greenwald BD. The impact of traumatic brain injury on pituitary function. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 2013;42:565–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiology Reviews 2008;88:1243–1276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival JM, Anderson KN, Gregorevic P, Chamberlain JS, Froehner SC. Functional deficits in nNOSmu-deficient skeletal muscle: Myopathy in nNOS knockout mice. Public Library of Science ONE 2008;3:e3387
   Google Scholar
• Reid MB, Kobzik L, Bredt DS, Stamler JS. Nitric oxide modulates excitation-contraction coupling in the diaphragm. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 1998;119:211–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MA, Reid MB. Redox modulation of contractile function in respiratory and limb skeletal muscle. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 2006;151:229–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Antona G, Ragni M, Cardile A, Tedesco L, Dossena M, Bruttini F, Caliaro F, Corsetti G, Bottinelli R, Carruba M, et al. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation promotes survival and supports cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in middle-aged mice. Cell Metabolism 2010;12:362–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsuishi M, Miyashita K, Itoh H. cGMP rescues mitochondrial dysfunction induced by glucose and insulin in myocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2008;367:840–845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy G, Koncz A, Fernandez D, Perl A. Nitric oxide, mitochondrial hyperpolarization, and T cell activation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2007;42:1625–1631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro A, Boveris A. The mitochondrial energy transduction system and the aging process. American Journal of Physiology and Cell Physiology 2007;292:C670–686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisoli E, Carruba MO. Nitric oxide and mitochondrial biogenesis. Journal of Cell Science 2006;119:2855–2862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisoli E, Clementi E, Paolucci C, Cozzi V, Tonello C, Sciorati C, Bracale R, Valerio A, Francolini M, Moncada S, et al. Mitochondrial biogenesis in mammals: The role of endogenous nitric oxide. Science 2003;299:896–899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisoli E, Falcone S, Tonello C, Cozzi V, Palomba L, Fiorani M, Pisconti A, Brunelli S, Cardile A, Francolini M, et al. Mitochondrial biogenesis by NO yields functionally active mitochondria in mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U S A 2004;101:16507–16512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggan AR, Spina RJ, King DS, Rogers MA, Brown M, Nemeth PM, Holloszy JO. Skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training in 60- to 70-yr-old men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology 1992;72:1780–1786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitts RH, Booth FW, Winder WW, Holloszy JO. Skeletal muscle respiratory capacity, endurance, and glycogen utilization. American Journal of Physiology 1975;228:1029–1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloszy JO. Adaptation of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports 1975;7:155–164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holloszy JO. Regulation by exercise of skeletal muscle content of mitochondria and GLUT4. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2008;59(Suppl 7):5–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holloszy JO, Coyle EF. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. Journal of Applied Physiology 1984;56:831–838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright DC, Han DH, Garcia-Roves PM, Geiger PC, Jones TE, Holloszy JO. Exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis begins before the increase in muscle PGC-1alpha expression. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007;282:194–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheffield-Moore M, Wiktorowicz JE, Soman KV, Danesi CP, Kinsky MP, Dillon EL, Randolph KM, Casperson SL, Gore DC, Horstman AM, et al. Sildenafil increases muscle protein synthesis and reduces muscle fatigue. Clinical and Translational Science. Clini Transl Sci 2013 Dec;6(6):463--468
   Google Scholar