The use of the Bilingual Aphasia Test for assessment and transcranial direct current stimulation to modulate language acquisition in minimally verbal children with autism

References

• American Psychiatric Association.(2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders fourth edition text revision. Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Aron, A. P. (2007). The neural basis of inhibition in cognitive control. Neuroscientist, 13, 214–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosson, B., Benefield, H., Cato, M., Sadek, J., Bacon Moore, A., Wierenga, C., Gopinath, K., Soltysik, D., Bauer, R. M., Auberbach, E. J., Gökçay, D., Leonard, C. M., & Briggs, R. W. (2003). Left and right basal ganglia and frontal activity during language production generation: Contributions to lexical, semantic, and phonological processes. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 1061–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, M., Mottron, L., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (2008). Learning in autism. In J. H. Byrne & H. L. Roediger ( Eds.), Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference ( Vol. 2.39, pp. . 759–772). New York, NY: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Fabbro, F. (2001). The bilingual brain: Bilingual aphasia. Brain and Language, 79, 201–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipek, P., Accardo, P., Ashwal, S., Baranek, G., Cook, E. J., Dawson, G., Gordon, B., Gravel, J. S., Johnson, C. P., Kallen, R. J., Levy, S. E., Minshew, N. J., Ozonoff, S., Prizant, B. M., Rapin, I., Rogers, S. J., Stone, W. L., Teplin, S. W., Tuchman, R. F., & Volkmar, F. R. (2000). Practice parameter: Screening and diagnosis of autism. Neurology, 55, 468–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P. J., Baranek, G. T., Cook, Jr. E. H., Dawson, G., Gordon, B., Gravel, J. S., Johnson, R. J. K., Level, S. E., Minshew, N. J., Prizant, B. M., Rapin, I., Rogers, S. J., Stone, W. L., Teplin, S., Tuchman, R. F., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999). The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 439–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fombonne, E., Quirke, S., & Hagen, A. (2009). Prevalence and interpretation of recent trends in rates of pervasive developmental disorders. McGill Journal of Medicine, 12(2), 99–107.
   Google Scholar
• Foudon, N., Reboul, A., & Manificat, S. (2008). Language acquisition in autistic children: The role of joint attention. Cahiers, 14, 45–65.
   Google Scholar
• Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M., Bermpohl, F., Antal, A., Feredoes, E., Marcolin, M. A., Rigonatti, S. P., Silva, M. T., Paulus, W., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2005). Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Experimental Brain Research, 166, 23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacomo, A. F. (1998). Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlin, P. (1981). The effectiveness of operant language training with autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 89–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel, F., & Cohen, L. (2006). Non-invasive brain stimulation: A new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke? Lancet Neurology, 5, 708–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilyukhina, V. A., Kozhushko, N. Y., Matveev, Y. K., Ponomareva, E. A., Chernysheva, E. M., & Shaptilei, M. A. (2005). Transcranial micropolarization in the combined therapy of speech and general psychomotor retardation in children of late preschool age. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 35, 969–976.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasari, C., Sigman, M., Mundy, P., & Yirmiya, N. (1990). Affective sharing in the context of joint attention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 87–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kincses, T. Z., Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., Bartfai, O., & Paulus, W. (2004). Facilitation of probabilistic classification learning by transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in humans. Neuropsychologia, 42, 113–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozhushklo, N., Sahitor, V., Ponomareva, E., & Berezhnia, N. (2007). Transcranial micropolarization in the complex therapy of early child autism. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 107, 47–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krashen, S. D., & Terrel, T. D. (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom. San Francisco, CA: The Alemany Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, N., Siebner, H. R., Ward, N. S., Lee, L., Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W., Rothwell, J. C., Lemon, R. N., & Frackowiak, R. S. (2005). How does transcranial DC stimulation of the primary motor cortex alter regional neuronal activity in the human brain? European Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 495–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, L., Molle, M., Hallschmid, M., & Born, J. (2004). Transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 9985–9992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCathren, R. B., Yoder, P. J., & Warren, S. F. (1999). The relationship between prelinguistic vocalization and later expressive vocabulary in young children with developmental delay. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 915–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDuffie, A., Yoder, P., & Stone, W. (2005). Prelinguistic predictors of vocabulary in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48, 1080–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, P. C., Lomarev, M., & Hallett, M. (2006). Modelling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117, 1623–1629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundy, P. (1995). Joint attention and social-emotional approach behavior in children with autism. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 63–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundy, P., & Willoughby, J. (1998). Nonverbal communication, affect, and social emotional development. In A. Wetherby, S. Warren, & J. Reichle ( Eds.), Transitions in prelinguistic communication: Preintentional to intentional and presymbolic to symbolic. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, A., Supalla, T., Hauser, P., Newport, E., & Bavelier, D. (2010). Dissociating neural subsystems for grammar by contrasting word order and inflection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 7539–7544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche, M. A., Doemkes, S., Karaköse, T., Antal, A., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2007). Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97, 3109–3117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche, M. A., Liebetanz, D., Antal, A., Lang, N., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2003a). Modulation of cortical excitability by weak direct current stimulation – Technical, safety and functional aspects. Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology, 56, 255–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nitsche, M. A., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Antal, A., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2003b). Letters to the editor. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114, 2220–2222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche, M., & Paulus, W. (2000). Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. Journal of Physiology, 527, 633–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche, M. A., Schauenburg, A., Lang, N., Liebetanz, D., Exner, C., & Paulus, W. (2003c). Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 619–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991). Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1081–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmen, S., van Engeland, H., Hof, P. R., & Schmitz, C. (2004). Neuropathological findings in autism. Brain, 127, 2572–2583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradis, M. (1998). The other side of language: Pragmatic competence. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 11, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradis, M. (2004). A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Paradis, M., & Libben, G. (1987). The assessment of bilingual aphasia. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Paulus, W. (2003). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology, 56, 249–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paulus, W. (2004). Outlasting excitability shifts induced by direct current stimulation of the human brain. Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology, 57, 708–714.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poreisz, C., Boros, K., Antal, A., & Paulus, W. (2007). Safety aspects of tDCS concerning healthy subjects and patients. Brain Research Bulletin, 72, 208–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prizant, B., & Wetherby, A. (1987). Communicative intent: A framework for understanding social-communicative behavior in autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 472–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter, M. (2005). Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: Changes over time and their meaning. Acta Paediatrica, 94, 2–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai, K., Hirosaka, O., Miyauchi, S., Takino, R., Sasaki, Y., & Putz, B. (1998). Transition of brain activation from frontal to parietal areas in visuomotor sequence learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 1827–1840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumann, J. H., Crowell, S. E., Jones, N. E., Lee, N., & Schuchert, S. A. (2004). The neurobiology of learning: Perspectives from second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Spence, S. J., & Thurm, A. (2010). Testing autism interventions: Trials and tribulations. Lancet, 19, 2124–2125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tager-Flusberg, H. (1981). On the nature of linguistic functioning in early infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 45–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman, M. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92, 231–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. (2003). Census 2000 [Summary File 3, Tables P19, PCT13, and PCT14]. Accessed 19 January 2011, from: http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t20/tables/tab02.pdf
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. (2010). US & World population clocks. Accessed 19 January 2011, from: http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
   Google Scholar
• Vines, B., Schnider, N. M., & Schlaug, G. (2006). Testing for causality with transcranial direct current stimulation: Pitch memory and the left supramarginal gyrus. NeuroReport, 17, 1047–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkmar, F. R., Cohen, D. J., Paul, R., & Klin, A. (2005). Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Assessment, interventions, and policy Vol. 2. . (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, T., Fregni, F., Fecteau, S., Grodzinsky, A., Zahn, M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2007). Transcranial direct current stimulation: A computer-based human model study. NeuroImage, 35, 1113–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiten A, Irving K, MacIntyre K. (1993). Can three-year-olds and people with autism learn to predict the consequences of false belief? Paper presented at the British Psychological Society, Developmental Psychology Section, Annual Conference, , Birmingham, England.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox M. > (1993). Issues regarding language readiness in young children with developmental disabilities Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Anaheim, CA.
   Google Scholar