Symptoms, signs, and tests: The general practitioner's comprehensive approach towards a cancer diagnosis

References

• Holtedahl KA. Diagnosis of cancer in general practice: A study of delay problems and warning signals of cancer, with implications for public cancer information and for cancer diagnostic strategies in general practice. ISM skriftserie nr. 16. Tromsø: University of Tromsø; 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2325.
   Google Scholar
• Scheel BI, Ingebrigtsen SG, Thorsen T, Holtedahl K. Cancer suspicion in general practice: The role of symptoms and patient characteristics, and their association with subsequent cancer. Br J Gen Pract 2013;63:e627–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingebrigtsen SG, Scheel BI, Hart B, Thorsen T, Holtedahl K. Frequency of “warning signs of cancer” in Norwegian general practice, with prospective recording of subsequent cancer. Fam Pract 2013;30:153–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapley M, Mansell G, Jordan JL, Jordan KP. Positive predictive values of >/ = 5% in primary care for cancer: Systematic review. Br J Gen Pract 2010;60:e366–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton W. The CAPER studies: Five case-control studies aimed at identifying and quantifying the risk of cancer in symptomatic primary care patients. Br J Cancer 2009;101:S80–S6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones R, Latinovic R, Charlton J, Gulliford MC. Alarm symptoms in early diagnosis of cancer in primary care: Cohort study using General Practice Research Database. BMJ 2007;334:1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton W. Cancer diagnosis in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2010;60:121–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancer Registry of Norway. Cancer in Norway 2011: Cancer incidence, mortality, survival and prevalence in Norway. Oslo: Cancer Registry of Norway; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Holtedahl KA. Probability revision in general practice: The cases of occult blood in stool in patients with indigestion, and daily smoking in patients who cough. Allgemeinmedizin 1990;19:35–8. http://www2.uit.no/ikbViewer/Content/237422/Probability.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sedgwick P. Retrospective cohort studies: Advantages and disadvantages. BMJ. 2014;348:g1072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein AR, Pritchett JA, Schimpff CR. The epidemiology of cancer therapy, IV: The extraction of data from medical records. Ann Intern Med 1969;123:571–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wauters H, Van Casteren V, Buntinx F. Rectal bleeding and colorectal cancer in general practice: Diagnostic study. BMJ 2000;321:998–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett J, Jiwa M, Rose P, Hamilton W. Pathways to the diagnosis of colorectal cancer: An observational study in three UK cities. Fam Pract 2006;23:15–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekkink MO, McCowan C, Falk GA, Teljeur C, Van de Laar FA, Fahey T. Diagnostic accuracy systematic review of rectal bleeding in combination with other symptoms, signs and tests in relation to colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2010;102:48–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton W, Lancashire R, Sharp D, Peters TJ, Cheng KK, Marshall T. The risk of colorectal cancer with symptoms at different ages and between the sexes: A case-control study. BMC Medicine 2009;7:17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AC, Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ, Rodgers CC, Talley NJ, Vakil NB, Moayyedi P. Diagnostic utility of alarm features for colorectal cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2008;57:1545–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shephard EA, Stapley S, Neal RD, Rose P, Walter FM, Hamilton WT. Clinical features of bladder cancer in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2012;62:e598–e604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker S, Hyde C, Hamilton W. Risk of uterine cancer in symptomatic women in primary care: Case-control study using electronic records. Br J Gen Pract 2013;63: e643–e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins GS, Altman DG. Identifying patients with undetected pancreatic cancer in primary care: An independent and external validation of QCancer® (Pancreas). Br J Gen Pract 2013;63:e636–e42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruyninckx R, Buntinx F, Aertgeerts B, Van Casteren V. The diagnostic value of macroscopic haematuria for the diagnosis of urological cancer in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 2003;53:31–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton W, Lancashire R, Sharp D, Peters TJ, Cheng KK, Marshall T. The importance of anaemia in diagnosing colorectal cancer: A case-control study using electronic primary care records. Br J Cancer 2008;98:323–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilt TJ, Ahmed HU. Prostate cancer screening and the management of clinically localized disease. BMJ 2013;346: f325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham J, Kirkbride P, Cann K, Hasler E, Prettyjohns M. Prostate cancer: Summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2014;348:f7524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buntinx F, Mant D, Van den Bruel A, Donner-Banzhof N, Dinant GJ. Dealing with low-incidence serious diseases in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 2011;61:43–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolper E, Wiel M, Royen P, Bokhoven M, Weijden T, Dinant G. Gut feelings as a third track in general practitioners’ diagnostic reasoning. J Gen Int Med 2011;26:197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin G, Hamilton W. Alarm features of colorectal cancer. Gut 2009;58:1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen M-L, Holtedahl KA, Rudebeck CE. How does the thought of cancer arise in a general practice consultation? Interviews with GPs. Scand J Prim Health Care 2012;30:135–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostopoulou O, Delaney BC, Munro CW. Diagnostic difficulty and error in primary care: A systematic review. Fam Pract 2008;25:400–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh H, Giardina T, Meyer AD, Forjuoh SN, Reis MD, Thomas EJ. Types and origins of diagnostic errors in primary care settings. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:418–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar