The effect of tone-reducing orthotic devices on soleus muscle reflex excitability while standing in patients with spasticity following stroke

References

• Pandyan AD, Gregoric M, Barnes MP, Wood D, Van Wijck FV, Burridge J, Hermens H, Johnson GR. Spasticity: Clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disabil Rehabil 2005;27(1–2):2–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallesch C-W, Maes E, Lecomte P, Bartels C. Cost-effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A injection in patients with spasticity following stroke: A German perspective. Eur J Neurol 1997;4(Suppl. 2):S53–57.
   Google Scholar
• Harburn KL, Hill KM, Vandervoort AA, Helewa A, Goldsmith CH, Kertesz A, Teasell RW. Spasticity measurement in stroke: A pilot study. Can J Public Health 1992;(Suppl. 2):S41–45.
   Google Scholar
• Iwata M, Kondo I, Sato Y, Satoh K, Soma M, Tsushima E. An ankle-foot orthosis with inhibitor bar: Effect on hemiplegic gait. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:924–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blashy MRM, Fuchs RL. Orthokinetics: A new receptor facilitation method. Am J Occup Ther 1959;13(5):226–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lohman M, Goldstein H. Alternative strategies in tone-reducing AFO design. J Prosthet Orthot 1993;5(1):21–24.
   Google Scholar
• Hylton NM. Postural and functional impact of dynamic AFOs and FOs in a pediatric population. J Prosthet Orthot 1990;2(1):40–53.
   Google Scholar
• Hylton NM. Dynamic casting and orthotics. In: Glenn MB, Whyte J, editors. The practical management of spasticity in children and adults. Philadelphia: Lea and Kebiger; 1990. pp 167–200.
   Google Scholar
• Charlton PT, Ferguson DWN. Orthoses, splinting, and casting in spasticity. In: Barnes MP, Johnson GR, editors. Upper motor neurone syndrome and spasticity: Clinical management and neurophysiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001. pp 142–164.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan WR. Tonic reflexes of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg 42-A 1960(5):859–869.
   Google Scholar
• Lima D. Overview of the causes, treatment, and orthotic management of lower limb spasticity. J Prosthet Orthot 1990;2(1):33–39.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt DJ. Dynamic foot orthoses: Principles and applications. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2000;90(1):24–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radtka SA, Skinner SR, Dixon DM, Johanson ME. A comparison of gait with solid, dynamic, and no ankle-foot orthosis in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 1997;77(4):395–409.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitetti KH, Wondra VC. Dynamic foot orthosis and motor skills of delayed children. J Prosthet Orthot 2005;17(1):21–24.
   Google Scholar
• Blair E, Ballantyne J, Horsman S, Chauvel P. A study of a dynamic proximal stability splint in the management of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1995;37:544–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vattanasilp W, Ada L, Crosbie J. Contribution of thixotropy, spasticity, and contracture to ankle stiffness after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;69(1):34–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hwang IS. Assessment of soleus motoneuronal excitability using the joint angle dependent H reflex in humans. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2002;12:361–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanter D, Zhu Y, McNulty M, Weber R. Soleus H-reflex is depressed during passive stretch of soleus muscle. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;117:S162–163.
   Google Scholar
• Burke D, Andrews C, Ashby P. Autogenic effects of static muscle stretch in spastic man. Arch Neurol 1971;25:367–372.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson KL, McComas AJ, Belanger AY. Control of soleus motoneuron excitability during muscle stretch in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1982;45:699–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odeen I. Reduction of muscular hypertonus by long-term muscle stretch. Scand J Rehabil Med 1981;13:93–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bronkhorst AJ, Lamb GA. An orthosis to aid in reduction of lower limb spasticity. Clin Orthot Prosthet 1987;41(2):23–28.
   Google Scholar
• Ford C, Grotz RC, Shamp JK. The neurophysiological ankle-foot orthosis. Clin Orthot Prosthet 1986;10(1):15–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueller K, Cornwall M, McPoil T, Mueller D, Barnwell J. Effect of a tone-inhibiting dynamic ankle-foot orthosis on the foot-loading pattern of a hemiplegic adult: A preliminary study. J Prosthet Orthot 1992;4(2):86–92.
   Google Scholar
• Dieli J, Ayyappa E, Hornbeak S. Effect of dynamic AFOs on three hemiplegic adults. J Prosthet Orthot 1997;9(2):82–89.
   Google Scholar
• Smelt HR. Effect of an inhibitive weight-bearing mitt on tone reduction and functional performance in a child with cerebral palsy. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 1989;9(2):53–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor CL, Harris SR. Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on functional motor performance in a child with spastic diplegia. Am J Occup Ther 1986;40(7):492–494.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singer BJ, Dunne J, Allison GT. Reflex and non-reflex elements of hypertonia in triceps surae muscles following acquired brain injury: Implications for rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil 2001;23(17):749–757.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmieri RM, Ingersoll CD, Hoffman MA. The Hoffman reflex: Methodologic considerations and applications for use in sports medicine and athletic training research. J Athlet Training 2004;39(3):268–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misiaszek JE. The H-reflex as a tool in neurophysiology: Its limitations and uses in understanding nervous system function. Muscle Nerve 2003;28:144–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiepatti M. The Hoffman reflex: a means of assessing spinal reflex excitability and its descending control in man. Progress Neurobiol 1987;28:345–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Mazevet D. The monosynaptic reflex: A tool to investigate motor control in humans. Interest and limits. Neurophysiol Clin 2000;30(2):67–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ali A, Sabbahi MA. Test-retest reliability of the soleus H-reflex in three different positions. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2001;41:209–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voerman GE, Gregoric M, Hermens HJ. Neurophysiological methods for the assessment of spasticity: The Hoffmann reflex, the tendon reflex, and the stretch reflex. Disabil Rehabil 2005;27(1–2):33–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilgevoord AAJ, Koelman JHTM, Bour LJ, Ongerboer de Visser BW. Normalization of soleus H-reflex recruitment curves in controls and a population of spastic patients. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;93:202–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leone JA, Kukulka CG. Effects of tendon pressure on alpha motoneuron excitability in patients with stroke. Phys Ther 1988;68(4):475–480.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robichaud JA, Agostinucci J, Vander Linden DW. Effect of air-splint application on soleus muscle motoneuron reflex excitability in nondisabled subjects and subjects with cerebrovascular accidents. Phys Ther 1992;72(3):176–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Childers MK, Biswas SS, Pertoski G, Merveille O. Inhibitory casting decreases a vibratory inhibition index of the H-reflex in the spastic upper limb. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80:714–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris S. Ashworth and Tardieu scales: Their clinical relevance for measuring spasticity in adult and paediatric neurological populations. Phys Ther Rev 2002;7(1):53–62.
   Google Scholar
• Hugon M. Methodology of the Hoffmann reflex in man. In: Desmedt J, editor. New developments in electromyography and clinical neurophysiology. Switzerland: Karger; 1973. pp 277–293.
   Google Scholar
• Corston R, Colman A. A crash course in SPSS for Windows – updated for versions 10 and 11. 2 ed. Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd R, Fatone S, Rodda J, Olesch C, Starr R, Cullis E, Gallagher D, Carlin JB, Nattrass GR, Graham K. High- or low- technology measurements of energy expenditure in clinical gait analysis? Dev Med Child Neurol 1999;41:676–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinn S. Repeatability and method comparison. Thorax 1991;46:454–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naslund A, Jesinkey K, Sundelin G, Wendt L, Hirschfeld H. Effects of dynamic ankle-foot orthoses on standing in children with severe spastic diplegia. Int J Ther Rehabil 2005;12(5):200–207.
   Google Scholar
• Whelan JK. Effect of orthokinetics on upper extremity function of the adult hemiplegic patient. Am J Occup Ther 1964;18(4):141–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corn K, Imms C, Timewell G, Carter C, Collins L, Dubbeld S, Schubiger S, Froude E. Impact of second skin lycra splinting on the quality of upper limb movement in children. Br J Occup Ther 2003;66(10):464–472.
   Google Scholar
• Gracies JM, Fitzpatrick R, Wilson L, Burke D, Gandevia SC. Lycra garments designed for patients with upper limb spasticity: Mechanical effects in normal subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:1066–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracies JM, Marosszeky JE, Renton R, Sandanam J, Gandevia SC, Burke D. Short-term effects of dynamic lycra splints on upper limb in hemiplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:1547–1555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robichaud JA, Agostinucci J. Air-splint pressure effect on soleus muscle alpha motoneuron reflex excitability in subjects with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77:778–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Standards Institution. Medical compression hosiery. In: British Standard BS 12718:2001. London: BSI; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Chalmers GR, Knutzen KM. Soleus H-reflex gain in healthy elderly and young adults when lying, standing, and balancing. J Gerontol 2002;57A(8):B321–329.
   Google Scholar
• Kawashima N, Sekiguchi H, Miyoshi T, Nakazawa K, Akai M. Inhibition of the human soleus Hoffman reflex during standing without descending commands. Neurosci Lett 2003;345:41–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar