The presence of rheumatoid nodules at early rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis is a sign of extra-articular disease and predicts radiographic progression of joint destruction over 5 years

References

• Simonsson M, Bergman S, Jacobsson LT, Petersson IF, Svensson B. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in Sweden. Scand J Rheumatol 1999;28:340–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhardt KB, Fex E. Functional impairment and disability in early rheumatoid arthritis: development over 5 years. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1037–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist E, Saxne T, Geborek P, Eberhardt K. Ten year outcome in a cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: health status, disease process, and damage. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:1055–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus T, Callahan LF, Sale WG, Brooks AL, Payne LE, Vaughn WK. Severe functional declines, work disability, and increased mortality in seventy-five rheumatoid arthritis patients studied over nine years. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:864–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Hawley DJ, Cathey MA. Clinical and health status measures over time: prognosis and outcome assessment in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1991;18:1290–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderlin M, Lindroth Y, Turesson C, Jacobsson L. A more active treatment has profound effects on the health status of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients: results from a population-based RA register in Malmo, Sweden, 1997–2005. Scand J Rheumatol 2010:39;206–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finckh A, Liang MH, van Herckenrode CM, de Pablo P. Long-term impact of early treatment on radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:864–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goronzy JJ, Matteson EL, Fulbright JW, Warrington KJ, Chang-Miller A, Hunder GG, Prognostic markers of radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:43–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziff M. The rheumatoid nodule. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:761–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turesson C, Jacobsson L, Bergstrom U, Truedsson L, Sturfelt G. Predictors of extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2000;29:358–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turesson C, McClelland RL, Christianson T, Matteson E. Clustering of extraarticular manifestations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2008;35:179–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirsch R, Lin JP, Scott WW Jr, Ma LD, Pillemer SR, Kastner DL, Rheumatoid arthritis in the Pima Indians: the intersection of epidemiologic, demographic, and genealogic data. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1464–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turesson C, O'Fallon WM, Crowson CS, Gabriel SE, Matteson EL. Occurrence of extraarticular disease manifestations is associated with excess mortality in a community based cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2002;29:62–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F. The effect of smoking on clinical, laboratory, and radiographic status in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2000;27:630–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye BR, Kaye RL, Bobrove A. Rheumatoid nodules. Review of the spectrum of associated conditions and proposal of a new classification, with a report of four seronegative cases. Am J Med 1984;76:279–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gabriel SE, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Doran MF, Turesson C, O'Fallon WM, Survival in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based analysis of trends over 40 years. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:54–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraux A, Allain J, Guedes C, Valls I, Baron D, Youinou P, Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic features of rheumatoid arthritis with and without nodules. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1997;64:11–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stockman A, Emery P, Doyle T, Hopper J, Tait B, Muirden K. Relationship of progression of radiographic changes in hands and wrists, clinical features and HLA-DR antigens in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1991;18:1001–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bukhari M, Lunt M, Harrison BJ, Scott DG, Symmons DP, Silman AJ. Rheumatoid factor is the major predictor of increasing severity of radiographic erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register Study, a large inception cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:906–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heide A, Remme CA, Hofman DM, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW. Prediction of progression of radiologic damage in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1466–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglin E, Johansson T, Sundin U, Jidell E, Wadell G, Hallmans G, Radiological outcome in rheumatoid arthritis is predicted by presence of antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide before and at disease onset, and by IgA-RF at disease onset. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:453–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forslind K, Ahlmen M, Eberhardt K, Hafstrom I, Svensson B. Prediction of radiological outcome in early rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: role of antibodies to citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP). Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1090–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guler H, Turhanoglu AD, Ozer B, Ozer C, Balci A. The relationship between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide and bone mineral density and radiographic damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2008;37:337–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syversen SW, Gaarder PI, Goll GL, Odegard S, Haavardsholm EA, Mowinckel P, High anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide levels and an algorithm of four variables predict radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a 10‐year longitudinal study. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:212–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morel J, Combe B. How to predict prognosis in early rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2005;19:137–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockman A, Tait BD, Wolfe R, Brand CA, Rowley MJ, Varney MD, Clinical, laboratory and genetic markers associated with erosions and remission in patients with early inflammatory arthritis: a prospective cohort study. Rheumatol Int 2006;26:500–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindqvist E, Eberhardt K, Bendtzen K, Heinegard D, Saxne T. Prognostic laboratory markers of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:196–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forslind K, Boonen A, Albertsson K, Hafstrom I, Svensson B. Hand bone loss measured by digital X-ray radiogrammetry is a predictor of joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2009;38:431–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:910–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silman AJ, Newman J, MacGregor AJ. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a nationwide study of disease-discordant twins. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:732–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masdottir B, Jonsson T, Manfredsdottir V, Vikingsson A, Brekkan A, Valdimarsson H. Smoking, rheumatoid factor isotypes and severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:1202–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saag KG, Cerhan JR, Kolluri S, Ohashi K, Hunninghake GW, Schwartz DA. Cigarette smoking and rheumatoid arthritis severity. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:463–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finckh A, Dehler S, Costenbader KH, Gabay C. Cigarette smoking and radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1066–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison BJ, Silman AJ, Wiles NJ, Scott DG, Symmons DP. The association of cigarette smoking with disease outcome in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:323–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson B, Schaufelberger C, Teleman A, Theander J. Remission and response to early treatment of RA assessed by the Disease Activity Score. BARFOT study group. Better Anti-rheumatic Farmacotherapy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:1031–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:315–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekdahl C, Eberhardt K, Andersson SI, Svensson B. Assessing disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Use of a Swedish version of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Scand J Rheumatol 1988;17:263–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gestel AM, Prevoo ML, van ‘t Hof MA, van Rijswijk MH, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Development and validation of the European League Against Rheumatism response criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison with the preliminary American College of Rheumatology and the World Health Organization/International League Against Rheumatism Criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Boonen A, Boers M, Kostense P, van der Linden S. Reading radiographs in chronological order, in pairs or as single films has important implications for the discriminative power of rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999;38:1213–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde DM. Plain X-rays in rheumatoid arthritis: overview of scoring methods, their reliability and applicability. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1996;10:435–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde DM, van Leeuwen MA, van Riel PL, Koster AM, van ‘t Hof MA, van Rijswijk MH, Biannual radiographic assessments of hands and feet in a three-year prospective followup of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:26–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machold KP, Stamm TA, Nell VP, Pflugbeil S, Aletaha D, Steiner G, Very recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and serological patient characteristics associated with radiographic progression over the first years of disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:342–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plant MJ, Jones PW, Saklatvala J, Ollier WE, Dawes PT. Patterns of radiological progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: results of an 8-year prospective study. J Rheumatol 1998;25:417–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde DM. Joint erosions and patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34(Suppl 2):74–8.
   Google Scholar
• Dixey J, Solymossy C, Young A. Is it possible to predict radiological damage in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? A report on the occurrence, progression, and prognostic factors of radiological erosions over the first 3 years in 866 patients from the Early RA Study (ERAS). J Rheumatol Suppl 2004;69:48–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hulsmans HM, Jacobs JW, van der Heijde DM, van Albada-Kuipers GA, Schenk Y, Bijlsma JW. The course of radiologic damage during the first six years of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1927–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhall-Wahlin BM, Jacobsson LT, Petersson IF, Turesson C. Smoking is a strong risk factor for rheumatoid nodules in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:601–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhall-Wahlin BM, Petersson IF, Nilsson JA, Jacobsson LT, Turesson C. High disease activity disability burden and smoking predict severe extra-articular manifestations in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:416–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westhoff G, Rau R, Zink A. Rheumatoid arthritis patients who smoke have a higher need for DMARDs and feel worse, but they do not have more joint damage than non-smokers of the same serological group. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:849–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronnelid J, Wick MC, Lampa J, Lindblad S, Nordmark B, Klareskog L, Longitudinal analysis of citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (anti-CP) during 5 year follow up in early rheumatoid arthritis: anti-CP status predicts worse disease activity and greater radiological progression. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1744–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar