Influence of intrathecal baclofen on the level of consciousness and mental functions after extremely severe traumatic brain injury: Brief report

References

• Penn RD, Kroin JS. Long-term intrathecal baclofen infusion for treatment of spasticity. J Neurosurg 1987;66:181--185
   Google Scholar
• Becker R, Sure U, Petermeyer M, Bertalanffy H. Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion alleviates autonomic dysfunction in patients with severe supraspinal spasticity. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1999;66:114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker R, Benes L, Sure U, Hellwig D, Bertalanffy H. Intrathecal baclofen alleviates autonomic dysfunction in severe brain injury. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2000;7:316–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francisco GE, Hu MM, Boake C, Ivanhoe CB. Efficacy of early use of intrathecal baclofen therapy for treating spastic hypertonia due to acquired brain injury. Brain Injury 2005;19:359–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner MS. Early use of intrathecal baclofen in brain injury in pediatric patients. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2003;87:81–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuny E, Richer E, Castel JP. Dysautonomia syndrome in the acute recovery phase after traumatic brain injury: Relief with intrathecal Baclofen therapy. Brain Injury 2001;15:917–925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuny E. Intrathecal baclofen and traumatic brain injury. A review. Neurochirurgie 2003;49:289–292
   Google Scholar
• Francois B, Vacher P, Roustan J, Salle JY, Vidal J, Moreau JJ, Vignon P. Intrathecal baclofen after traumatic brain injury: Early treatment using a new technique to prevent spasticity. The Journal of Trauma 2001;50:158–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sara M, Sacco S, Cipolla F, Onorati P, Scoppetta C, Albertini G, Carolei A. An unexpected recovery from permanent vegetative state. Brain Injury 2007;21:101–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sara M, Pistoia F, Mura E, Onorati P, Govoni S. Intrathecal baclofen in patients with persistent vegetative state: 2 hypotheses. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009;90:1245–1249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taira T, Hori T. Clinical application of drug pump for spasticity, pain, and restorative neurosurgery: Other clinical applications of intrathecal baclofen. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2003;87:37–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jennett B. Assessment of the severity of head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1976; 39:647–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Physical Therapy 1987;67:206–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow BJ, Tsui JK, Bhatt MH, Varelas M, Hashimoto SA, Calne DB. Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: a doubleblind study. Annals of Neurology 1990;28:512–515
   Google Scholar
• Stineman MG, Jette A, Fiedler R, Granger C. Impairment-specific dimensions within the Functional Independence Measure. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;78:636–643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974;2:81–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacino JT. The minimally conscious state: Defining the borders of consciousness. Progress in Brain Research 2005;150:381–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacino JT, Kalmar K, Whyte J. The JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised: Measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004;85:2020–2029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz DI, Polyak M, Coughlan D, Nichols M, Roche A. Natural history of recovery from brain injury after prolonged disorders of consciousness: Outcome of patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation with 1-4 year follow-up. Progress in Brain Research 2009;177:73–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panourias IG, Themistocleous M, Sakas DE. Intrathecal baclofen in current neuromodulatory practice: Established indications and emerging applications. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2007;97:145–154
   Google Scholar
• Yarkony GM, Sahgal V. Contractures. A major complication of craniocerebral trauma. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1987;219:93–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson FC, Hayward A, Evans G, Morton R, Collett B. Functional benefits and cost/benefit analysis of continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion for the management of severe spasticity. Journal of Neurosurgery 2002;96:1052–1057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bensmail D, Ward AB, Wissel J, Motta F, Saltuari L, Lissens J, Cros S, Beresniak A. Cost-effectiveness modelling of intrathecal baclofen therapy versus other interventions for disabling spasticity. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009;23:546–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltuari L, Kronenberg M, Marosi MJ, Kofler M, Russegger L, Rifici C, Bramanti P, Gerstenbrand F. Long-term intrathecal baclofen treatment in supraspinal spasticity. Acta Neurologica (Napoli) 1992;14:195–207
   Google Scholar
• Rifici C, Kofler M, Kronenberg M, Kofler A, Bramanti P, Saltuari L. Intrathecal baclofen application in patients with supraspinal spasticity secondary to severe traumatic brain injury. Functional Neurology 1994;9:29–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker R, Alberti O, Bauer BL. Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion in severe spasticity after traumatic or hypoxic brain injury. Journal of Neurology 1997;244:160–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawecki Z, Kwiatkowski S, Grzegorzewski P, Szlachta Jezioro I. Sudden improvement of all neurological functions after general anesthesia and two-day intrathecal infusion of baclofen in a child with primary brain-stem injury. Przeglad Lekarski 2007;64:13–14
   Google Scholar
• Petropoulou KB, Panourias IG, Rapidi CA, Sakas DE. The importance of neurorehabilitation to the outcome of neuromodulation in spasticity. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2007;97:243–250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taira T. Intrathecal administration of GABA agonists in the vegetative state. Progress in Brain Research 2009;177:317–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baguley IJ, Nicholls JL, Felmingham KL, Crooks J, Gurka JA, Wade LD. Dysautonomia after traumatic brain injury: A forgotten syndrome? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1999;67:39–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baguley IJ, Cameron ID, Green AM, Slewa-Younan S, Marosszeky JE, Gurka JA. Pharmacological management of Dysautonomia following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2004;18:409–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meythaler JM, McCary A, Hadley MN. Prospective assessment of continuous intrathecal infusion of baclofen for spasticity caused by acquired brain injury: A preliminary report. Journal of Neurosurgery 1997;87:415–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillaume D, Van Havenbergh A, Vloeberghs M, Vidal J, Roeste G. A clinical study of intrathecal baclofen using a programmable pump for intractable spasticity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005;86:2165–2171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taira T, Ochiai T, Goto S, Hori T. Fifteen year experience of intrathecal baclofen treatment in Japan. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2006;99:61–63
   Google Scholar
• Zarrindast MR, Khodjastehfar E, Oryan S, Torkaman-Boutorabi A. Baclofen-impairment of memory retention in rats: Possible interaction with adrenoceptor mechanism(s). European Journal of Pharmacology 2001;411:283–288
   Google Scholar
• Levin ED, Weber E, Icenogle L. Baclofen interactions with nicotine in rats: Effects on memory. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 2004;79:343–348
   Google Scholar
• Tang AC, Hasselmo ME. Effect of long term baclofen treatment on recognition memory and novelty detection. Behavioural Brain Research 1996;74:145–152
   Google Scholar
• Bose P, Hou J, Nelson R, Nissim N, Parmer R, Keener J, Wacnik PW, Thompson FJ. Effects of acute intrathecal baclofen in an animal model of TBI-induced spasticity, cognitive, and balance disabilities. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2013;30:1177–1191
   Google Scholar
• Obrietan K, van den Pol AN. GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition of GABA-A receptor calcium elevations in developing hypothalamic neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 1998;79:1360–1370
   Google Scholar
• López-Bendito G, Luján R, Shigemoto R, Ganter P, Paulsen O, Molnár Z. Blockade of GABA(B) receptors alters the tangential migration of cortical neurons”. Cerebral Cortex 2003;13:932–942
   Google Scholar
• Corrêa SA, Munton R, Nishimune A, Fitzjohn S, Henley JM. Development of GABA-B subunits and functional GABAB receptors in rat cultured hippocampal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2004;47:475–484
   Google Scholar
• Priest CA, Puche AC. GABAB receptor expression and function in olfactory receptor neuron axon growth. Journal of Neurobiology 2004;60:154–165
   Google Scholar
• Pistoia F, Mura E, Govoni S, Fini M, Sarà M. Awakenings and awareness recovery in disorders of consciousness: Is there a role for drugs”? CNS Drugs 2010;24:625–638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dario A, Pisani R, Sangiorgi S, Pessina F, Tomei G. Relationship between intrathecal baclofen and the central nervous system. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2007;97:461–464
   Google Scholar
• Shiel A, Horn SA, Wilson BA, Watson MJ, Campbell MJ, McLellan DL. The Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM) main scale: A preliminary report on a scale to assess and monitor patient recovery after severe head injury. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000;14:408–416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson FC, Elder V, McCrudden E, Caldwell S. Analysis of Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM) scores in consecutive vegetative and minimally conscious state patients. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2009;19:754–760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar