341
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

OX-LDL Up-Regulates the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-to-Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Ratio in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 379-385 | Received 27 Jun 2010, Accepted 24 Oct 2010, Published online: 24 Feb 2011

REFERENCES

  • Pascolini D, Mariotti SP, Pokharel GP, et al. 2002 global update of available data on visual impairment: A compilation of population-based prevalence studies. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2004;11:67–115.
  • Congdon N, O’Colmain B, Klaver CC, et al. Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:477–485.
  • de Jong PT. Age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1474–1485.
  • Robman L, McNeil J, Dimitrov P, et al. Methodology of the Cardiovascular Health and Age-Related Maculopathy (CHARM) Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2004;11:161–179.
  • Vingerling JR, Dielemans I, Bots ML, et al. Age-related macular degeneration is associated with atherosclerosis: The Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:404–409.
  • Mitchell P, Smith W, Attebo K, et al. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in Australia. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1450–1460.
  • Klein R, Klein BE, Linton KL. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:933–943.
  • VanNewkirk MR, Nanjan MB, Wanh JJ. The prevalence of age-related maculopathy: The visual impairment project. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:1593–1600.
  • Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Smith W, et al. Smoking and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy: The Blue Mountains Eye study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:1357–1363.
  • Thornton J, Edwards R, Mitchell P, et al. Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: A review of association. Eye. 2005;19:935–944.
  • Klein R, Klein BE, Tomany SC, et al. The association of cardiovascular disease with the long-term incidence of age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1273–1280.
  • Fraser-Bell S, Wu J, Klein R, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and age-related macular degeneration: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145:308–316.
  • Hogg RE, Woodside JV, Gilchrist SE, et al. Cardiovascular disease and hypertension are strong risk factors for choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1046–1052.
  • Guymer RH, Chiu AW, Lim L, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): Do they have a role in age-related macular degeneration? Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:194–206.
  • Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, et al. Dietary fat and age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:743–748.
  • Tan JS, Mitchell P, Smith W, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: The Blue Mountain Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1143–1150.
  • Huang JD, Presley JB, Chimento MF, et al. Age-related changes in human macular Bruch’s membrane as seen by quick-freeze/deep-etch. Exp Eye Res. 2007;85:202–218.
  • Takahashi Y, Zhu H, Yoshimoto T. Essential roles of lipoxygenases in LDL oxidation and development of atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005;7:425–431.
  • Rahaman SO, Lennon DJ, Febbraio M, et al. A CD36-dependent signaling cascade is necessary for macrophage foam cell formation. Cell Metab. 2006;4:211–221.
  • Hayes KC, Lindsey S, Stephan ZF, et al. Retinal pigment epithelium possesses both LDL and scavenger receptor activity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989;30:225–232.
  • Ryeom SW, Silverstein RL, Scotto A, et al. Binding of anionic phospholipids to retinal pigment epithelium may be mediated by the scavenger receptor CD36. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:20536–20539.
  • Gordiyenko N, Campos M, Lee JW, et al. RPE cells internalize low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in large quantities in vitro and in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:2822–2829.
  • Yu AL, Lorenz RL, Haritoglou C, et al. Biological effects of native and oxidized low-density lipoproteins in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88:495–503.
  • Ramos MA, Kuzuya M, Esaki T, et al. Induction of macrophage VEGF in response to oxidized LDL and VEGF accumulation in human atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:1188–1196.
  • Duh EJ, Yang HS, Haller JA, et al. Vitreous levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor and vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for ocular angiogenesis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137:668–674.
  • Holekamp NM, Bouck N, Volpert O. Pigment epithelium-derived factor is deficient in the vitreous of patients with choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:220–227.
  • Rubic T, Lorenz RL. Downregulated CD36 and oxLDL uptake and stimulated ABCA1/G1 and cholesterol efflux as anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms of interleukin-10. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;69:527–535.
  • Mironova M, Virella G, Lopes-Virella MF. Isolation and characterization of human antioxidized LDL autoantibodies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:222–229.
  • Curcio CA, Millican CL, Bailey T, et al. Accumulation of cholesterol with age in human Bruch’s membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:265–274.
  • Yang P, Peairs JJ, Tano R, et al. Caspase-8-mediated apoptosis in human RPE cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:3341–3349.
  • Fliesler SJ, Florman R, Rapp LM, et al. In vivo biosynthesis of cholesterol in the rat retina. FEBS Lett. 1993;335:234–238.
  • Fliesler SJ, Richards MJ, Miller CY, et al. Cholesterol synthesis in the vertebrate retina: Effects of U18666A on rat retinal structure, photoreceptor membrane assembly, and sterol metabolism and composition. Lipids. 2000;35:289–296.
  • Yamada Y, Tian J, Yang Y, et al. Oxidized low density lipoproteins induce a pathologic response by retinal pigmented epithelial cells. J Neurochem. 2008;105:1187–1197.
  • Cominacini L, Rigoni A, Pasini AF, et al. The binding of oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to ox-LDL receptor-1 reduces the intracellular concentration of nitric oxide in endothelial cells through an increased production of superoxide. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:13750–13755.
  • Hoppe G, Marmorstein AD, Pennock EA, et al. Oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced inhibition of processing of photoreceptor outer segments by RPE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:2714–2720.
  • Moreira EF, Larrayoz IM, Lee JW, et al. 7-Ketocholesterol is present in lipid deposits in the primate retina: Potential implication in the induction of VEGF and CNV formation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:523–532.
  • Pierce EA, Avery RL, Foley ED, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in a mouse model of retinal neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1995;92(3):905–909.
  • Dawson DW, Volpert OV, Gillis P, et al. Pigment epithelium-derived factor: A potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Science. 1999;285:245–258.
  • Becerra SP. Focus on molecules: Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). Exp Eye Res. 2006;82:739–740.
  • Filleur S, Nelius T, de Riese W, et al. Characterization of PEDF: A multi-functional serpin family protein. J. Cell. Biochem. 2009;106:769–775.
  • Bouck N. PEDF: Anti-angiogenic guardian of ocular function. Trends Mol Med. 2002;8:330–334.
  • Becerra SP. Structure-function studies on PEDF. A noninhibitory serpin with neurotrophic activity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;425:223–237.
  • Smith CP, Steinle JJ. Changes in growth factor expression in normal aging of the rat retina. Exp Eye Res. 2007;85:817–824.
  • Ohno-Matsui K, Morita I, Tombran-Tink J. Novel mechanism for age-related macular degeneration: An equilibrium shift between the angiogenesis factors VEGF and PEDF. J Cell Physiol;. 2001;189:323–333.
  • Salomonsson L, Pettersson S, Englund MC, et al. Posttranscriptional regulation of VEGF expression by oxidised LDL in human macrophages. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;32:767–774.
  • Inoue M, Itoh H, Tanaka T, et al. Oxidized LDL regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human macrophages and endothelial cells through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:560–566.
  • Pignolo RJ, Francis MK, Rotenberg MO, et al. Putative role for EPC-1/PEDF in the G0 growth arrest of human diploid fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol. 2003;195:12–20.
  • Lopez PF, Sippy BD, Lambert HM, et al. Transdifferentiated retinal pigment epithelial cells are immunoreactive for vascular endothelial growth factor in surgically excised age-related macular degeneration-related choroidal neovascular membranes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:855–868.
  • Armstrong D, Ueda T, Ueda T, et al. Lipid hydroperoxide stimulates retinal neovascularization in rabbit retina through expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. Angiogenesis. 1998;2:93–104.
  • Tamai K, Spaide RF, Ellis EA, et al. Lipid hydroperoxide stimulates subretinal choroidal neovascularization in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res. 2002;74:301–308.
  • Riazy M, Chen JH, Steinbrecher UP. VEGF secretion by macrophages is stimulated by lipid and protein components of OxLDL via PI3-kinase and PKCζ activation and is independent of OxLDL uptake. Atherosclerosis. 2009;204:47–54.
  • Josko J, Mazurek M. Transcription factors having impact on VEGF gene expression in angiogenesis. Med Sci Monit. 2004;10:RA89–RA98.
  • Klettner A, Graefes JR. Constitutive and oxidative-stress-induced expression of VEGF in the RPE are differently regulated by different mitogen-activated protein kinases. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247:1487–1492.
  • Dandapat A, Hu C, Sun L, et al. Small concentrations of oxLDL induce capillary tube formation from endothelial cells via LOX-1-dependent redox-sensitive pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:2435–2442.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.