The Enterochromaffin-Like (ECL) Cell Physiological and pathophysiological role

References

• Heidenhain R. Untersuchungen über den Bau der Labdrüsen. Arch Mikroskop Anat Forsch 1870; 6: 368–406
   Google Scholar
• Kultschitzky N. Zur Frage iiber den Bau des Darmkanals. Arch Mikroskop Anat Forsch 1897; 49: 7–35
   Google Scholar
• Forssman W G, Orci L, Pictet R, Renold A E, Rouiller C. The endocrine cells in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal mucosa of the rat. J Cell Biol 1969; 40: 692–715
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solcia E, Capella C, Vassallo G, Buffa R. Endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa. Int Rev Cytol 1975; 42: 223–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazdar A F, Helman L J, Israel M A, et al. Expression of neurendocrine cell markers L-dopa decarboxylase, chromogranin A, and dense core granules in human tumors of endocrine and nonendocrine origin. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 4078–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Adda T, Bertelé A, Pilato F P, Bordi C. Quantitative electron microscopy of endocrine cells in oxyntic mucosa of normal human stomach. Cell Tissue Res 1989; 255: 41–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Håkanson R, Sundler F. Proposed mechanism of induction of gastric carcinoids: the gastrin hypothesis. Eur J Clin Invest 1990; 20(20)S65-S71
   Google Scholar
• Håkanson R, Owman C H. Argyrophilic reaction of his-tamine-containing epithelial cells in murine gastric mucosa. Experientia 1969; 25: 625–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thunberg R. Localization of cells containing and forming histamine in the gastric mucosa of the rat. Exp Cell Res 1967; 47: 108–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Håkanson R, Lilja B, Owman C. Cellular localization of histamine and monoamines in the gastric mucosa of man. Histochemie 1969; 18: 74–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soil A H. Physiology of isolated canine parietal cells: Receptors and effectors regulating function. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, L R Johnson. Raven Press. 1981; 673–91
   Google Scholar
• Håkanson R, Böttcher G, Ekblad E, et al. Histamine in endocrine cells of the stomach. A survey of several species using a panel of histamine antibodies. Histochemistry 1986; 86: 5–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldum H L, Sandvik A K, Brenna E. Gastrin: Histamine-releasing activity. Gastrin, J H Walsh. Raven Press. 1992, in press
   Google Scholar
• Roberts L J, II, Bloomgarden Z T, Marney S R, Jr., Rabin D, Oates J A. Histamine release from a gastric carcinoid: Provocation by pentagastrin and inhibition by somatostatin. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 272–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandvik A K, Waldum H L, Kleveland P M, Segnen B. Gastrin evokes an immediate and dose dependent histamine release preceding acid secretion in the totally isolated vascularly perfused rat stomach. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 803–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenna E, Waldum H L. Studies of isolated parietal and enterochromaffin-like cells from the rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 1295–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche S, Gusdinar T, Bali J-P, Magous R. ‘Gastrin’ and ‘CCK’ receptors on histamine- and somatostatin-containing cells from rabbit fundic mucosa-I. Characterization by means of agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42: 765–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldum H L, Brenna E. Rôle des cellules enterochromaffin-like et de l'histamine dans la régulation de la sécrétion gastrique acide. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1991; 15: 65–72
   Google Scholar
• Waldum H L, Ak Sandvik, Brenna E, Petersen H. Gastrin-histamine sequence in the regulation of gastric acid secretion. Gut 1991; 32: 698–701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leth R, Olbe L, Haglund U. The pentagastrin-induced gastric acid response in humans. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 224–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandvik A K, Waldum H L. CCK-B (gastrin) receptor regulates gastric histamine release and acid secretion. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: 925–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soil A H, Amirian D A, Thomas L P, Reedy T J, ElashofT J D. Gastrin receptors on isolated canine parietal cells. J Clin Invest 1984; 73: 1434–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangachari P K, McWade D. An ‘epithelial’ preparation from the canine gastric mucosa: responses to secretagogues. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: 46–51
   Google Scholar
• Gerber J G, Payne N A. The role of gastric secretagogoues in regulating gastric histamine release in vivo. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 403–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlson G, Rosengran E, Svahn D, Thunberg R. Mobilization and formation of histamine in the gastric mucosa as related to acid secretion. J Physiol 1964; 174: 400–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dial E, Thompson W J, Rosenfeld G C. Isolated parietal cells: Histamine response and pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 219: 585–90
   Google Scholar
• Michelangeli F. Isolated oxyntic cells: Physiological characterization. Gastric hydrogen ion secretion, D Kasbekar, W S Rehm, G Sachs, New York 1976; 212–36
   Google Scholar
• Soll A H. The interaction of histamine with gastrin and carbamylcholine on oxygen uptake by isolated mammalian parietal cells. J Clin Invest 1978; 61: 381–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergqvist E, Obrink K J. Gastrin-histamine as a normal sequence in gastric acid stimulation in the rabbit. Upsala J Med Sci 1979; 84: 145–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soll A H. Potentiating interactions of gastric stimulants [14C]aminopyrine accumulation by isolated canine parietal cells. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 216–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mårdh S, Song Y-H, Carlsson C, Björkman T. Mechanisms of stimulation of acid production in parietal cells isolated from the pig gastric mucosa. Acta Physiol Scand 1987; 131: 589–98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soil A H. Secretagogue stimulation of [14C]aminopyrine accumulation by isolated canine parietal cells. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: 366–75
   Google Scholar
• Sandvik A K, Waldum H L, Kleveland P M, Seignen B. Gastrin produces an immediate and dose dependent histamine release preceding acid secretion in the totally isolated, vascularly perfused rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 803–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldum H L, Sandvik A K. Histamine and the stomach. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 130–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandvik A K, Kleveland P M, Waldum H L. Muscarinic M2 stimulation releases histamine in the totally isolated vascularly perfused rat stomach. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 1049–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangachari P K. Histamine release by gastric stimulants. Nature 1975; 253: 53–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandvik A K, Waldum H L. The effect of somatostatin on baseline and stimulated acid secretion and vascular histamine release from the totally isolated vascularly perfused rat stomach. Regul Pept 1988; 20: 233–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandvik A K, Waldum H L. The effect of misoprostol on baseline and stimulated acid secretion and on gastrin and histamine release in the totally isolated, vascularly perfused rat stomach. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 22: 696–700
   Google Scholar
• Håkanson R, Persson P, Axelson J, Johnell O, Sundler F. Evidence that gastrin enhances 45Ca uptake into bone through release of a gastric hormone. Regul Pept 1990; 28: 107–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rindi G, Buffa R, Sessa F, Tortora O, Solcia E. Chro-mogranin A, B and C immunoreactivities of mammalian endocrine cells. Histochemistry 1986; 85: 19–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bordi C, Pilato F P, Bertele A, D'Adda T, Missale G. Expression of glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit by endocrine cells of the oxyntic mucosa is associated with hyper-gastrinemia. Hum Pathol 1988; 19: 580–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furness J B, Padbury R TA, Baimbridge K G, Skinner J M, Lawson D EM. Calbindin immunoreactivity is a characteristic of enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells) of the human stomach. Histochemistry 1989; 92: 449–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guth P H, Smith E. The effect of gastrointestinal hormones on the gastric microcirculation. Gastroenterology 1976; 71: 433–8
   Google Scholar
• Nagate H, Guth P H. Effect of topical histamine on mucosal microvascular permeability in the rat stomach. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: 201–7
   Google Scholar
• Crean G P, Marshall M W, Rumsey R DE. Parietal cell hyperplasia induced by the administration of pentagastrin (ICI 50, 123) to rats. Gastroenterology 1969; 57: 147–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems G, Vansteenkiste Y, Limbosch J M. Stimulating effect of gastrin on cell proliferation kinetics in canine fundic mucosa. Gastroenterology 1972; 62: 583–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldum H L, Brenna E, Sandvik A K, Petersen H. Trophic effect of histamine on the stomach. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26(26)137–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson L R. Regulation of gastrointestinal growth. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract2nd ed., L R Johnson. Raven Press, New York 1987; 301–33
   Google Scholar
• Waldum H L, Lehy T, Brenna E, et al. Effect of the histamine-1 antagonist astemizole alone or with omeprazole on rat gastric mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 23–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenna E, Waldum H L, Sandvik A K, Schulze Stfgnen B, Kristensen A. Effects on the rat oxyntic mucosa of the histamine-2 antagonist loxtidine and the H+, K+-ATPase inhibitor omeprazole. Ailment Pharmacol Ther 1992; 6: 335–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Streett C S, Cimprich R E, Robertson J L. Pathologic findings in the stomachs of rats treated with the H2-receptor antagonist tiotidine. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19(19)109–17
   Google Scholar
• Modlin I M, Zucker K A, Zdon M J, Sussman J, Adrian T E. Characteristics of the spontaneous gastric endocrine tumor of mastomys. J Surg Res 1988; 44: 205–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoda S, Nakamura W, Snell K C, Stewart H L. Histamine production by transplantable argyrophilic gastric carcinoid of praomys (mastomys) natalensis. Science 1979; 170: 454–5
   Google Scholar
• D'Adda T, Pilato F P, Lazzaroni M, Robutti F, Bianchi-Porro G, Bordi C. Ultrastructural morphometry of gastric endocrine cells before and after omeprazole. A study in the oxyntic mucosa of duodenal ulcer patients. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1563–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isenberg J, Grossman M I, Maxwell V, Walsh J H. Increased sensitivity to stimulation of acid secretion by pentagastrin in duodenal ulser. J Clin Invest 1975; 55: 330–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen H, Myren J. Pentagastrin dose-response in peptic ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1975; 10: 705–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehy T, Bonnefond A, Dubrasquet M, Nasca S, Lewin M, Bonfils S. Comparative effects of antrocolic transposition and antrectomy on fundic mucosa and acid secretion of the rat. Gastroenterology 1973; 64: 421–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehy T, Mignon M, Cadiot G, et al. Gastric endocrine cell behavior in Zollinger-Ellison patients upon long-term potent antisecretory treatment. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 1029–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldum H L, Mignon M, Sandvik A K, Bonfils S. Biological and immunological gastrin activity in serum of patients with gastrinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol (accepted for publication)
   Google Scholar
• Saeed Z A, Norton J A, Frank W O, et al. Parenteral antisecretory drug therapy in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 1393–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldum H L. Gastrin is a potent stimulant of the parietal cell—maybe. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 367
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleveland P M, Waldum H L, Larsson H. Gastric acid secretion in the totally isolated, vascularly perfused rat stomach. A selective muscarinic-1 agent does, whereas gastrin does not, augment maximal histamine-stimulated acid secretion. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 705–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschowitz B I, Hutchinson G. Step-dose compared to separate-dose response gastric secretion with histamine and pentagastrin in dogs—a kinetic analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1974; 9: 207–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascaud X B, Rbger A R, Genton M JH. Comparison of the step-dose and single-dose acid response to histamine and pentagastrin in chronic gastric fistula rats. Digestion 1977; 16: 57–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solcia E, Capella C, Sessa F, et al. Gastric carcinoids and related endocrine growth. Digestion 1986; 35(35)3–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Creutzfeldt W, Stockmann F, Conlon J M, Fölsch U R, Bonatz G, Wulfrath M. Effect of short- and long-term feeding of omeprazole on rat gastric endocrine cells. Digestion 1986; 35(35)84–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bordi C, Pilato F, Carfagna G, et al. Argyrophil cell hyperplasia of fundic mucosa in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. Digestion 1986; 35(35)130–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bordi C, Cocconi G, Togni R, Vezzadini P, Missale G. Gastric endocrine cell proliferation. Association with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Arch Pathol 1974; 98: 274–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ekman L, Hansson E, Havu N, Carlsson E, Lundberg C. Toxicological studies on omeprazole. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 20(20)53–69
   Google Scholar
• Havu H. enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids of gastric mucosa in rats after life-long inhibition of gastric secretion. Digestion 1986; 35(35)42–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poynter D, Pick C R, Harcourt R A, et al. Association of long lasting unsurmountable histamine H2 blockade and gastric carcinoid tumours in the rat. Gut 1985; 26: 1284–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattsson H, Havu N, Brautigam J, Carlsson K, Lundell L, Carlsson E. Partial gastric corpectomy results in hypergastrinemia and development of gastric enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids in the rat. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 311–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solcia E, Fiocca R, Villani L, et al. Morphology and pathogenesis of endocrine hyperplasias, precarcinoid lesions, and carcinoids arising in chronic atrophic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26(26)146–59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maton P N, Lack E E, Collen M J, et al. The effect of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and omeprazole therapy on gastric oxyntic endocrine cells. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 943–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solcia E, Bordi C, Creutzfeldt W, et al. Histopathological classification of nonantral gastric endocrine growth in man. Digestion 1988; 41: 185–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malagelada J-R, Edis A J, Adson M A, van Heerden J A, Go V LW. Medical and surgical options in the management of patients with gastrinoma. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 1524–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabile B E, Passaro E. Benign and malignant gastrinoma. Am J Surg 1985; 149: 144–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldum H L, Petersen H, Brenna E. Gastrin and gastric cancer. Eur JGastroenterol Hepatol 1992; 4: 801–11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöblom S-M, Sipponen P, Karonen S-L, Järvinen H J. Argyrophil cell hyperplasia and carcinoid tumours in oxyntic mucosa of the stomach. Dependence on duration of pernicious anaemia. Eur J. Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 3: 153–7
   Google Scholar
• Brenna E, Waldum H L. Trophic effect of gastrin on the enterochromaffinlike cells of the rat stomach. Establishment of a dose-response relationship. Gut 1992; 33: 1303–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chejfec G, Gould V E. Malignant gastric neuroen-docrinomas. Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of their secretory activity. Hum Pathol 1977; 8: 433–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soga J, Tazawa K, Kanahara H, Hiraide K. Some characteristic features of spontaneous argyrophil cell carcinoids in glandular stomach of praomys (mastomys) natalensis. GANN Monogr 1969; 8: 15–26
   Google Scholar
• Oettlé A G. Spontaneous carinoma of the glandular stomach in rattus (mastomys) natalensis, an African rodent. Br J Cancer 1957; 11: 415–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poynter D. Long-term effects of reduced gastric acidity in laboratory animals. Digestion 1985; 31: 174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers L W, Murphy R C. Gastric carcinoid and gastric carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1979; 3: 195–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamcheck N, Grable E, Ley A, Norman L. Occurrence of gastric cancer among patients with pernicious anemia at the Boston City Hospital. N Engl J Med 1955; 252: 1103–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsborg L, Mosbech J. Pernicious anaemia as a risk factor in gastric cancer. Acta Med Scand 1979; 206: 315–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldum H L, Haugen O A, Isaksen C, Mecsei R, Sandvik A K. Are diffuse gastric carcinomas neuroendocrine tumours (ECLomas)?. Eur J. Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 3: 245–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauren P. The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: Diffuse and so-called intestinal-type carcinoma. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1965; 64: 31–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Creutzfeld W, Solcia E. Are diffuse gastric carcinomas neuroendocrine tumours ECLomas?. Eur J. Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 3: 862–3
   Google Scholar
• Waldum H L. Are diffuse gastric carcinomas neuroendcrine tumours ECLomas?. (Reply). Eur J. Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 3: 863–4
   Google Scholar
• Gould V E, Linnoila I, Memoli V A, Warren W H. Biology of disease. Neuroendocrine components of the bronchopulmonary tract: hyperplasias, dysplasias, and neoplasma. Lab Invest 1983; 49: 519–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hage E, Hage J. A gastric carcinoma identified as an ECLoma associated with acanthosis nigricans. Endocrine gut and pancreas, T Fujita. Elsevier Sci Publ Co, Amsterdam 1976; 359–63
   Google Scholar
• Wängberg B, Grimelius L, Granérus G, Conradi N, Jansson S, Ahlman H. The role of gastric resection in the management of multicentric argyrophil gastric carcinoids. Surgery 1990; 108: 851–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldenström K J, Pernow B, Silwer H. Case of metastazing carcinoma (argentaffinoma?) of unknown origin showing peculiar red flushing and increased amounts of histamine and 5-hydroxy-tryptamine in blood and urine. Acta Med Scand 1956; 156: 73–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandler M, Snow P JD. An atypical carcinoid tumour secreting 5-hydroxytyptophan. Lancet 1958; 1: 137–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oates J A, Sjoerdsma A. A unique syndrome associated with secretion of 5-hydroxytryptophan by metastatic gastric carcinoids. Am J Med 1962; 32: 333–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldum H L. Exploiting angiogenesis. Lancet 1991; 337: 614
   Google Scholar
• Stamm B, Saremaslani P. Coincidence of fundic glandular hyperplasia and carcinoma of the stomach. Cancer 1989; 63: 354–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee E Y, Wang T C, Clouse R E, DeSchryver-Kecskemeti K. Mucosal thickening adjacent to gastric malignancy: Association with epidermal growth factor. Mod Pathol 1989; 2: 397–402
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klappenbach R S, Kurman R J, Sinclair C F, James L P. Composite carcinoma-carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 84: 137–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S M, Ellwein L B. Cell proliferation in carcinogenesis. Science 1990; 249: 1007–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponder B AJ, Schmidt G H, Wilkinson M M, Wood M J, Monk M, Reid A. Derivation of mouse intestinal crypts from single progenitor cells. Nature 1985; 313: 689–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearse A GE. Neurocristopathy, neuroendocrine pathology and the APUD concept. Z Krebsforsch 1975; 84: 1–18
   Google Scholar
• Thompson E M, Price Y E, Wright N A. Kinetics of enteroendocrine cells with implications for their origin: a study of the cholecystokinin and gastrin subpopulations combining tri-ated thymidine labelling with immunocytochemistry in the mouse. Gut 1990; 31: 406–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tielemans Y, Willems G, Sundler F. Hakanson R. Self-replication of enterochromaffin-like cells in the mouse stomach. Digestion 1990; 45: 138–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsten F H. The chemistry of Scruff's reagent. Int Rev Cytol 1960; 10: 1–100
   Google Scholar
• Soga J, Tazawa K. Pathologic analysis of carinoids. Histologic re-evaluation of 62 cases. Cancer 1971; 28: 990–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead R, Cosgrove C. Mucins and carcinoid tumours. Pathology 1979; 11: 473–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock M G, DiPardo R M, Evans B E, et al. Benzodiazepine gastrin and brain cholecystokinin receptor ligands: L-365, 260. J Med Chem 1989; 32: 13–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar