Consideration of the Target Organ Toxicity of Trichloroethylene in Terms of Metabolite Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics

References

• ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, 1990, 5th ed.
   Google Scholar
• Allemand H., Pessayre D., Descatoire V., Degott C., Feldman G., Benhamou J. P. Metabolic activation of trichloroethylene into a chemically reactive metabolite toxic to the liver. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 1978; 204: 714–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson M. E., Gargas M. L., Clewell H. J., Severyn K. M. Quantitative evaluation of the metabolic interactions between trichloroethylene and 1, 1-dichloroethylene in vivo using gas uptake methods. Toxical. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987; 89: 149–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson M. E., Gargas M. L., Jones R. A., Jenkins L. J. Determination of the kinetic constants for metabolism of inhaled toxicants in vivo using gas uptake measurments. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1980; 54: 100–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson P. M., Schultze M. O. Cleavage of S-(l-2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine by an enzyme of bovine origin. Arch. Bio-chem. Biophys. 1965; 111: 593–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrand I., Gamberale F. Effects on humans of solvents in the inspiratory air: A method of estimation of uptake. Environ. Res. 1978; 15: 1–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrand I., Övrum P. Exposure to trichloroethylene. I. Uptake and distribution in man. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1976; 2: 199–211
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry). Toxicological Profile for Trichloroethylene. ATSDR, Atlanta, GA 1989; 1–139
   Google Scholar
• Aviado D. M., Zakhari S., Siman J. A., Ulsamer A. G. Methyl Chloroform and Trichloroethylene in the Environment. Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, OH 1976; 102
   Google Scholar
• Axelson O. Halogenated alkanes and alkenes and cancer: Epidemiological aspects. Environmental Carcinogens: Selected Methods of Analysis. International Agency for Research on Cancer, LyonFrance 1985; 5–20, IARC Publication, No. 68
   Google Scholar
• Axelson O. Epidemiological studies of workers with exposure to tri- and tetrachloroethylenes. Toxicol. Lett 1986; 31(Suppl. 17)S4–4, Abstract
   Google Scholar
• Axelson O., Anderson K., Hogstedt C., Holmberg B., Molina G., de Verdier A. A cohort study on trichloroethylene exposure and cancer mortality. J. Occup. Med. 1978; 20: 194–196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Axelson O., Anderson K., Selden A., Hogstedt C. (1984) Cancer morbidity and exposure to trichloroethylene. Abstract of paper presented at ICOST, International Conference on Organic Solvent Toxicity, Stockholm, October, 1984. Arbete och Hdlsa, 29: 15–17, 126
   Google Scholar
• Ayre P. Acute yellow atrophy after trilene anaesthesia (correspondence). Br. Med. J. 1945; 2: 784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baerg R. D., Kimberg D. V. Centrilobular hepatic necrosis and acute renal failure in “solvent sniffers.”. Ann. Intern. Med. 1970; 73: 713–720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee S., Van Duuren B. L. Covalent binding of the carcinogen trichloroethylene to hepatic microsomal proteins and to exogenous DNA in vitro. Cancer Res 1978; 38: 776–780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett L., Garrel S., Daniel V., Debru J. L. Chronic trichloroethylene intoxication: A new approach by trigeminal-evoked potentials. Arch. Environ. Health 1987; 42: 297–302
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrett H. M., Mc Leane D. L., Cunningham J. G. Study in origins of some chlorinated hydrocarbons. J. Indust. Hyg. Toxicol 1939; 21: 479–490
   Google Scholar
• Bartonicek V. Metabolism and excretion of trichloroethylene after inhalation by human subjects. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1962; 19: 134–141
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartonicek V., Teisinger J. Effect of tetraethyl thiram disulphide (disulfiram) on metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1962; 19: 216–221
   Google Scholar
• Beliles R. P., Foster G. V. Interaction of bishydroxycoumarin with chloral hydrate and trichloroethyl phosphate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1974; 27: 225–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell Z. G., Olson K. H., Benya T. J. 1978, Final report of audit findings of the Manufacturing Chemists Association: Administered trichloroethylene chronic inhalation study at Industrial Biotest Laboratories, Inc. Decatur, IL, unpublished
   Google Scholar
• Bergman K. Interactions of trichloroethylene with DNA in vitro and with RNA and DNA of various mouse tissues in vivo. Arch. Toxicol. 1983a; 54: 181–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman K. Applications of whole-body radiography in distribution studies of organic solvents. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1983b; 72: 59–118
   Google Scholar
• Bergman K. Reactions of vinyl chloride with RNA and DNA of various mouse tissues in vivo. Arch. Toxicol. 1982; 49: 117–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya R. K., Schultze M. O. Properties of DNA treated with S-(l-2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and a lyase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1972; 153: 105–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair A. H., Bodley F. H. Human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. Partial purification and properties. Can. J. Biochem. 1969; 47: 265–271
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blair A., Decoufle P., Grauman D. Causes of death among laundry and dry cleaning workers. Am. J. Public Health 1979; 69: 508–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt H. M., Filser J. G. Irreversible binding of chlorinated ethylenes to macromolecules. Environ. Health Persp. 1977; 27: 107–112
   Google Scholar
• Bolt H. M., Buchter A., Wolowski L., Gil D. L., Bolt W. Incubation of l4C-trichloroethylene vapor with rat liver microsomes. Uptake of radioactivity and covalent protein binding of metabolites. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1977; 39: 103–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt H. M., Laib R. J., Filser J. G. Reactive metabolites and carcinogenicity of halogenated ethylenes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1982; 31: 1–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonse G., Urban T, Reichert D., Henschler D. Chemical reactivity, metabolic oxirane formation and biological reactivity of chlorinated ethylenes in the isolated perfused rat liver preparation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1975; 24: 1829–1834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonse G., Henschler D. Trichloroethylene. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1976; 5: 395
   Google Scholar
• Bowyer K., Glasser S. P. Chloral hydrate overdose and cardiac arrhythmias. Chest 1980; 77: 232–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briemer D., Ketclaars H. C., von Rossum I. M. Gas chromatographic determination of chloral hydrate, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid in blood and in urine employing head-space analysis. J. Chromatogr. 1974; 88: 55–63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown B. R., Gandolfi A. J. Adverse effects of volatile anesthetics. Br. J. Anesth. 1987; 59: 14–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckner J. V., Davis B. D., Blancto J. N. Metabolism and carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1989; 20: 31–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buben J. A., O'Flaherty E. J. Delineation of the role of metabolism in the hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene: A dose-effect study. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 78: 105–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burg J. A. R. The National Exposure Registry: A community reaction. Proceedings of 11th National Conference of the Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute. 1990, 161–163, In Superfund '90
   Google Scholar
• Butler T. C. Metabolic fate of chloral hydrate. J. Pharmacol. Ex-per. Ther. 1948; 92: 49–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler T. C. Metabolic transformation of trichloroethylene. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther. 1949; 97: 84–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttner H. Aldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase activity in liver and kidney of the rat. Biochem. Z. 1965; 341: 300–314
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byers V. S., Levin A. S., Ozonoff D. M., Baldwin R. W. Association between clinical symptoms and lymphocyte abnormalities in a population with chronic domestic exposure to industrial solvent-contaminated domestic water supply and a high incidence of leukemia. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1988; 27: 77–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byington K. H., Leibman K. C. Metabolism of trichloroethylene in liver microsomes. II. Identification of the reaction product as chloral hydrate. Mol. Pharmacol. 1965; 1: 147–154
   Google Scholar
• Carlson G. P. Enhancement of the hepatotoxicity of trichloreothylene by inducers of drug metabolism. Res. Commun. Chem. Path. Pharmacol. 1974; 7: 637–640
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole W. J., Mitchell R. G., Salamonsen R. F. Isolation, characterization and quantitation of chloral hydrate as a transient metabolite of trichloroethylene in man using electron capture gas chromatography and mass fragmentography. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1975; 27: 167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commandeur J. N. M. Molecular mechanisms of chemically induced nephrotoxicity. Role of the mercapturic acid pathway in the bioactivation of halogenated hydrocarbons. Ph.D. Thesis, Free University Amsterdam, AmsterdamNetherlands 1991; 1–217
   Google Scholar
• Commandeur J. N. M., Vermeulen N. P. E. Identification of N-acetyl-S-(2, 2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(1, 2-dichloro-vinyl)-L-cysteine as two regioisomeric mercapturic acids of trichloroethylene in the rat. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1990; 5: 212–218
   Google Scholar
• Cooper J. R., Friedman H. The enzymatic oxidation of chloral hydrate to trichloroacetic acid. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1958; 7: 76–82
   Google Scholar
• Cornish H. H., Adefuin J. Ethanol potentiation of haloge-nated aliphatic solvent toxicity. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1966; 27: 57–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish H. H., Barth M. L., Ling B. Influence of aliphatic alcohols on the hepatic response to halogenated olefins. Environ. Health. Persp. 1977; 21: 149–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalbey W., Bingham E. Metabolism of trichloroethylene by the isolated perfused lung. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 43: 267–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel J. W. The metabolism of 36CI-labeled trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1963; 12: 795–802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson I. W.F, Sumner D. D., Parker J. C. Chloroform: a review of its metabolism, teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1982; 5: 1–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson I. W. R., Parker J. C., Beliles R. P. Biological basis for extrapolation across mammalian species. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1986; 6: 211–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeAngelo A. B., Daniel F. B., McMillan L., Wernsing P., Savage R. E. Species strain and sensitivity to the induction of peroxisome proliferation by chloroacetic acid. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1990; 101: 285–298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defalque R. J. Pharmacology and toxicology of trichloroethylene. A critical review of the world literature. Clin. Pharm. 1961; 2: 665–688
   Google Scholar
• Dekant W., Metzler M., Henschler D. Novel metabolites of trichloroethylene through dechlorination reactions in rats, mice, and humans. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1984; 33: 2021–2027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekant W., Schulz M., Metzler M., Henschler D. Absorption, elimination and metabolism of trichloroethylene: A quantitative difference between rats and mice. Xenobiotica 1986; 16: 143–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekant W., Metzler M., Henschler D. Identification of S-1, 2-dichlorovinyl-N-acetylcysteine as a urinary metabolite of trichloroethylene: A possible explanation for its nephrocarcinogenicity in male rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1986; 35: 2455–2458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekant W., Berthold K., Vamvakmas S., Henschler D., Anders M. W. Thioacylating intermediates as metabolites of S-1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and S-1,2,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine formed by conjugate cysteine beta-lyase. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1988; 7: 175–178
   Google Scholar
• DeKant W., Vamvakmas S., Anders M. W. Bioactivation of nephrotoxic haloalkenes by glutathione conjugation: Formation of toxic and mutagenic intermediates by cysteine conjugate β-lyase. Drug Metab. Rev. 1989; 20: 43–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhuner K. G. Cardiac irregularities due to trichloroethylene given during labour. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1952; 31: 478–482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhuner K. G., Nordquist P., Renstrom B. Cardiac irregularities due to trichloroethylene poisoning. Acta Anaesth. Scand. 1957; 1: 121–135
   Google Scholar
• DiRenzo A. B., Gandolfi A. J., Sipes I. G. Microsomal bioac-tivation and covalent binding of aliphatic halides to DNA. Toxicol. Lett. 1982; 77: 143–252
   Google Scholar
• Dresen M. D., Hoffman F. Volatile organic compounds in groundwater west of LLNL. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (available from NTIS as DE86014651), Livermore, CA 1986, UCRL-53740
   Google Scholar
• Droz P. O., Fernandez J. G. Trichloroethylene exposure. Biological monitoring by breath and urine analysis. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1978; 35: 35–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duprat P., Delsaut L., Gradiski D. Pouvoir irritant des princi-paux solvants chlores aliphatiques sur la peau et les muquesuses oculaires du lapin. [Irritant power of the principal chlorinated aliphatic solvents on the skin and ocular mucosa of the rabbit.]. Eur. J. Toxicol. Environ. Hyg. 1976; 9: 171–177
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eger. I. I., Larson C. P. Anesthetic solubility in blood and tissues: Values and significance. Br. J. Anaesth. 1964; 36: 140–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elcombe C. R. Species differences in carcinogenicity and peroxisome proliferation due to trichloroethylene: A biochemical human hazard assessment. Arch. Toxicol. 1985; 8(Suppl.)6–17
   Google Scholar
• Elcombe C. R. 1987; 189, August 3 Presentation made to EPA's Science Advisory Board EHC Halogenated Organics Subcommittee review of trichloroethylene and dichloromethane, transcript
   Google Scholar
• Elcombe C. R., Pratt I. S., Green T. The rate of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) formation determines the species differences in hepatic peroxisome proliferation due to trichloroethylene (TCI). Toxicologist 1982; 2: 173
   Google Scholar
• Elcombe C. R., Rose M. S., Pratt I. S. Biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural changes in rat and mouse liver following the administration of trichloroethylene: Possible relevance to species difference in hepatocarcinogenicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 79: 365–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellenhorn M. J., Barceloux D. G. Trichloroethylene. Medical Toxicology. Elsevier, New York 1988a; 990–993
   Google Scholar
• Ellenhorn M. J., Barceloux D. G. Chloral hydrate. Medical Toxicology. Elsevier, New York 1988b; 586–588
   Google Scholar
• Ertle T., Henschler D., Müller G., Spassowski M. Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. I. The significance of trichloroethanol in long-term exposure conditions. Arch. Toxicol. 1972; 29: 171–188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faglinano J., Berry M., Bove F., Burke T. Drinking water contamination and incidence of leukemia: An ecology study. Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, NJ 1987
   Google Scholar
• Federal Register 1985; 50(219)46880–46933, National primary drinking water regulation of volatile synthetic chemicals
   Google Scholar
• Feingold A., Holaday D. A. The pharmacokinetics of metabolism of inhalation anesthetics. Br. J. Anaesth. 1977; 49: 155–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman R. G., Chirico-Post J., Proctor S. P. Blink latency after exposure to trichloroethylene in well water. Arch. Environ. Health 1988; 43: 143–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez J. G., Droz P. O., Humbert B. E., Caperos J. R. Trichloroethylene exposure: Simulation of uptake, excretion, and metabolism using a mathematical model. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1977; 34: 43–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez J. G., Humbert B. E., Droz P. O., Caperos J. R. Exposition au trichloroethylene, Bilan de absorption, de excretion et du metabolisme sur des sujects humains. Arch. Ma. Prof. 1975; 36(7–8)397–407
   Google Scholar
• Filser J. G., Bolt H. M. Pharmacokinetics of halogenated ethylenes in rats. Arch. Toxicol. 1979; 42: 123–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher J. W., Whittaker T. A., Taylor D. H., Clewell H. J., Anderson M. E. Physiologically based modeling of the pregnant rat: A multiroute exposure model for trichloroethylene and its metabolite, trichloroacetic acid. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1989; 102: 497–513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flood T. J., Aickin J. M., Lucier J. L., Petersen N. J. Incidence study of childhood cancer in Maricopia County 1965–1986. Division of Disease Prevention, Office of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, AZ 1989, Draft executive summary
   Google Scholar
• Forssman S., Holmquist C. E. The relation between inhaled and exhaled trichloroethylene and trichloroacetic acid excreted in the urine of rats exposed to trichloroethylene. Acta Pharmcol. Toxicol. 1953; 9: 235–244
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox A. J., Collier P. F. Low mortality rates in industrial cohort studies due to selection for work and survival in the industry. Br. J. Social Preventive Med. 1976; 30: 225–230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox T. R., Watanabe P. G. Detection of a cellular oncogene in spontaneous liver tumors of B6C3F1 mice. Science 1985; 228: 596–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman P. J., Cooper J. R. The role of alcohol dehydrogenase in the metabolism of chloral hydrate. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Then 1960; 129: 373–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda K., Takemoto K., Tsuruta H. Inhalation carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene in mice and rats. Ind. Health 1983; 27: 243–254
   Google Scholar
• Gandolfi A. J., Nagle R. B., Soltis J. J., Plescia F. H. Nephrotoxicity of halogenated vinyl cysteine compounds. Res. Commun. Chem. Path. Pharm. 1981; 33: 249–261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gargus M. L., Anderson M. E., Clewell H. J. A physiologically based simulation approach for determining metabolic constants from gas update data. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1986; 86: 341–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobbato F., Mangiavacchi C. Mathematical model for the simulation of the turnover of an industrial toxicant (solvent) subject to metabolism transformation. G. Ital. Med. Lav. 1979; 1: 53–60
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg S. J., Lebowitz S., Michael M. D., Graver E. J., Hicks S. An association of human congenital cardiac malformations and drinking water contaminants. J. Amer. Coll. Cardiac. 1990; 16: 155–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsworthy T. L., Popp J. A. Chlorinated hydrocarbon-induced peroxisomal enzyme activity in relation to species and organ carcinogenicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987; 89: 234–244
   Google Scholar
• Grant W. M. Toxicology of the Eye, 3rd ed. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL 1986
   Google Scholar
• Green T. Chloroethylenes: A mechanistic approach to human risk evaluation. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1990; 30: 73–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green T., Odum J., Howard E. Mutagenic glutathione conjugates of haloalkenes. Toxicologist 1984; 4: 50
   Google Scholar
• Green T, Prout M. S. Species differences in response to trichloroethylene. II. Biotransformation in rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 79: 401–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greim H., Bonze B., Radwan Z., Reichart D., Henschler D. Mutagenicity and chromosomal aberrations as an analytical tool for in vitro detection of mammalian enzyme-mediated formation of reactive metabolites. Arch. Toxicol. 1977; 39: 159–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grisham J. W., Smith G. J., Beliles K. E. Comparison of analysis and quantification of cell death in vivo and in vitro. Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Environmental Toxicology. 1984, 158–168
   Google Scholar
• Grunett N. Oxidation of acetaldehyde by rat liver mitochondria in relation to ethanol oxidation and the transport of reducing equivalents across the mitochondrial membrane. Eur. J. Biochem. 1973; 35: 236–243
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guberan E. Proposed biological threshold limit values for industrial exposure to trichloroethylene vapor. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1977; 3: 80–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpert J., Neal R. A. Cytochrome P-450 dependent metabolism of 1,1,2-tetrachlor to dichloroacetic acid in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1980; 30: 1336–1368
   Google Scholar
• Hardin B. D., Bond G. P., Sikov M. R., Andrew F. D., Beliles R. P., Niemeier R. W. Testing of selected workplace chemicals for teratogenic potential. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health 1981; 7(Suppl.4)66–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathaway D. E. Consideration of the evidence for mechanisms of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene metabolism including new identification of its dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid metabolites in mice. Cancer Lett 1980; 8: 263–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haustein U. E, Ziegler V. Environmentally induced systemic sclerosis-like disorders. Int. J. Dermat. 1985; 24: 147–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helliwell P. J., Hutton A. M. Trichloroethylene anesthesia. Anaesthesia 1950; 5: 4–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henschler D. Metabolism and mutagenicity of halogenated olefins– a comparison of structure and activity. Environ. Health Persp. 1977; 21: 61–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henschler D., Bonse G. (1979) Advances in Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Proc. 7th Int. Congr. Pharmacol. Paris. 1978. Pergamon Press, Oxford, Vol. 9: 123–130, Toxicology
   Google Scholar
• Henschler D., Hoos W. R., Fetz H., Dallmeier E., Metzler M. Reactions of Trichloroethylene epoxide in aqueous systems. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 29: 543–548
   Google Scholar
• Henschler D., Romen W., Eisasser H. M., Reichert D., Eder E., Radwan Z. Carcinogenicity study of trichloroethylene by long term inhalation in three animal species. Arch. Toxicol. 1980; 43: 237–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henschler D., Elsässer H., Romen W., Eder E. Carcinogenicity study of trichloroethyene, with and without epoxide stabilizers, in mice. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 1984; 107: 149–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henschler D., Eder E., Neudecker T., Metzler M. Carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: Fact or artifact?. Arch. Toxicol. 1977; 37: 233–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herren-Freund S. L., Pereira M. A., Olsen G., De Angelo A. B. The carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid in the mouse liver. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1986; 27: 91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herren-Freund S. L., Pereira M. A., Khoury M. D., Olson G. The carcinogenicity of Trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid, in mouse liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987; 90: 183–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). Trichloroethylene, in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons. International Agency for Research on Cancer, LyonFrance 1979; Vol. 20: 545–572
   Google Scholar
• IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). Trichloroethylene (Group 3), in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer, LyonFrance 1982; 247–249, Supplement 4
   Google Scholar
• Ikeda M. Metabolism of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in human subjects. Environ. Health Persp. 1977; 21: 239–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda M., Ohtsuji H., Imamura T, Komoike Y. Urinary excretion of total trichloro-compounds, trichloroethanol, and trichloroacetic acid as a measure of exposure to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethyl-ene. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1972; 29: 328–333
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ikeda M., Miyake Y., Ogata M., Ohmori S. Metabolism of trichloroethylene. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1980; 29: 2983–2992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobson I., Wahlberg J. E., Holmberg B., Johannsson E. Uptake via the blood and elimination of 10 organic solvents following epicutaneous exposure of anesthetized guinea pigs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 63: 181–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James W. R. L. Fatal addiction to trichloroethylene. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1963; 20: 47–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juntunen J. Occupational toxicology of trichloroethylene with special reference to neurotoxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 1986; 31(Suppl.)16, Abstract S4–1.
   Google Scholar
• Katz R., Tai C. N., Diener R. M., McConnell R. F., Semonick D. E. Dichloroacetic acid: 3 month oral toxicity studies in rats and dogs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 57: 273–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly J. M., Brown B. R., Jr. Biotransformation of trichloroethylene. Intern. Anesthesiol. Clin. 1974; 12: 85–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimmerle G., Eben A. Metabolism, excretion and toxicology of trichloroethylene after inhalation. I. Experimental exposure on rats. Arch Toxikol 1973a; 30: 115–126
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimmerle G., Eben A. Metabolism studies of trichloroethylene. II. Experimental human exposure. Arch Toxikol. 1973b; 30: 137–138
   Google Scholar
• Kjellstrand R, Lanke J., Bjerkemo M., Zetterqvist L., Mansson L. Irreversible effects of trichloroethylene exposure on the central nervous system. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1980; 6: 40–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellstrand R, Kanje M., Mansson L., Bjerkemo M., Mortensen I., Lanke J., Holmquist B. Trichloroethylene: Effects on body and organ weights in mice, rats and gerbils. Toxicology 1981a; 21: 105–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellstrand P., Bjerkemo M., Mortensen I., Mansson L., Lanke J., Holmquist B. Effects of long-term exposure to trichloroethylene on the behavior of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1981b; 8: 787–793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klassen C. D., Plaa G. L. Relative effects of various chlorinated hydrocarbons on liver and kidney function in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1966; 9: 139–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klassen C. D., Plaa G. L. Relative effects of various chlorinated hydrocarbons on liver and kidney function in dogs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1967; 10: 119–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline S. A., Van Duuren B. L. Reaction of epoxy-1,1,2-trichloroethane with nucleophiles. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1977; 14: 455–458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer R. J., Dietrich R. A. Isolation and characterization of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 1968; 243: 6402–6408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kylin B., Reichard H., Sumegi I., Yllner S. Hepatoxic effects of tri-and tetrachloroethylene on mice. Nature 1962; 193: 395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kylin B., Reichard H., Sumegi I., Yllner S. Hepatotoxicity of inhaled trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and chloroform. Single exposure. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1963; 20: 16–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kylin B., Sumegi I., Yllner S. Hepatotoxicity of inhaled trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. Long term exposure. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1965; 22: 379–385
   Google Scholar
• Kylin B., Axell K., Samuel H. E., Lindborg A. Effect of inhaled trichloroethylene on the central nervous system. Arch Environ. Health 1967; 15: 48–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagakos S. W., Wessen B. J., Zelen M. An analysis of contaminated well water and health effects in Woburn, Massachusetts. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1986; 81(398)583–396
   Google Scholar
• Laib R. J., Stockle G., Bolt H. M., Kung W. Vinyl chloride and trichloroethylene: comparison of alkylating effects of metabolites and induction or preneoplastic enzyme deficiencies in rat liver. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 1979; 94: 139–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrigan P. J., Stein G. F., Kominsky J. R., Ruhe R. L., Wa-tanabe A. S. Common-source community and industrial exposure to trichloroethylene. Arch. Envioron. Health 1987; 42: 327–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskin S., Sellakumar A. R., Kuschner M., Nelson N., La Mendola S., Rusch G. M., Katz G. V., Dulak N. C., Albert R. E. Inhalation carcinogenicity of epichlorohydrin in noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1980; 65: 751–757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann K. B., Schmidt-Kehl L. Die 13 wichtigsten chlor-kohlenwasserstoffe der fettreihe vom standpunkt der gewerbehygiene. [Thirteen most important chlorohydrocarbons of the paraffin series from the standpoint of industrial hygiene.]. Arch. Hyg. 1936; 116: 131–268
   Google Scholar
• Leibman K. C, McAllister W. J., Jr. Metabolism of trichloroethylene in liver microsomes. III. Induction of the enzymatic activity andits effect on excretion of metabolites. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 1967; 157: 574–580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebler C. S., Di Carli L. M. Hepatic microsomes, a new site for ethanol oxidation. J. Clin. Invest. 1969; 47: 62
   Google Scholar
• Lilis R., Stanescu E., Muica N., Roventa A. Chronic effects of trichloroethylene exposure. Med. Lav. 1969; 60: 595–601
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Litt K. F, Cohen M. I. Danger–vapor harmful: Spot-remover sniffing. N. Eng. J. Med. 1969; 281: 543–544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockey J. E., Kelly C. R., Cannon G. W., Colby T. V., Aldrich V., Livingston G. K. Progressive systemic sclerosis associated with exposure to trichloroethylene. J. Occup. Med. 1987; 29: 493–496
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Longley E. O., Jones R. Acute trichloroethylene narcosis: Accident involving the use of trichloroethylene in a confined space. Arch. Environ. Health 1963; 7: 249–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowengart R. A., Peters J. M., Cicioni C., Buckley J., Bernstein L., Preston-Martin S., Rappaport E. Childhood leukemia and parents' occupational and home exposures. JNCI 1987; 79(1)39–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz W. K. In vivo covalent binding of organic chemicals to DNA as a qualitative indicator in the process of chemical carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 1979; 65: 289–356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltoni C, Lefemine G., Cotti G. Experimental Research on Trichloroethylene Carcinogenesis. Archives of Research on Industrial Carcinogenesis. Princeton Scientific Publishing, Princeton, NJ 1986; Vol. V: 393
   Google Scholar
• Manson J. M., Murphy M., Richdale N., Smith M. K. Effects of oral exposure to trichloroethylene on female reproductive function. Toxicology 1984; 32: 229–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall E. K., Owens A. H. Absorption, excretion and metabolic fate of chloral hydrate. Bull, Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1954; 95: 1–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCord C. P. Toxicity of trichloroethylene. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1932; 99: 409
   Google Scholar
• McKone T. E. Human exposure to volatile organic compounds in household tap water: The indoor inhalation pathway. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1987; 21: 1194–1201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney L. L., Weakley F. B., Campbell R. E., Elridge E. C., Cowan R., Picken J. C., Jacobson J. L. Toxic protein from trichloroethylene extracted soybean oil meal. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1957a; 34: 461–466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney L. L., Weakley F. B., Elridge E. C., Campbell R. E., Cowan R., Picken J. C., Biester H. E. An agent causing fatal aplastic anemia in calves. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957b; 79: 3932–3933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadows S. D., Gandolfi A. J., Nagle R. B., Shively J. M. Enhancement of DMN-induced kidney tumors by 1,2-dichlorovinyl-cysteine in Swiss–Webster mice. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1988; 11: 307–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller R. E., Guengerich F. P. Metabolism of trichloroethylene in isolated hepatocytes, microsomes and reconstituted enzyme systems containing cytochrome P-450. Cancer Res. 1983; 43: 1145–1152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller R. E., Guengerich F. P. Oxidation of trichloroethylene by liver microsomal cytochrome P-450: Evidence for chlorine migration in a transition state not involving trichloroethylene oxide. Biochemistry 1982; 21: 1090–1097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monster A. C. Difference in uptake, elimination, and metabolism in exposure to trichloroethylene, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, and tetrachloro-ethylene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1979; 42: 311–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monster A. C, Boersman G., Duba W. C. Pharmacokinetics of trichloroethylene in volunteers: Influence of workload and exposure concentration. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1976a; 38: 87–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monster A. C, Boersman G., Duba W. C. Kinetics of trichloroethylene in repeated exposure of volunteers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1976b; 42: 293–292
   Google Scholar
• Moore G. W., Swift L. L., Rabinowitz D., Crofford O. B., Oates J. A., Stacpoole P. W. Reduction of serum cholesterol in two patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia by dichloroacetate. Atherosclerosis 1979; 33: 285–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moslen M. T, Reynolds E. S., Szabo S. Enhancement of the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene and perchloro-ethylene. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1977a; 26: 369–375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moslen M. T., Reynolds E. S., Boor P. J., Bailey K., Szabo S. Trichloroethylene-induced deactivation of cytochrome P-450 and loss of liver glutathione in vivo. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1977b; 16: 109–120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueller W., Coulston F F, Korte F. Comparative metabolism of [C] trichloroethylene in chimpanzees, baboons, and rhesus monkeys. Chemosphere 1982; 11: 215–218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller G., Spassovski M., Henschler D. Trichloroethylene exposure and trichloroethylene metabolites in urine and blood. Arch. Toxicol. 1972; 29: 335–340
   Google Scholar
• Muller G., Spassovski M., Henschler D. Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. II. Pharmacokinetics of metabolites. Arch. Toxicol. 1974; 32: 283–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller G., Spassovski M., Henschler D. Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. III. Interaction of trichloroethylene and ethanol. Arch. Toxicol. 1975; 33: 173–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima T, Koyama Y., Sato A. Dietary modification of metabolism and toxicity of chemical substances with special reference to carbohydrates. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1982; 31: 1005–1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanishi S., Shiohara E., Tsukada M., Yamazaki Y., Okumura K. Acetaldehyde level in the blood and liver aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in trichloroethylene-treated rats. Arch. Toxicol. 1978; 41: 207–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCI (National Cancer Institute. Carcinogenesis Bioassay of Trichloroethylene. CAS No. 79–01.-6, NCI-CG-TR-2, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH)76–802., National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 1976; 197
   Google Scholar
• Nelson M. A., Bull R. J. Induction of strand breaks by trichloroethylene and metabolites in rat and mouse liver in vivo. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1988; 94: 45–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomiyama K. Estimation of trichloroethylene exposure by biological materials. Intl. Arch. Arbeitsmed 1971; 27: 281–292
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nomiyama K., Nomiyama H. Metabolism of trichloroethylene in humans. Sex difference in urinary excretion of trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol. Intl. Arch. Arbeitsmed 1971; 28: 37–48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nomiyama K., Nomiyama H. Respiratory retention, uptake and excretion of organic solvents in man. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 1974a; 32: 75–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nomiyama K., Nomiyama H. Respiratory elimination of organic solvents in man. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 1974b; 32: 85–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nomiyama K., Nomiyama H. Trichloroethylene metabolism in man and animals, with special reference to host and agent factors modifying the trichloroethylene metabolism. Ind. Environ. Xenobiot. 1977a; 2: 173–176
   Google Scholar
• Nomiyama K., Nomiyama H. Dose-response relationship for trichloroethylene in man. Int. Occup. Environ. Health 1977b; 39: 237–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomiyama H., Nomiyama K. Host and agent factors modifying metabolism of trichloroethylene. Indust. Health 1979; 17: 21–28
   Google Scholar
• Norberg A., Del isle G., Izukawa T. Cardiac arrhythmia in a child due to chloral hydrate ingestion. Pediatrics 1971; 47: 134–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council). Dose-route extrapolation: Using inhalation toxicity data to set drinking water standards. Drinking Water and Health 1986; Vol. 6: 183–219
   Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council). Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants. Lithium Chromate and Trichloroethylene. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1988; Vol. 8: 31–65
   Google Scholar
• NTP (National Toxicology Program). Carcinogenesis Studies of Trichloroethylene (Without Epichlorohydrin) (CAS NO. 79–01.-6). F344 I N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies). NIH Publ. No. 83–1799., NTP TR-243, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 1986; 172
   Google Scholar
• NTP (National Toxicology Program). NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Trichloroethylene. National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 1987, (CAS No. 79–01.-6) in Four Strains of Rats (AC1, August, Marshall, Osborne-Mendel) (Gavage Studies) NTP TR 273
   Google Scholar
• Ogata M., Saeki T. Measurement of chloral hydrate, trichloroacetic acid, and monoacetic acid in the serum and urine by gas chromatography. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 1974; 33: 49–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogata M., Takatsuka Y., Tomokuni K. Excretion of organic chlorine compounds in the urine of persons exposed to vapours of tri-chloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. Br. J. lnd. Med. 1971; 28: 386–392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orth O. S., Gillespie N. A. A further study of trichloroethyl-ene anesthesia. Br. J. Anaesth. 1945; 19: 161–173
   Google Scholar
• OSHA (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Toxic and Hazardous Substances. Code of Federal Regulations Title 1987; 29: 1910–2000, Sec.
   Google Scholar
• Owens A. H., Marshall E. K. Further studies on the metabolic rate of chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1955; 97: 320–326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paddle G. M. Incidence of liver cancer and trichloroethylene manufacture: Joint study by industry and a cancer registry. Br. Med. J. 1983; 286(6368)846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parchman L. G., Magee P. N. Metabolism of 14C-trichloro-ethylene to 14COz and interaction of a metabolite with liver DNA in rats and mice. J Toxicol. Environ. Health 1982; 9: 797–813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons F, Wood P. R., De Marco J. Transformations of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethane in microcosms and groundwater. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 1984; 76: 56–59
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons F, Lage G. B., Rice R. Biotransformation of chlorinated organic solvents in static microcosms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1985; 4: 739–742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paykoc Z. V., Powell J. F. The excretion of sodium trichloro-acetate. JPET 1945; 5: 289–293
   Google Scholar
• Pelkonen O., Vainio H. Spectral interactions of a series of chlorinated hydrocarbons with cytochrome P-450 of liver microsomes from variously treated rats. FEBS Lett. 1975; 51: 11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pessayre D., Allemand H., Wandscheer J. C., Descatoire V., Artigou J- Y., Benhamou J- P. Inhibition, activation, destruction and induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes by trichloroethylene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 49: 355–363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaffenberger C. D., Peoples A. J., Enos H. F. Distribution of volatile halogenated organic compounds between rat blood serum and adipose tissue. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1980; 8: 55–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoon W. H., Chan M. O. Y., Rajan V. S., Tan J. K., Thirumorthy T., Goh C. L. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. Contact Dermatitis 1984; 10: 270–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poplawski-Tabarelli S., Uehleke H. Inhibition of microsomal drug oxidations by aliphatic halohydrocarbons: correlation with vapour pressure. Xenobiot 1982; 12: 53–61
   Google Scholar
• Powell J. F. Trichloroethylene: Absorption, elimination and metabolism. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1945; 2: 142–145
   Google Scholar
• Powell J. F. Solubility or distribution coefficient of trichloroethylene in water, whole blood and plasma. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1947; 4: 233–236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prendergast J. A., Jones R. A., Jenkins L. J., Jr., Sieget J. Effects on experimental animals of long-term inhalation of trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, dichlorodifluoro-methane, and 1, 1-dichloroethylene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1967; 10: 270–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prout M. S., Provan W. M., Green T. Species differences in response to trichloroethylene. I. Pharmacokinetics in rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 79: 389–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy J. K., Azarnoff D. L., Higuita C. E. Hypolipidemic hepatic peroxisome proliferators form a novel class of chemical carcinogens. Nature 1980; 283: 397–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhardt C. F., Mullin L. S., Maxfield M. E. Epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmia potential of some common industrial solvents. J Occup. Med. 1973; 15: 953–955
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reynolds E. S., Moslen M. T. Damage to hepatic cellular membranes by chlorinated olefins with emphasis on synergism and antagonism. Environ. Health Persp. 1977; 21: 137–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush G. F, Smith J. H., Newton J. F., Hook J. B. Chemically induced nephrotoxicity: Role of metabolic activation. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1984; 13: 99–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saihan E. M., Burton J. L., Heaton K. W. A new syndrome with pigmentation, scleroderma, gynaecomastia, Raynaud's phenomenon and peripheral neuropathy. Br. J. Dermal. 1978; 99: 437–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvini M., Binaschi S., Riva M. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1971; 28: 293–295
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanders V. M., Tucker A. N., White K. L., Jr., Kauffmann B. M., Hal-lett P., Carchman R. A., Borzelleca J. F., Munson A. E. Humoral and cell-mediated immune status in mice exposed to trichloroethylene in the drinking water. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 62: 358–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato A. Movements of trichloroethylene within the body in repeated exposure: A theoretical approach. Sangyo Igaku Japn. J. Ind. Health 1979; 21: 361–365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato A., Nakajima T. Differences following skin or inhalation exposure in the absorption and excretion kinetics of trichloroethylene and toluene. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1978; 35: 43–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato A., Nakajima T., Koyama Y. Dose-related effects of a single dose of ethanol on the metabolism in rat liver of some aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 60: 8–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato A., Nakajima T., Fujiwara Y., Murayama N. A pharmacokinetic model to study the excretion of trichloroethylene and its metabolites after an inhalation exposure. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1977; 34: 55–63
   Google Scholar
• Savolainen H. F, Pfaffli Tengen M., Vainio H. Trichloroethylene and 1,1, 1-trichloroethane: Effects on brain and liver after 5 days intermittent inhalation. Arch. Toxicol. 1977; 38: 229–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher H., Grandjean E. Vergleichende untersuchungen über die narkotische wirksamkeit und die akute toxicitat von neun 16-sungsmitteln. Arch. Gewerbepath. Gewerbehyg. 1960; 18: 109–119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seage A. J., Burns M. W. Pulmonary edema following exposure to trichloroethylene. Med. J. Aust. 1976; 2: 484–486
   Google Scholar
• Sellers E. M., Koch-Weser J. Potentiation of Warfarin-induced hypoprothrombinemia by chloral hydrate. N. Engl. J. Med. 1970; 253: 827–831
   Google Scholar
• Sellers E. M., Carr G., Bernstein J. C., Sellers S., Koch-Weser J. Interaction of chloral hydrate and ethanol in man. II. Hemodynamics and performance. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1972a; 13: 50–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers E. M, Lang M., Koch-Weser J., LeBlanc E., Kalant H. Interaction of chloral hydrate and ethanol in man. I. Metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1972b; 13: 37–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shindell S., Ulrich S. A cohort study of employees of a manufacturing plant using trichloroethylene. J. Occup. Med. 1985; 27: 577–579
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegel J., Jones R. A., Coon R. A., Lyon J. P. Effects on experimental animals of acute, repeated and continuous inhalation exposure to dichloroacetylene mixtures. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1971; 18: 168–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith G. F. Trichloroethylene. A review. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1966; 23: 249–262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith M. K., Randall J. L., Read E. J., Strober J. A. Teratogenic activity of trichloroacetic acid. Teratology 1989a; 40: 445–451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith M. K., Randall J. L., Read E. J., Strober J. A., York R. G. Developmental effects of dichloroacetic acid in Long-Evans Rat. Teratology 1989b; 39: 480
   Google Scholar
• Smyth H. F, Jr., Carpenter C. P., Weil C. S., Pozzani U. C., Strie-gel J. A., Nycum J. S. Range-finding toxicity data: List VII. Am. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1969; 30: 470–476
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soucek B., Vlachova D. Excretion of trichloroethylene metabolites in human urine. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1960; 17: 60–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stacpoole P. W., Harwood H. J., Cameron D. F., Curry S. H., Samuelson D. A., Cornwell P. E., Sauberlich H. E. Chronic toxicity of dichloroacetate: Possible relation to thiamine deficiency in rats. Fun-dam. Appl. Toxicol. 1990; 14: 321, 331
   Google Scholar
• Stewart R. D., Gay H. H., Erley D. S., Hake C. L., Peterson J. E. Observations on the concentrations of trichloroethylene in blood an expired air following exposure of humans. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1962; 23: 167–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart R. D, Dodd H. C. Absorption of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, methylene chloride and 1, 1, I-trichloroethane through the human skin. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1964; 25: 439–446
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart R. D., Dodd H. C., Gay H. H., Erley D. S. Experimental human exposure to trichloroethylene. Arch. Environ. Health 1970; 20: 64–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart R. D., Hake C. L., Peterson J. E. Use of breath analysis to monitor trichloroethylene exposures. Arch. Environ. Health 1974a; 29: 6–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart R., Hake C., Peterson J. “Degreasers flush”: dermal response to trichloroethylene and ethanol. Arch. Environ. Health 1974b; 29: 1–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonard M. D. Further studies on the site and mechanism of action of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-3-mercapto-proponic acid in the rat liver. Biochem. Pharm. 1973; 22: 1329–1335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stott W. T., Quast J. F., Watanabe P. G. The pharmacokinetics and macromolecular interactions of trichloroethylene in mice and rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 62: 137, 151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stott W., Reitz R. H., Schumann A. M., Watanabe R G. Genetic and nongenetic events in neoplasia. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1981; 19: 567–576
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suciu I., Olinici L. Hepatorenal involvement in acute occupational trichloroethylene intoxication. Med. Lav. 1983; 74: 123–128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tabakoff B., Vugrincic C., Anderson R., Alivisatos S. G. A. Reduction of chloral hydrate to trichloroethanol in brain extracts. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1974; 23: 455–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takano T, Miyazaki Y. Effect of chlorinated ethanes and ethylenes on electron transport in rat liver mitochondria. J. Toxicol. Sci. 1982; 7: 143–149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tateishi M., Suzuki S., Shimuzu H. Cysteine conjugate B-lyase in rat liver: a novel enzyme catalyzing formation of thiol containing metabolites of drugs. J. Biol. chem. 1978; 53: 8854–8859
   Google Scholar
• Terracini B., Parker V. H. A pathological study on the toxicity of S-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1965; 3: 67–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theile D. L., Eigenbrodt E. H., Ware A. J. Cirrhosis after repeated exposure to trichloroethylene and 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane exposure. Gastroenterology 1982; 53: 926–929
   Google Scholar
• Tola S., Vilhunen R., Jarvinen E., Korkala M. L. A cohort study on workers exposed to trichloroethylene. J. Occup. Med. 1980; 22: 121–740
   Google Scholar
• Torkelson T, Rowe V. K. Trichloroethylene. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 1981; Vol. IIb: 3553–3556
   Google Scholar
• Tottmar S. O.C, Petterson H., Kiessling K. H. The subcellular distribution and properties of aldehyde dehydrogenase in rat liver. Biochem. J. 1973; 135: 577–586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traylor P. S., Nastainczyk W., Ullrich V. (1977) Conversion of trichloroethylene to carbon monoxide by microsomal cytochrome P450. Microsomes and Drug Oxidations. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Berlin, 1976. Perga-mon, Oxford, 615–621, Suppl. Biochem. Pharmacol.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuruta H. Percutaneous absorption of trichloroethylene in mice. Ind. Health 1978; 16: 145
   Google Scholar
• Tucker A. N., Sanders V. M., Barnes D. W., Bradshaw T. J., White K. L., Jr., Sain L. E., Borzelleca J. F., Munson A. E. Toxicology of trichloroethylene in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 62: 351–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uehleke H., Poplawski-Tabarelli S. Irreversible binding of 14C-labelled trichloroethylene to mice liver constituents in vivo and in vitro. Arch. Toxicol. 1977; 37: 289–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uehleke H., Poplawski-Tabarelli S., Bonse G., Henschler D. Spectral evidence for oxirane formation during microsomal trichloroethylene oxidation. Arch. Toxicol. 1977; 37: 95–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Health Assessment Document for Trichloroethylene. EPA / 600 / 8–82. / 006F, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S., Research Triangle Park, NC 1985, Environmental Protection Agency (available from NTIS as PB85–249696.)
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Addendum to the Health Assessment Document for Trichloroethylene. Updated Carcinogenicity Assessment for Trichloroethylene. EPA/600/8–82./00GFA, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 1987
   Google Scholar
• Vamvakas S., Elarra A. A., Dekant W., Henschler D., Anders M. W. Mutagencity of amino acid and glutathione 5-conjugates in the Ames test. Mutat. Res. 1988; 206: 83–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Duuren B. L., Banarjee S. Covalent interaction of metabolites of the carcinogen trichloroethylene in rat hepatic microsomes. Cancer Res. 1976; 36: 2419–2422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Duuren B. L., Goldschmidt B. M., Katz C., Seidman I., Paul J. S. Carcinogenic activity of alkylating agents. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1974; 53: 695–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Duuren B. L., Goldschmidt B. M., Loewengart G., Smith A. C., Melchionne S., Seidman I., Roth D. Carcinogenicity of halogenated olefinic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in mice. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1979; 63: 1433–1439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Duuren B. L., Kline S. A., Melchionne S., Seidman I. Chemical structure and carcinogenicity relationships of some chloroalkene oxides and their parent olefins. Cancer Res. 1983; 43: 159–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dyke R. Dechlorination mechanisms of chlorinated olefins. Environ. Health Persp. 1977; 21: 121–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dyke R., Chenoweth M. B. Metabolism of volatile anesthetics. Anesthesiology 1965; 26: 348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesselinovitch S. D. Significance of the stage of perinatal development in the induction of tumors by a radiomimetic multicarcinogen. Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN 1969; 511–515
   Google Scholar
• Vogel T. M., McCarty P. L. Biotransformation of tetrachloro-ethylene to trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride and carbon dioxide under methanogenic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985; 49: 1080–1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walder B. K. Do solvents cause scleroderma?. Int. J. Dermatol. 1982; 22: 157–158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters E. M., Gerstner H. B., Huff J. E. Trichloroethylene 1. An Overview. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 2: 671–707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werch S. C, Marquardt G. H., Mallach J. F. The action of trichloroethylene on the cardiovascular system. Am. J. Obstet. Gyn. 1955; 69: 352–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White J. F, Carlson G. P. Epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in rabbits exposed to trichloroethylene: potentiation by ethanol. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 60: 466–471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization). Trichloroethylene. Environmental Health Criteria. World Health Organization, Geneva 1985; 50: 133
   Google Scholar
• Williams G. H., Weisburger J. H. Chemical carcinogens. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 3rd ed., C Klassen, M. O. Amdur, J. Doull. Macmillan, New York 1986
   Google Scholar
• Wiseman H. M., Hampfel G. Cardiac arrhythmias due to chloral hydrate poisoning. Br. Med. J. 1978; 2: 970
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Withey J. R., Collins B. T. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons used in the foods industry: The comparative pharmacokinetics of methylene chloride, 1, 2-dichloroethane, chloroform, and trichloroethylene after I.V. administration in the rat. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1980; 3: 313–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withey J. R., Collins B. T., Collins P. G. Effect of vehicle on the pharmacokinetics and uptake of four halogenated hydrocarbons from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1983; 3: 249–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood R R., Lang R. F., Pay an I. L. Anaerobic transformation, transport, and removal of volatile chlorinated organics in groundwater. Groundwater Quality, C. H. Ward, W. Giger, P. L. Mc Carty. Wiley, New York 1985; 493–511
   Google Scholar
• Zenick H., Blackburn K., Hope E., Richdale N., Smith M. K. Effects of trichloroethylene exposure on male reproductive function in rats. Toxicology 1984; 31: 237–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar