Faecal incontinence in patients with systemic sclerosis: is an impaired internal anal sphincter the only cause?

References

• Cohen S, Laufer I, Snape WJ Jr. The gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma: pathogenesis and management. Gastroenterology 1980;79:155–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye SA, Seifalian AM, Lim SG, Hamilton G, Black CM. Ischaemia of the small intestine in patients with systemic sclerosis: Raynaud's phenomenon or chronic vasculopathy? Q J Med 1994;87:495–500.
   Google Scholar
• Jayson MIV. Systemic sclerosis: a collagen or microvascular disease? Br Med J 1984;288:1855–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts CG, Hummers LK, Ravich WJ, Wigley FM, Hutchins GM. A case-control study of the pathology of oesophageal disease in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Gut 2006;55:1697–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Fischer R, Lipshutz W, Turner R, Myers A, Schumacher R. The pathogenesis of esophageal dysfunction in scleroderma and Raynaud's disease. J Clin Invest 1972;51:2663–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell JN, Hannan WJ, Adam RD, Heading RC. Radionuclide transit studies in the detection of esophageal dysmotility. Gut 1983;24:421–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier TJ, Rankin GB. Gastrointestinal manifestations of progressive systemic scleroderma based on a review of 364 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1972;58:30–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trezza M, Krogh K, Egekvist H, Bjerring P, Laurberg S. Bowel problems in patients with systemic sclerosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34:409–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Angelo WA, Fries JF, Masi AT, Schulman LE. Pathologic observations in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). A study of fifty-eight autopsy cases and fifty-eight matched controls. Am J Med 1969;46:428–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamel-Roy J, Devroede G, Arhan P, Tétreault L, Duranceau A, Ménard HA. Comparative esophageal and anorectal motility in scleroderma. Gastroenterology 1985;88:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffin BW, Chang P, Spiera H. Fecal incontinence in Scleroderma: clinical features, anorectal manometric findings and their therapeutic implications. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997;25:513–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiou AW, Lin JK, Wang FM. Anorectal abnormalities in progressive systemic sclerosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:417–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel AF, Kamm MA, Talbot IC. Progressive systemic sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter leading to passive faecal incontinence. Gut 1994;35:857–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leighton JA, Valdovinos MA, Pemberton JH, Rath DM, Camilleri M. Anorectal dysfunction and rectal prolapse in progressive systemic sclerosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:182–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan PL, Wigley RD, Borman GB. Clinical criteria for systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1981;24:1589–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorge JM, Wexner SD. Etiology and management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:77–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbarth J, Bemelman WA, Meijerink WJ, Stiggelbout AM, Zwinderman AH, Buyze-Westerweel ME, What is the impact of fecal incontinence on quality on life? Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:67–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryhammer AM, Laurberg S, Hermann AP. Test-retest repeatability of anorectal physiology tests in healthy volunteers. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:287–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogh K, Ryhammer AM, Lundby L, Gregersen H, Laurberg S. Comparison of methods used for measurement of rectal compliance. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:199–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahamsson H, Antov S, Bosaeus I. Gastrointestinal and colonic segmental transit time evaluated by a single abdominal x-ray in healthy subjects and constipated patients. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1988;152:72–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen IS, Michelsen HB, Krogh K, Buntzen S, Laurberg S. Impedance planimetric description of normal rectoanal motility in humans. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:1840–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michelsen HB, Worsoe J, Krogh K, Lundby L, Cristensen P, Buntzen S, Rectal motility after sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worsoe J, Michelsen HB, Buntzen S, Laurberg S, Krogh K. Rectal motility in patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence: a study with impedance planimetry. Dis Colon Rectum 2010; 53:1308–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrick AL, Barlow JD, Bowden A, Williams N, Hobson AR, Irving M, Investigation of anal function in patients with systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:370–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyt GJ, Oh MK, Alemzadeh N, Rivera S, Jimenez SA, Rattan S, Cohen S, Impaired rectoanal inhibitory response in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): an association with fecal incontinence. Dig Dis Sci 2004;49:1040–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lestar B, Penninckx F, Kerremans R. The composition of basal anal pressure. An in vivo and in vitro study in man. Int J Colorectal Dis 1989;4:118–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh CE, Young CJ, Wright CM, Byrne CM, Young JM. The internal anal sphincter in systemic sclerosis. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:315–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greydanus MP, Camilleri M. Abnormal postcibal antral and small bowel motility due to neuropathy or myopathy in systemic sclerosis. Gastroenterology 1989;96:110–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duthie HL, Kee Kwong NG, Brown B. Adaptability of the anal canal to distension. Br J Surg 1970;57:388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitehead WE, Taitelbaum G, Wigley FM, Schuster MM. Rectosigmoid motility and myoelectric activity in progressive systemic sclerosis. Gastroenterology 1989;96:428–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abu-Shakra M, Guillemin F, Lee P. Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1994; 24:29–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkens R, Frojk J, Olesen AB, Kannerup AS, Laurberg S, Krogh K. Slow progression of colorectal symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis: an 8-year follow-up. Scand J Rheumatol 2008;37:486–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna D, Hays RD, Maranian P, Seibold JR, Impens A, Mayes MD, Reliability and validity of the University of California, Los Angeles Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract Instrument. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 61:1257–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollingshead JR, Dudding TC, Vaizey CJ. Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: results from a single center over a 10 year period. Colorectal Dis. 2010 Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print], doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02383.x.
   Google Scholar
• Kenefick NJ, Vaizey CJ, Nicholls RJ, Cohen R, Kamm MA. Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence due to systemic sclerosis. Gut 2002;51:881–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worsoe J, Christensen P, Krogh K, Buntzen S, Laurberg S. Long-term results of antegrade colonic enema in adult patients: assessment of functional results. Dis Colon Rectum 2008; 51:1523–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar