Exhaled nitric oxide as a better diagnostic indicator for evaluating wheeze and airway hyperresponsiveness in preschool children

References

• Ohashi Y, Motojima S, Fukuda T, Makino S. Airway hyperresponsiveness, increased intracellular spaces of bronchial epithelium, and increased infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes in bronchial mucosa in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:1469–1476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sont JK, Han J, van Krieken JM, Evertse CE, Hooijer R, Willems LN, Sterk PJ. Relationship between the inflammatory infiltrate in bronchial biopsy specimens and clinical severity of asthma in patients treated with inhaled steroids. Thorax 1996;51:496–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld M, Allen J, Arets BH, Aurora P, Beydon N, Calogero C, Castile RG, et al. An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: optimal lung function tests for monitoring cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and recurrent wheezing in children less than 6 years of age. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013;10:S1–S11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy ML, Thomas M, Small I, Pearce L, Pinnock H, Stephenson P. Summary of the 2008 BTS/SIGN British Guideline on the management of asthma. Prim Care Respir J 2009;18:S1–S16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warke TJ, Fitch PS, Brown V, Taylor R, Lyons JD, Ennis M, Shields MD. Exhaled nitric oxide correlates with airway eosinophils in childhood asthma. Thorax 2002;57:383–387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jatakanon A, Lim S, Kharitonov SA, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils, and methacholine responsiveness in patients with mild asthma. Thorax 1998;53:91–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzelewski T, Witkowski K, Makandjou-Ola E, Grzelewska A, Majak P, Jerzynska J, Janas A, et al. Diagnostic value of lung function parameters and FeNO for asthma in school children in large, real-life population. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014;49:632–640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsoulis K, Ganavias L, Michailopoulos P, Bikas C, Dinapogias E, Kontakiotis T, Kostikas K, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide as screening tool in subjects with suspected asthma without reversibility. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013;162:58–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AD, Cowan JO, Filsell S, McLachlan C, Monti-Sheehan G, Jackson P, Taylor DR. Diagnosing asthma: comparisons between exhaled nitric oxide measurements and conventional tests. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:473–478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miedinger D, Chhajed PN, Tamm M, Stolz D, Surber C, Leuppi JD. Diagnostic tests for asthma in firefighters. Chest 2007;131:1760–1767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh MA, Shim JY, Jung YH, Seo JH, Kim HY, Kwon JW, Kim BJ, et al. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and wheezing phenotypes in preschool children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2013;48:563–570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beydon N, Davis SD, Lombardi E, Allen JL, Arets HG, Aurora P, Bisgaard H, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: pulmonary function testing in preschool children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:1304–1345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JY, Seo JH, Kim HY, Jung YH, Kwon JW, Kim BJ, Kim HB, et al. Reference values of impulse oscillometry and its utility in the diagnosis of asthma in young Korean children. J Asthma 2012;49:811–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinou GN, Xepapadaki P, Manousakis E, Makrinioti H, Kouloufakou-Gratsia K, Saxoni-Papageorgiou P, Papadopoulos NG. Assessment of airflow limitation, airway inflammation, and symptoms during virus-induced wheezing episodes in 4- to 6-year-old children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131:87–93 e81–e85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont LJ, Rochette F, Demedts MG, Verleden GM. Exhaled nitric oxide correlates with airway hyperresponsiveness in steroid-naive patients with mild asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:894–898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dundas I, Chan EY, Bridge PD, McKenzie SA. Diagnostic accuracy of bronchodilator responsiveness in wheezy children. Thorax 2005;60:13–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjaer HF, Eller E, Bindslev-Jensen C, Host A. Spirometry in an unselected group of 6-year-old children: the DARC birth cohort study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008;43:806–814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen KG, Bisgaard H. Discriminative capacity of bronchodilator response measured with three different lung function techniques in asthmatic and healthy children aged 2 to 5 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:554–559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thamrin C, Gangell CL, Udomittipong K, Kusel MM, Patterson H, Fukushima T, Schultz A, et al. Assessment of bronchodilator responsiveness in preschool children using forced oscillations. Thorax 2007;62:814–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song TW, Kim KW, Kim ES, Park JW, Sohn MH, Kim KE. Utility of impulse oscillometry in young children with asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008;19:763–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jentzsch NS, le Bourgeois M, de Blic J, Scheinmann P, Waernessyckle S, Camargos PA. Nitric oxide in children with persistent asthma. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2006;82:193–196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nordvall SL, Janson C, Kalm-Stephens P, Foucard T, Toren K, Alving K. Exhaled nitric oxide in a population-based study of asthma and allergy in schoolchildren. Allergy 2005;60:469–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Meer G, van Amsterdam JG, Janssen NA, Meijer E, Steerenberg PA, Brunekreef B. Exhaled nitric oxide predicts airway hyper-responsiveness to hypertonic saline in children that wheeze. Allergy 2005;60:1499–1504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmberg LP, Pelkonen AS, Haahtela T, Turpeinen M. Exhaled nitric oxide rather than lung function distinguishes preschool children with probable asthma. Thorax 2003;58:494–499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller A, Diefenbacher C, Lehmann A, Rochat M, Brooks-Wildhaber J, Hall GL, Wildhaber JH. Exhaled nitric oxide distinguishes between subgroups of preschool children with respiratory symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121:705–709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paull K, Covar R, Jain N, Gelfand EW, Spahn JD. Do NHLBI lung function criteria apply to children? A cross-sectional evaluation of childhood asthma at National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1999–2002. Pediatr Pulmonol 2005;39:311–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph-Bowen J, de Klerk NH, Firth MJ, Kendall GE, Holt PG, Sly PD. Lung function, bronchial responsiveness, and asthma in a community cohort of 6-year-old children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:850–854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Souef PN. Validity of methods used to test airway responsiveness in children. Lancet 1992;339:1282–1284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmberg LP, Petays T, Haahtela T, Laatikainen T, Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Makela MJ. Exhaled nitric oxide in healthy nonatopic school-age children: determinants and height-adjusted reference values. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006;41:635–642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson DJ, Virnig CM, Gangnon RE, Evans MD, Roberg KA, Anderson EL, Burton RM, et al. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurements are most closely associated with allergic sensitization in school-age children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:949–953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar