From microbes to fish the next revolution in food production

References

• FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2014 [cited 2015 Jan 15]. Available from: http://faostat.fao.org/
   Google Scholar
• World-Ocean-Review W. The future of fish – the fisheries of the future. Hamburg: International Ocean Institute-MARIBUS; 2013. p. 143.
   Google Scholar
• Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J. World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Work Pap 2012;3.
   Google Scholar
• Caro D, Davis S, Bastianoni S, et al. Global and regional trends in greenhouse gas emissions from livestock. Clim Change. 2014;126:203–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkrumah J, Okine E, Mathison G, et al. Relationships of feedlot feed efficiency, performance, and feeding behavior with metabolic rate, methane production, and energy partitioning in beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 2006;84:145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube B, Mulugeta S, Dzama K. Investigating maternal effects on production traits in Duroc pigs using animal and sire models. J Anim Breed Genet. 2014;131:279–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waititu S, Rogiewicz A, Slominski B, et al. Effect of multi-enzyme mixtures on performance and nutrient utilization in broilers fed diets containing different types of cereals and industrial by-products. J Poult Sci. 2014;51:402–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham J, Dickson K. Anatomical and physiological specializations for endothermy. Fish Physiol. 2001;19:121–165.
   Google Scholar
• Einen O, Roem A. Dietary protein/energy ratios for Atlantic salmon in relation to fish size: growth, feed utilization and slaughter quality. Aquacult Nutr. 1997;3:115–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couto A, Kortner T, Penn M, et al. Effects of dietary phytosterols and soy saponins on growth, feed utilization efficiency and intestinal integrity of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Aquaculture 2014;432:295–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle S, Mengel G, Tidwell J, et al. Evaluation of growth, feed utilization, and economics of hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus, fed diets containing different protein sources in combination with distillers dried grains with solubles. Aquacult Res. 2004;35:365–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma B, Saha R, Saha H. Effects of feeding detoxified rubber seed meal on growth performance and haematological indices of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2014;193:84–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X-F, Li X-Q, Leng X-J, et al. Effects of dietary cottonseed meal level on the growth, hematological indices, liver and gonad histology of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture 2014;428:79–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2014. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Avnimelech Y. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture 2007;264:140–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avnimelech Y. Biofloc technology, A Practical Guide Book. In: Avnimelech Y, editor. USA: World Aquaculture Society; 2012;7:131–148.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez-Córdova LR, Emerenciano M, Miranda-Baeza A, et al. Microbial-based systems for aquaculture of fish and shrimp: an updated review. Rev Aquacult. 2015; In press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz S, Horowitz A. Microbial intervention in aquaculture. Microbial approaches to aquatic nutrition within environmentally sound aquaculture production systems Baton Rouge. World Aquacult Soc. 2002;1:119–131.
   Google Scholar
• Moss S. Dietary importance of microbes and detritus in penaeid shrimp aquaculture. In: Lee CS, O’Bryen P, editors. Microbial approaches to aquatic nutrition within environmentally sound aquaculture production systems. Baton Rouge (LA): World Aquaculture Society; 2002. p. 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Decamp O, Conquest L, Cody J, et al. Effect of shrimp stocking density on size-fractionated phytoplankton and ecological groups of ciliated protozoa within zero-water exchange shrimp culture systems. J World Aquacult Soc. 2007;38:395–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerenciano M, Gaxiola G, Cuzon G. Biofloc technology (BFT): a review for aquaculture application and animal food industry. In: Matovic MD, editor. Biomass now: cultivation and utilization. Rijeka: InTech; 2013. p. 301–328.
   Google Scholar
• Glencross B. Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species. Rev Aquacult. 2009;1:71–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju Z, Forster I, Conquest L, et al. Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floc cultures by biomarkers and analysis of floc amino acid profiles. Aquacult Res. 2008;39:118–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avnimelech Y. Biofloc technology – a practical guide book. 3rd ed. In: Avnimelech Y, editor. Baton Rouge (LA): The World Aquaculture Society; 2015. p. 105.
   Google Scholar
• Azam F, Fenchel T, Field J, et al. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1983;10:257–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomeroy L, Wiebe W. Energetics of microbial food webs. Hydrobiologia. 1988;159:7–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libes S. Introduction to marine biogeochemistry. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons; 2011
   Google Scholar
• Hasan M, New M. On-farm feeding and feed management in aquaculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2013. p. 67.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez-Córdova L, Martínez Porchas M, Cortés-Jacinto E. Mexican and world shrimp aquaculture: sustainable activity or contaminant industry? Rev Int Contam Ambie. 2009;25:181–196.
   Google Scholar
• López-Elías J, Moreno-Arias A, Miranda-Baeza A, et al. Proximate composition of bioflocs in culture systems containing hybrid red tilapia fed diets with varying levels of vegetable meal inclusion. N Am J Aquacult. 2015;77:102–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azim ME, Little DC. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 2008;283:29–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becerra-Dorame MJ, Martínez-Córdova LR, Martínez-Porchas M, et al. Evaluation of autotrophic and heterotrophic microcosm-based systems on the production response of Litopenaeus vannamei intensively nursed without Artemia and with zero water exchange. ISR J Aquacult-BAMID 2011;63:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray AJ, Seaborn G, Leffler JW, et al. Characterization of microbial communities in minimal-exchange, intensive aquaculture systems and the effects of suspended solids management. Aquaculture 2010;310:130–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray A, Lewis B, Browdy C, et al. Suspended solids removal to improve shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production and an evaluation of a plant-based feed in minimal-exchange, superintensive culture systems. Aquaculture 2010;299:89–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crab R, Defoirdt T, Bossier P, et al. Biofloc technology in aquaculture: beneficial effects and future challenges. Aquaculture 2012;6:351–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonough W, Braungart M. Cradle to cradle: rethinking the way we make things. New York (NY): North Point; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Tacon A. Thematic review of feeds and feed management practices in shrimp aquaculture. Report prepared under the World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment Work in Progress for Public Discussion Published by the Consortium. 2002;69.
   Google Scholar
• Barraza-Guardado R, Martinez-Cordova L, Enriquez-Ocaña L, et al. Effect of shrimp farm effluent on water and sediment quality parameters off the coast of Sonora, Mexico. Cienc Mar. 2014;40:221–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves J. Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture. Aquacult Eng. 2006;34:344–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezama-Cervantes C, Paniagua-Michel J. Effects of constructed microbial mats on water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae. Aquacult Eng. 2010;42:75–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold S, Coman F, Jackson C, et al. High-intensity, zero water-exchange production of juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon: an evaluation of artificial substrates and stocking density. Aquaculture 2009;293:42–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor R, Hardy R, Bureau D, et al. Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:15103–15110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacon A, Hasan M, Subasinghe R. Use of fishery resources as feed inputs to aquaculture development: trends and policy implications. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2006. p. 99
   Google Scholar
• Kaushik S, Coves D, Dutto G, et al. Almost total replacement of fish meal by plant protein sources in the diet of a marine teleost, the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquaculture 2004;230:391–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millamena O. Replacement of fish meal by animal by-product meals in a practical diet for grow-out culture of grouper Epinephelus coioides. Aquaculture 2002;204:75–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias-Moscoso J, Ezquerra-Brauer M, Martínez-Córdova L, et al. Inclusion of two differently pH-autolysis hydrolysates of squid coproduct in diets of shrimp cultured under indoor and outdoor conditions. Aquacult Nutr. 2014;21:750–754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogello E, Munguti J, Sakakura Y, et al. Complete replacement of fish meal in thediet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) grow-out with alternative protein sources. A review. IJAR 2014;2:962–978.
   Google Scholar
• Ekasari J, Crab R, Verstraete W. Primary nutritional content of bio-flocs cultured with different organic carbon sources and salinity. HAYATI J Biosci. 2010;17:125.
   Google Scholar
• Emerenciano M, Ballester ELC, Cavalli RO, et al. Biofloc technology application as a food source in a limited water exchange nursery system for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817). Aquacult Res. 2012;43:447–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer W, Prentice-Hernandez C, Tesser M, et al. Substitution of fishmeal with microbial floc meal and soy protein concentrate in diets for the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 2012;342:112–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahanand S, Moulick S, Rao P. Optimum formulation of feed for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), with biofloc as a component. Aquacult Int. 2013;21:347–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle B, Dantas E, Silva J, et alReplacement of fishmeal by fish protein hydrolysate and biofloc in the diets of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae. Aquacult Nutr. 2015;21:105–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burford MA, Thompson PJ, McIntosh RP, et al. The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero-exchange system. Aquaculture 2004;232:525–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Córdova L, Emerenciano M, Miranda-Baeza A, et al. Microbial-based systems for aquaculture of fish and shrimp: an updated review. Rev Aquacult. 2015; In press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy J, Flemer B, Jackson S, et al Marine metagenomics: new tools for the study and exploitation of marine microbial metabolism. Mar Drugs. 2010;8:608–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood D, Salzberg S. Kraken: ultrafast metagenomic sequence classification using exact alignments. Genome Biol. 2014;15:R46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegelman D, Whissell G, Greer C. A survey of the methods for the characterization of microbial consortia and communities. Can J Microbiol. 2005;51:355–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ninawe A, Selvin J. Probiotics in shrimp aquaculture: avenues and challenges. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2009;35:43–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng Y, Ma Y, Wei C, et al. Bacterial diversity in various coastal mariculture ponds in Southeast China and in diseased eels as revealed by culture and culture-independent molecular techniques. Aquacult Res. 2010;41:e172–e86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilera-Rivera D, Prieto-Davo A, Escalante K, et al. Probiotic effect of FLOC on Vibrios in the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 2014;424:215–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekasari J, Azhar M, Surawidjaja E, et al. Immune response and disease resistance of shrimp fed biofloc grown on different carbon sources. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2014;41:332–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekasari J, Angela D, Waluyo S, et al The size of biofloc determines the nutritional composition and the nitrogen recovery by aquaculture animals. Aquaculture 2014;426:105–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha A, Baruah K, Bossier P. Horizon scanning: the potential use of biofloc as an anti-infective strategy in aquaculture-an overview. Aquacult Health Int. 2008;13:8–10.
   Google Scholar
• Ricke S. Perspectives on the use of organic acids and short chain fatty acids as antimicrobials. Poult Sci. 2003;82:632–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell J. Another explanation for the toxicity of fermentation acids at low pH: anion accumulation versus uncoupling. J Appl Bacteriol. 1992;73:363–370.
   Google Scholar
• Ebeling J, Timmons M, Bisogni J. Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia–nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 2006;257:346–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn D, Boardman G, Lawrence A, et al. Microbial floc meal as a replacement ingredient for fish meal and soybean protein in shrimp feed. Aquaculture 2009;296:51–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand P, Kohli M, Roy S, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation of periphyton on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities in Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture 2013;392:59–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari S, Lal R, Sahu B. Carbon footprint of aquaculture in eastern India. J Water Clim Change 2013;4:410–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glencross B, Irvin S, Arnold S, et al. Effective use of microbial biomass products to facilitate the complete replacement of fishery resources in diets for the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture 2014;431:12–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tàbara J, Pahl-Wostl C. Sustainability learning in natural resource use and management. Ecol Soc. 2007;12:1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brécard D, Hlaimi B, Lucas S, et al. Determinants of demand for green products: an application to eco-label demand for fish in Europe. Ecol Econ. 2009;69:115–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomeroy LR, Williams PJI, Azam F, Hobbie JE. The microbial loop. Oceanography 2007;20:28–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar