A new perspective on the importance of glycine conjugation in the metabolism of aromatic acids

References

• Abdo KM, Wenk ML, Harry GJ, et al. (1998). Glycine modulates the toxicity of benzyl acetate in F344 rats. Toxicol Pathol 26:395–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe, S, Sasaki M. (1977). Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells exposed to various chemicals. J Natl Cancer Inst 58:1635–1641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agundez JA, Martinez C, Perez-Sala D, et al. (2009). Pharmacogenomics in aspirin intolerance. Curr Drug Metab 10:998–1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amsel LP, Levy G. (1969). Drug biotransformation interactions in man II: a pharmacokinetic study of the simultaneous conjugation of benzoic and salicylic acids with glycine. J Pharm Sci 58:321–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Applegarth DA, Toone JR. (2001). Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (glycine encephalopathy): laboratory diagnosis. Mol Genet Metab 74:139–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atamna H, Liu, J, Ames BN. (2001). Heme deficiency selectively interrupts assembly of mitochondrial complex IV in human fibroblasts: revelance to aging. J Biol Chem 276:48410–48416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au J, Marsh KJ, Wallis IR, Foley WJ. (2013). Whole-body protein turnover reveals the cost of detoxification of secondary metabolites in a vertebrate browser. J Comp Physiol B 183:993–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badenhorst CP, Van Der Sluis R, Erasmus, E, Van Dijk AA. (2013). Glycine conjugation: importance in metabolism, the role of glycine N-acyltransferase, and factors that influence interindividual variation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 9:1139–1153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badenhorst CPS, Jooste, M, Van Dijk AA. (2012). Enzymatic characterization and elucidation of the catalytic mechanism of a recombinant bovine glycine N-acyltransferase. Drug Metab Dispos 40:346–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandeira S, Fonseca LJ, Guedes G, et al. (2013). Oxidative stress as an underlying contributor in the development of chronic complications in diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 14:3265–3284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barshop BA, Breuer J, Holm J, et al. (1989). Excretion of hippuric acid during sodium benzoate therapy in patients with hyperglycinaemia or hyperammonaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 12:72–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett K, Gompertz D. (1974). The specificity of glycine-N-acylase and acylglycine excretion in the organicacidaemias. Biochem Med 10:15–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batshaw ML, Brusilow SW. (1981). Evidence of lack of toxicity of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate in treating urea cycle enzymopathies. J Inherit Metab Dis 4:231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batshaw ML, Hyman SL, Coyle JT, et al. (1988). Effect of sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate on brain serotonin turnover in the ornithine transcarbamylase-deficient sparse-fur mouse. Pediatr Res 23:368–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia V, Salvi, M, Toninello A. (2005). Oxidative stress is responsible for mitochondrial permeability transition induction by salicylate in liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 280:33864–33872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beloborodova N, Bairamov I, Olenin A, et al. (2012). Effect of phenolic acids of microbial origin on production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria and neutrophils. J Biomed Sci 19:89–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett MJ, Pollitt RJ, Taitz LS, Variend S. (1990). Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: A useful diagnosis five years after death. Clin Chem 36:1695–1697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi P, Broekemeier KM, Pfeiffer DR. (1994). Recent progress on regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore; a cyclosporin-sensitive pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane. J Bioenerg Biomembr 26:509–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beynen AC, Geelen MJ. (1982). Short-term inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis in isolated hepatocytes by mono-aromatic compounds. Toxicology 24:183–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyoglu, D, Idle JR. (2012). The glycine deportation system and its pharmacological consequences. Pharmacol Ther 135:151–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyoglu D, Smith RL, Idle JR. (2012). Dog bites man or man bites dog? The enigma of the amino acid conjugations. Biochem Pharmacol 83:1331–1339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bichara D, Calcaterra NB, Arranz S, et al. (2014). Set-up of an infrared fast behavioral assay using zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae, and its application in compound biotoxicity screening. J Appl Toxicol 34:214–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boomgaarden I, Vock C, Klapper, M, Doring F. (2009). Comparative analyses of disease risk genes belonging to the acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain (ACSM) family in human liver and cell lines. Biochem Genet 47:739–748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw PC, Pfeiffer DR. (2006). Loss of NAD(H) from swollen yeast mitochondria. BMC Biochem 7:3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bravo L. (1998). Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev 56:317–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray HG, Thorpe WV, White K. (1951). Kinetic studies of the metabolism of foreign organic compounds; the formation of benzoic acid from benzamide toluene, benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde and its conjugation with glycine and glucuronic acid in the rabbit. Biochem J 48:88–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges JW, French MR, Smith RL, Williams RT. (1970). The fate of benzoic acid in various species. Biochem J 118:47–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broekemeier KM, Pfeiffer DR. (1995). Inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition by cyclosporin A during long time frame experiments: relationship between pore opening and the activity of mitochondrial phospholipases. Biochemistry 34:16440–16449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosnan JT, Da Silva RP, Brosnan ME. (2011). The metabolic burden of creatine synthesis. Amino Acids 40:1325–1331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell J. (1982). Conjugation reactions in foreign-compound metabolism: definition, consequences, and species variations. Drug Metab Rev 13:745–777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell J. (1984). Xenobiotic acyl-coenzymes A: critical intermediates in the biochemical pharmacology and toxicology of carboxylic acids. Biochem Soc Trans 12:9–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Huang NN, Huang JT, et al. (2009). Sodium benzoate exposure downregulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter in dopaminergic neurons in developing zebrafish. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 86:85–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conter C, Rolland MO, Cheillan D, et al. (2006). Genetic heterogeneity of the GLDC gene in 28 unrelated patients with glycine encephalopathy. J Inherit Metab Dis 29:135–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti A, Bickel MH. (1977). History of drug metabolism: discoveries of the major pathways in the 19th century. Drug Metab Rev 6:1–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coon MJ. (2005). Cytochrome P450: nature's most versatile biological catalyst. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45:1–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremin Jr JD, Drackley JK, Grum DE, et al. (1994). Effects of reduced phenolic acids on metabolism of propionate and palmitate in bovine liver tissue in vitro. J Dairy Sci 77:3608–3617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyr DM, Egan SG, Brini CM, Tremblay GC. (1991). On the mechanism of inhibition of gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis by sodium benzoate. Biochem Pharmacol 42:645–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dakin HD. (1908). Comparative studies of the mode of oxidation of phenyl derivatives of fatty acids by the animal organism and by hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem 4:419–435
   Google Scholar
• Dakin HD. (1910). The fate of sodium benzoate in the human organism. J Biol Chem 7:103–108
   Google Scholar
• Davies KM, Strauss M, Daum B, et al. (2011). Macromolecular organization of ATP synthase and complex I in whole mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:14121–14126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries A, Alexander, B, Quamo Y. (1948). Studies on amino acid metabolism. III. Plasma glycine concentration and hippuric acid formation following the ingestion of benzoate 1. J Clin Invest 27:665–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deguchi T, Takemoto M, Uehara N, et al. (2005). Renal clearance of endogenous hippurate correlates with expression levels of renal organic anion transporters in uremic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314:932–938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demir E, Kocaoglu S, Kaya B. (2010). Assessment of genotoxic effects of benzyl derivatives by the comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol 48:1239–1242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dercksen M, Duran M, Ijlst L, et al. (2012). Clinical variability of isovaleric acidemia in a genetically homogeneous population. J Inherit Metab Dis 35:1021–1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Salvo ML, Contestabile R, Paiardini, A, Maras B. (2013). Glycine consumption and mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase in cancer cells: the heme connection. Med Hypotheses 80:633–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy LF, Kerzner B, Seeff L, et al. (1995). Preliminary assessment of glycine conjugation of para-aminobenzoic acid as a quantitative test of liver function. Clin Biochem 28:527–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzurik R, Spustova V, Krivosikova, Z, Gazdikova K. (2001). Hippurate participates in the correction of metabolic acidosis. Kidney Int Suppl 78:S278–S281
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elpeleg O, Miller C, Hershkovitz E, et al. (2005). Deficiency of the ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthase activity is associated with encephalomyopathy and mitochondrial DNA depletion. Am J Hum Genet 76:1081–1086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erfle JD, Sauer F. (1969). The inhibitory effects of acyl-coenzyme a esters on the pyruvate and α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. Biochim Biophys Acta 178:441–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedotcheva NI, Kazakov RE, Kondrashova MN, Beloborodova NV. (2008). Toxic effects of microbial phenolic acids on the functions of mitochondria. Toxicol Lett 180:182–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedotcheva TA, Shimanovskii NL, Kruglov AG, et al. (2012). Role of mitochondrial thiols of different localization in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Biochemistry (Moscow) 6:92–99
   Google Scholar
• Fenton WA, Gravel RA, Rosenblatt DS. (2013). Part 9: Organic acids. Chapter 94: Disorders of propionate and methylmalonate metabolism. In: Vale D, Beaudet AL, Vogelstein B, et al., eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Diseases. New York: McGraw Hill
   Google Scholar
• Fulton TR, Triano T, Rabe, A, Loo YH. (1980). Phenylacetate and the enduring behavioral deficit in experimental phenylketonuria. Life Sci 27:1271–1281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furst DE, Gupta, N, Paulus HE. (1977). Salicylate metabolism in twins. Evidence suggesting a generic influence and induction of salicylurate formation. J Clin Invest 60:32–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuya KN, Durie PR, Roberts EA, et al. (1995). Glycine Conjugation of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA): A quantitative test of liver function. Clin Biochem 28:531–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuyama K, Sassa S. (2000). Interaction between succinyl CoA synthetase and the heme-biosynthetic enzyme ALAS-E is disrupted in sideroblastic anemia. J Clin Invest 105:757–764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamage N, Barnett A, Hempel N, et al. (2006). Human sulfotransferases and their role in chemical metabolism. Toxicol Sci 90:5–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatley SJ, Sherratt SA. (1976). The localization of hippurate synthesis in the matrix of rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Soc Trans 4:525–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatley SJ, Sherratt HS. (1977). The synthesis of hippurate from benzoate and glycine by rat liver mitochondria. Submitochondrial localization and kinetics. Biochem J 166:39–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregersen N, Kolvraa S, Mortensen PB. (1986). Acyl-CoA: glycine N-acyltransferase: in vitro studies on the glycine conjugation of straight- and branched-chained acyl-CoA esters in human liver. Biochem Med Metab Biol 35:210–218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gregus Z, Fekete T, Halaszi, E, Klaassen CD. (1996a). Does hepatic ATP depletion impair glycine conjugation in vivo? Drug Metab Dispos 24:1347–1354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregus Z, Fekete T, Halaszi E, Klaassen CD. (1996b). Lipoic acid impairs glycine conjugation of benzoic acid and renal excretion of benzoylglycine. Drug Metab Dispos 24:682–688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregus Z, Fekete T, Varga, F, Klaassen CD. (1992). Availability of glycine and coenzyme A limits glycine conjugation in vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 20:234–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregus Z, Fekete T, Varga, F, Klaassen CD. (1993). Dependence of glycine conjugation on availability of glycine: Role of the glycine cleavage system. Xenobiotica 23:141–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith AD, Cyr DM, Egan SG, Tremblay GC. (1989). Inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase by sequestration of coenzyme A with sodium benzoate. Arch Biochem Biophys 269:201–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillo MP, Benet LZ. (2002). Studies on the reactivity of clofibryl-S-acyl-CoA thioester with glutathione in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 30:55–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillo MP, Lohr MT. (2009). Covalent binding of phenylacetic acid to protein in incubations with freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 37:1073–1082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillemette C. (2003). Pharmacogenomics of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes. Pharmacogenomics J 3:136–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Zhang L, Liu Y, et al. (2013). Suggestion of GLYAT gene underlying variation of bone size and body lean mass as revealed by a bivariate genome-wide association study. Hum Genet 132:189–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutknecht J. (1992). Aspirin, acetaminophen and proton transport through phospholipid bilayers and mitochondrial membranes. Mol Cell Biochem 114:3–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamosh A, Johnston MV. (2013). Part 8: Amino acids. Chapter 90: Nonketotic hyperglycinemia. In: Vale D, Beaudet AL, Vogelstein B, et al., eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Diseases. New York: McGraw Hill
   Google Scholar
• Hansch C, Leo A. (1995). Exploring QSAR. Washington: American Chemical Society
   Google Scholar
• Hansch C, Lien EJ, Helmer F. (1968). Structure-activity correlations in the metabolism of drugs. Arch Biochem Biophys 128:319–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan R, Levine, A, Abeliovich H. (2004). Benzoic acid, a weak organic acid food preservative, exerts specific effects on intracellular membrane trafficking pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:4449–4457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiraga K, Kochi H, Hayasaka K, et al. (1981). Defective glycine cleavage system in nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Occurrence of a less active glycine decarboxylase and an abnormal aminomethyl carrier protein. J Clin Invest 68:525–534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houten SM, Wanders RJ. (2010). A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. J Inherit Metab Dis 33:469–477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irjala K. (1972). Synthesis of p-aminohippuric, hippuric, and salicyluric acids in experimental animals and man. Ann Acad Sci Fenn A 154:1–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Itoh T, Ito T, Ohba S, et al. (1996). Effect of carnitine administration on glycine metabolism in patients with isovaleric acidemia: Significance of acetylcarnitine determination to estimate the proper carnitine dose. Tohoku J Exp Med 179:101–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson AA, Badaloo AV, Forrester T, et al. (1987). Urinary excretion of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic aciduria) as an index of glycine insufficiency in normal man. Br J Nutr 58:207–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson AA, Gibson NR, Lu Y, Jahoor F. (2004). Synthesis of erythrocyte glutathione in healthy adults consuming the safe amount of dietary protein. Am J Clin Nutr 80:101–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson AA, Persaud C, Hall M, et al. (1997). Urinary excretion of 5-L-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) during early life in term and preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 76:F152–F157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson AA, Persaud C, Meakins TS, Bundy R. (1996). Urinary excretion of 5-L-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) is increased in normal adults consuming vegetarian or low protein diets. J Nutr 126:2813–2822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain M, Nilsson R, Sharma S, et al. (2012). Metabolite profiling identifies a key role for glycine in rapid cancer cell proliferation. Science 336:1040–1044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenner AM, Rafter, J, Halliwell B. (2005). Human fecal water content of phenolics: the extent of colonic exposure to aromatic compounds. Free Radic Biol Med 38:763–772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha N, Jurma O, Lalli G, Liu Y, et al. (2000). Glutathione depletion in PC12 results in selective inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity. Implications for Parkinson's disease. J Biol Chem 275:26096–26101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalbag SS, Palekar AG. (1988). Sodium benzoate inhibits fatty acid oxidation in rat liver: effect on ammonia levels. Biochem Med Metab Biol 40:133–142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasuya F, Igarashi, K, Fukui M. (1990). Glycine conjugation of the substituted benzoic acids in vitro: Structure-metabolism relationship study. J Pharmacobiodyn 13:432–440
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasuya F, Igarashi, K, Fukui M. (1991). Glycine conjugation of the substituted benzoic acids in mice: Structure-metabolism relationship study II. J Pharmacobiodyn 14:671–677
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keller W. (1842). On the conversion of benzoic acid into hippuric acid. Provincial Med J Retrospect Med Sci 4:256–257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley M, Vessey D. (1990). The effects of ions on the conjugation of xenobiotics by the aralkyl-CoA and arylacetyl-CoA N-acyltransferases from bovine liver mitochondria. J Biochem Toxicol 5:125–135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley M, Vessey D. (1994). Characterization of the acyl-CoA: Amino acid N-acyltransferases from primate liver mitochondria. J Biochem Toxicol 9:153–158
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley M, Vessey DA. (1993). Isolation and characterization of mitochondrial acyl-CoA: Glycine N-acyltransferases from kidney. J BiochemToxicol 8:63–69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khasnavis S, Pahan K. (2012). Sodium benzoate, a metabolite of cinnamon and a food additive, upregulates neuroprotective Parkinson disease protein DJ-1 in astrocytes and neurons. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 7:424–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi G, Motokawa Y, Yoshida, T, Hiraga K. (2008). Glycine cleavage system: reaction mechanism, physiological significance, and hyperglycinemia. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 84:246–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knights KM. (1998). Role of hepatic fatty acid:coenzyme A ligases in the metabolism of xenobiotic carboxylic acids. Clin Exper Pharmacol Physiol 25:776–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knights KM, Drogemiller CJ. (2000). Xenobiotic-CoA ligases: Kinetic and molecular characterization. Current Drug Metab 1:49–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knights KM, Miners JO. (2012). Amino acid conjugation: A novel route of xenobiotic carboxylic acid metabolism in man. In: AV Lyubimov, ed. Encyclopedia of Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Somerset, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 595–610
   Google Scholar
• Knights KM, Sykes MJ, Miners JO. (2007). Amino acid conjugation: Contribution to the metabolism and toxicity of xenobiotic carboxylic acids. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 3:159–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoop F. (1904). Der Abbau aromatischer Fettsäuren im Tierkörper
   Google Scholar
• Knox WE, Horowitz ML, Friedell GH. (1969). The proportionality of glutaminase content to growth rate and morphology of rat neoplasms. Cancer Res 29:669–680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolvraa S. (1979). Inhibition of the glycine cleavage system by branched-chain amino acid metabolites. Pediatr Res 13:889–893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolvraa S, Gregersen N. (1986). Acyl-CoA:glycine N-acyltransferase: organelle localization and affinity toward straight- and branched-chained acyl-CoA esters in rat liver. Biochem Med Metab Biol 36:98–105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krahenbuhl L, Reichen J, Talos, C, Krahenbuhl S. (1997). Benzoic acid metabolism reflects hepatic mitochondrial function in rats with long-term extrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatology 25:278–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger I, Winbaum ES, Eisenbrey AB. (1977). Cerebrospinal fluid glycine in nonketotic hyperglycinemic: Effect of treatment with sodium benzoate and a ventricular shunt. Metabolism 26:517–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krivosikova Z, Spustova, V, Dzurik R. (1998). Participation of P-dependent and P-independent glutaminases in rat kidney ammoniagenesis and their modulation by metabolic acidosis, hippurate and insulin. Physiol Res 47:177–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota K, Ishizaki T. (1991). Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of benzoic acid following oral administration of sodium benzoate to humans. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 41:363–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kure S, Ichinohe A, Kojima K, et al. (2004). Mild variant of nonketotic hyperglycinemia with typical neonatal presentations: mutational and in vitro expression analyses in two patients. J Pediatr 144:827–829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushnareva YE, Sokolove PM. (2000). Prooxidants open both the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and a low-conductance channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Arch Biochem Biophys 376:377–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakeram M, Lockley DJ, Sanders DJ, et al. (2007). Paraben transport and metabolism in the biomimetic artificial membrane permeability assay (BAMPA) and 3-day and 21-day Caco-2 cell systems. J Biomol Screen 12:84–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees HJ, Swann JR, Wilson ID, et al. (2013). Hippurate: the natural history of a mammalian-microbial cometabolite. J Proteome Res 12:1527–1546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemasters JJ, Qian T, He L, et al. (2002). Role of mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilization in necrotic cell death, apoptosis, and autophagy. Antioxid Redox Signal 4:769–781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy G. (1979). Pharmacokinetics of salicylate in man. Drug Metab Rev 9:3–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lheureux PE, Hantson P. (2009). Carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 47:101–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Benet LZ, Grillo MP. (2002). Studies on the chemical reactivity of 2-phenylpropionic acid 1-O-acyl glucuronide and S-acyl-CoA thioester metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 15:1309–1317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Grillo MP, Benet LZ. (2003). In vitro studies on the chemical reactivity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl-S-acyl-CoA thioester. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 187:101–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder-Horowitz M, Knox WE, MORRIS HP. (1969). Glutaminase activities and growth rates of rat hepatomas. Cancer Res 29:1195–1199
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lino Cardenas CL, Bourgine J, Cauffiez C, et al. (2010). Genetic polymorphisms of Glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) in a French Caucasian population. Xenobiotica 40:853–861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo YH, Fulton T, Miller, K, Wisniewski HM. (1980). Phenylacetate and brain dysfunction in experimental phenylketonuria: synaptic development. Life Sci 27:1283–1290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo YH, Fulton T, Miller KA, Wisniewski HM. (1979). Vulnerability of the immature rat brain to phenylacetate intoxication: Postnatal development of the detoxication mechanism. J Neurochem 32:1699–1705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo YH, Potempska, A, Wisniewski HM. (1985). A biochemical explanation of phenyl acetate neurotoxicity in experimental phenylketonuria. J Neurochem 45:1596–1600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, J, Orten JM. (1954). Dietary protein and glycine as precursors of porphyrins in the rat. J Nutr 52:89–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao L-F, Chu C, Schulz H. (1994). Hepatic.beta.-oxidation of 3-phenylpropionic acid and the stereospecific dehydration of (R)- and (S)-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionyl-CoA by different enoyl-CoA hydratases. Biochemistry 33:3320–3326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh KJ, Wallis IR, Andrew RL, Foley WJ. (2006). The detoxification limitation hypothesis: where did it come from and where is it going? J Chem Ecol 32:1247–1266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh KJ, Wallis IR, Foley WJ. (2005). Detoxification rates constrain feeding in common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Ecology 86:2946–2954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda T, Nakamura K, Jikihara T, et al. (1996). 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationships for hydrophobic interactions: Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) including molecular lipophilicity potentials as applied to the glycine conjugation of aromatic as well as aliphatic carboxylic acids. Quantitative Struct-Activity Relationships 15:194–200
   Google Scholar
• Matsuo M, Terai K, Kameda N, et al. (2012). Designation of enzyme activity of glycine-N-acyltransferase family genes and depression of glycine-N-acyltransferase in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 420:901–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurin AC, Jousse C, Averous J, et al. (2005). The GCN2 kinase biases feeding behavior to maintain amino acid homeostasis in omnivores. Cell Metab 1:273–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawal YR, Qureshi IA. (1994). Purification to homogeneity of mitochondrial acyl coa:glycine n-acyltransferase from human liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 205:1373–1379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVean GA. (2012). An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes. Nature 491:56–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melendez-Hevia E, De Paz-Lugo P, Cornish-Bowden A, Cardenas ML. (2009). A weak link in metabolism: the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis. J Biosci 34:853–872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metges CC, Yu YM, Cai W, et al. (2000). Oxoproline kinetics and oxoproline urinary excretion during glycine- or sulfur amino acid-free diets in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278:E868–E876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mineo H, Ohdate T, Fukumura K, et al. (1995). Effects of benzoic acid and its analogues on insulin and glucagon secretion in sheep. Eur J Pharmacol 280:149–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell GA, Gauthier N, Lesimple A, et al. (2008). Hereditary and acquired diseases of acyl-coenzyme A metabolism. Mol Genet Metab 94:4–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen PB, Kolvraa, S, Christensen E. (1980). Inhibition of the glycine cleavage system: Hyperglycinemia and hyperglycinuria caused by valproic acid. Epilepsia 21:563–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy MP. (2009). How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochem J 417:1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa Y, Moldeus P. (1998). Mechanism of p-hydroxybenzoate ester-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 55:1907–1914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa Y, Moore G. (1999). Role of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition in p-hydroxybenzoate ester-induced cytotoxicity in rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 58:811–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandi DL, Lucas SV, Webster LT Jr. (1979). Benzoyl-coenzyme A:glycine N-acyltransferase and phenylacetyl-coenzyme A:glycine N-acyltransferase from bovine liver mitochondria. Purification and characterization. J Biol Chem 254:7230–7237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman C, Howell KA, Millar AH, et al. (2004). Salicylic acid is an uncoupler and inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. Plant Physiol 134:492–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oates PS, West AR. (2006). Heme in intestinal epithelial cell turnover, differentiation, detoxification, inflammation, carcinogenesis, absorption and motility. World J Gastroenterol 12:4281–4295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen J, Li C, Skonberg C, et al. (2007). Studies on the metabolism of tolmetin to the chemically reactive acyl-coenzyme A thioester intermediate in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 35:758–764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyanagi K, Kuniya Y, Nagao M, et al. (1987). Cytotoxicities of sodium benzoate in primary culture of hepatocytes from adult rat liver. Tohoku J Exp Med 152:47–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palekar A. (2000). Effect of pantothenic acid on hippurate formation in sodium benzoate-treated HepG2 cells. Pediatr Res 48:357–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palekar AG, Kalbag SS. (1991). Amino acids in the rat liver and plasma and some metabolites in the liver after sodium benzoate treatment. Biochem Med Metab Biol 46:52–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park H-W, Park EH, Yun H-M, Rhim H. (2011). Sodium benzoate-mediated cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. J Food Biochem 35:1034–1046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park WH, Kang YC, Piao Y, et al. (2013). Causal effects of synthetic chemicals on mitochondrial deficits and diabetes pandemic. Arch Pharm Res 36:178–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry TL, Urquhart N, Maclean J, et al. (1975). Nonketotic hyperglycinemia. N Eng J Med 292:1269–1273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persaud C, Forrester T, Jackson AA. (1996). Urinary excretion of 5-L-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) is increased during recovery from severe childhood malnutrition and responds to supplemental glycine. J Nutr 126:2823–2830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phipps AN, Stewart J, Wright, B, Wilson ID. (1998). Effect of diet on the urinary excretion of hippuric acid and other dietary-derived aromatics in rat. A complex interaction between diet, gut microflora and substrate specificity. Xenobiotica 28:527–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper P, Calderon CO, Hatzixanthis K, Mollapour M. (2001). Weak acid adaptation: The stress response that confers yeasts with resistance to organic acid food preservatives. Microbiology 147:2635–2642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper PW. (1999). Yeast superoxide dismutase mutants reveal a pro-oxidant action of weak organic acid food preservatives. Free Radic Biol Med 27:1219–1227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper WN, Condie LW, Tephly TR. (1973). The role pf substrates for glycine acyltransferase in the reversal of chemically induced porphyria in the rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 159:671–677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitocco D, Zaccardi F, Di Stasio E, et al. (2010). Oxidative stress, nitric oxide, and diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 7:15–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Politycka B. (1997). Free and glucosylated phenolics, phenol β-glucosyltransferase activity and membrane permeability in cucumber roots affected by derivatives of cinnamic and benzoic acids. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 19:311–317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon K, Pang KS. (1995). Benzoic acid glycine conjugation in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Drug Metab Dispos 23:255–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcelli AM, Ghelli A, Zanna C, et al. (2005). pH difference across the outer mitochondrial membrane measured with a green fluorescent protein mutant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 326:799–804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praphanphoj V, Boyadjiev SA, Waber LJ, et al. (2000). Three cases of intravenous sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate toxicity occurring in the treatment of acute hyperammonaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 23:129–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probstein JG, Londe S. (1940). Studies of liver function by means of quick's hippuric acid test. Ann Surg 111:230–245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratnakumari L, Qureshi IA, Butterworth RF. (1993). Effect of sodium benzoate on cerebral and hepatic energy metabolites in spf mice with congenital hyperammonemia. Biochem Pharmacol 45:137–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rechner AR, Kuhnle G, Bremner P, et al. (2002). The metabolic fate of dietary polyphenols in humans. Free Radical Biol Med 33:220–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinaldo P, O'shea JJ, Welch RD, Tanaka K. (1990). The enzymatic basis for the dehydrogenation of 3-phenylpropionic acid: In vitro reaction of 3-phenylpropionyl-CoA with various acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. Pediatr Res 27:501–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter JK. (2000). Roles of glucuronidation and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in xenobiotic bioactivation reactions. Chem Biol Interact 129:171–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Antona C, Gomez A, Karlgren M, et al. (2010). Molecular genetics and epigenetics of the cytochrome P450 gene family and its relevance for cancer risk and treatment. Hum Genet 127:1–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross P, Wootton IDP. (1964). Glycine conjugation and toxicity of phenolic acids. Clin Chim Acta 9:434–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell RR, 3rd, Taegtmeyer H. (1992). Coenzyme A sequestration in rat hearts oxidizing ketone bodies. J Clin Invest 89:968–973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakuma T. (1991). Alteration of urinary carnitine profile induced by benzoate administration. Arch Dis Child 66:873–875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltzman A, Caraway WT. (1953). Cinnamic acid as a test substance in the evaluation of liver function. J Clin Invest 32:711–719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter, D, Taggart JV. (1953). Benzoyl coenzyme A and hippurate synthesis. J Biol Chem 203:925–934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter, D, Taggart JV. (1954). Glycine N-acylase: Purification and properties. J Biol Chem 208:263–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab AJ, Tao L, Yoshimura T, et al. (2001). Hepatic uptake and metabolism of benzoate: A multiple indicator dilution, perfused rat liver study. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280:G1124–G1136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekhar RV, Mckay SV, Patel SG, et al. (2011a). Glutathione synthesis is diminished in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and restored by dietary supplementation with cysteine and glycine. Diabetes Care 34:162–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekhar RV, Patel SG, Guthikonda AP, et al. (2011b). Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 94:847–853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherwin CP, Kennard KS. (1919). Toxicity of phenylacetic acid. J Biol Chem 40:259–264
   Google Scholar
• Sidenius U, Skonberg C, Olsen J, Hansen SH. (2004). In vitro reactivity of carboxylic acid-CoA thioesters with glutathione. Chem Res Toxicol 17:75–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikkema J, De Bont JA, Poolman B. (1995). Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiol Rev 59:201–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith EA, MacFarlane GT. (1996). Enumeration of human colonic bacteria producing phenolic and indolic compounds: Effects of pH, carbohydrate availability and retention time on dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism. J Appl Bacteriol 81:288–302
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith JN. (1958). Comparative detoxication. 5. Conjugation of aromatic acids in reptiles: formation of ornithuric acid, hippuric acid and glucuronides. Biochem J 69:509–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spustova V, Cernay, P, Golier I. (1989). Inhibition of glucose utilization in uremia by hippurate: liquid chromatographic isolation and mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic identification. J Chromatogr 490:186–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spustova V, Dzurik R. (1991). Effect of hippurate on glucose utilization in rat kidney cortex slices. Ren Physiol Biochem 14:42–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spustova V, Dzurik R, Gerykova M. (1987). Hippurate participation in the inhibition of glucose utilization in renal failure. Czech Med 10:79–89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spustova V, Oravec C. (1989). Antitumor effect of hippurate. An experimental study using various mouse tumor strains. Neoplasma 36:317–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss M, Hofhaus G, Schroder RR, Kuhlbrandt W. (2008). Dimer ribbons of ATP synthase shape the inner mitochondrial membrane. EMBO J 27:1154–1160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweetman L, Williams JC. (2013). Part 9: Organic acids. Chapter 93: Branched chain organic acidurias. In: Vale D, Beaudet AL, Vogelstein B, et al., eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Diseases. New York: McGraw Hill
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka K, Budd MA, Efron ML, Isselbacher KJ. (1966). Isovaleric acidemia: a new genetic defect of leucine metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 56:236–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, K, Isselbacher KJ. (1967). The isolation and identification of N-isovalerylglycine from urine of patients with isovaleric acidemia. J Biol Chem 242:2966–2972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temellini A, Mogavero S, Giulianotti PC, et al. (1993). Conjugation of benzoic acid with glycine in human liver and kidney: A study on the interindividual variability. Xenobiotica 23:1427–1433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tfouni SA, Toledo MC. (2002). Estimates of the mean per capita daily intake of benzoic and sorbic acids in Brazil. Food Addit Contam 19:647–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost LC, Lemasters JJ. (1996). The mitochondrial permeability transition: a new pathophysiological mechanism for Reye's syndrome and toxic liver injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278:1000–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost LC, Lemasters JJ. (1997). Role of the mitochondrial permeability transition in salicylate toxicity to cultured rat hepatocytes: implications for the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 147:431–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao R. (2010). Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols. Nutrients 2:1231–1246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsay HJ, Wang YH, Chen WL, et al. (2007). Treatment with sodium benzoate leads to malformation of zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol 29:562–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ure A. (1841). On hippuric acid and its tests. Pharmac Transactions I:317–318
   Google Scholar
• van der Sluis R, Badenhorst CPS, Van Der Westhuizen FH, Van Dijk AA. (2013). Characterisation of the influence of genetic variations on the enzyme activity of a recombinant human glycine N-acyltransferase. Gene 515:447–453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Westhuizen FH, Pretorius PJ, Erasmus E. (2000). The utilization of alanine, glutamic acid, and serine as amino acid substrates for glycine N-acyltransferase. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 14:102–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Doorn M, Vogels J, Tas A, et al. (2007). Evaluation of metabolite profiles as biomarkers for the pharmacological effects of thiazolidinediones in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 63:562–574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vessey DA, Kelley M, Warren RS. (1999). Characterization of the CoA ligases of human liver mitochondria catalyzing the activation of short- and medium-chain fatty acids and xenobiotic carboxylic acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1428:455–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vessey DA, Lau E, Kelley M, Warren RS. (2003). Isolation, sequencing, and expression of a cDNA for the HXM-A form of xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid:CoA ligase from human liver mitochondria. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vessey DA, Lau EP. (1998). Determination of the sequence of the arylacetyl acyl-CoA:amino acid n-acyltransferase from bovine liver mitochondria and its homology to the aralkyl acyl-CoA:amino acid n-acyltransferase. J Biochem Mol Toxic 12:275–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Wendt L, Similä, S. (1982). Experience with non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia in Finland. J Inherited Metab Dis 5:111–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CH, Wang CC, Wei YH. (2010). Mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin insensitivity: implication of mitochondrial role in type 2 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1201:157–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Wu Z, Dai Z, et al. (2013). Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: Implications for nutrition and health. Amino Acids 45:463–477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster LT, Siddiqui UA, Lucas SV, et al. (1976). Identification of separate acyl-CoA:glycine and acyl-CoA:L-glutamine N-acyltransferase activities in mitochondrial fractions from liver of rhesus monkey and man. J Biol Chem 251:3352–3358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinshilboum RM, Otterness DM, Aksoy IA, et al. (1997). Sulfation and sulfotransferases 1: Sulfotransferase molecular biology: cDNAs and genes. FASEB J 11:3–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen GY, Wisniewski HM, Shek JW, et al. (1980). Neuropathology of phenylacetate poisoning in rats: an experimental model of phenylketonuria. Ann Neurol 7:557–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen H, Yang HJ, An YJ, et al. (2013). Enhanced phase II detoxification contributes to beneficial effects of dietary restriction as revealed by multi-platform metabolomics studies. Mol Cell Proteomics 12:575–586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White A. (1941). Growth-inhibition produced in rats by the oral administration of sodium benzoate: Effects of various dietary supplements. Yale J Biol Med 13:759–768
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wijeyesekera A, Clarke PA, Bictash M, et al. (2012). Quantitative UPLC-MS/MS analysis of the gut microbial co-metabolites phenylacetylglutamine, 4-cresyl sulphate and hippurate in human urine: INTERMAP Study. Analyt Methods 4:65–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikoff WR, Anfora AT, Liu J, et al. (2009). Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:3698–3703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams HRT, Cox IJ, Cobbold JFL, et al. (2010). Differences in gut microbial metabolism are responsible for reduced hippurate synthesis in Chron's disease. BMC Gastroenterol 10:108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise DR, Thompson CB. (2010). Glutamine addiction: A new therapeutic target in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 35:427–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu G. (2010). Functional amino acids in growth, reproduction, and health. Adv Nutr 1:31–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu G. (2013). Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. Amino Acids 45:407–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, et al. (2004). Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J Nutr 134:489–492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu G, Wu Z, Dai Z, et al. (2013). Dietary requirements of “nutritionally non-essential amino acids” by animals and humans. Amino Acids 44:1107–1113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie G, Chen T, Qiu Y, et al. (2012). Urine metabolite profiling offers potential early diagnosis of oral cancer. Metabolomics 8:220–231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie W, Wood AR, Lyssenko V, et al. (2013). Genetic variants associated with glycine metabolism and their role in insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 62:2141–2150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto A, Nonen S, Fukuda T, Yamazaki, H, Azuma J. (2009). Genetic polymorphisms of glycine N-acyltransferase in Japanese individuals. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 24:114–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao K-W, Mao L-F, Luo MJ, Schulz H. (1994). The relationship between mitochondrial activation and toxicity of some substituted carboxylic acids. Chem-Biol Interact 90:225–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye G, Zhu B, Yao Z, et al. (2012). Analysis of urinary metabolic signatures of early hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after surgical removal using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 11:4361–4372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye SF, Zhou YH, Sun Y, et al. (2006). Cinnamic acid causes oxidative stress in cucumber roots, and promotes incidence of Fusarium wilt. Environ Exper Botany 56:255–262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye YL, Chan YT, Liu HC, et al. (2010). Depleted folate pool and dysfunctional mitochondria associated with defective mitochondrial folate proteins sensitize Chinese ovary cell mutants to tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Nutr Biochem 21:793–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz S, Unal F, Yuzbasioglu D. (2009). The in vitro genotoxicity of benzoic acid in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cytotechnology 60:55–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimura T, Schwab AJ, Tao L, et al. (1998). Hepatic uptake of hippurate: A multiple-indicator dilution, perfused rat liver study. Am J Physiol 274:G10–G20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zengin N, Yuzbasioglu D, Unal F, et al. (2011). The evaluation of the genotoxicity of two food preservatives: Sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate. Food Chem Toxicol 49:763–769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Chohnan S, Virga KG, et al. (2007). Chemical knockout of pantothenate kinase reveals the metabolic and genetic program responsible for hepatic coenzyme a homeostasis. Chem Biol 14:291–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuppi C, Messana I, Tapanainen P, et al. (2002). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral profiles of urine from children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Clin Chem 48:660–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar