238
Views
57
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Principles and Applications of Biosensors for Bioprocess Monitoring and Control

&
Pages 105-124 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008

References

  • Aizawa M. Immunosensors. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lon. 1987; B316: 121
  • Almeida N. F., Mulchandani A. A mediated enzyme electrode using tetrathiafulvalene and L-glutamate oxidase for the determination of L-glutamic acid. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993; 282: 353
  • Andersen B. G., Gruenberg M. L. Optimization techniques for the production of monoclonal antibodies utilizing hollow fiber technology. Comm. Prod. Monoclonal Antibodies, S. S. Seaver. Marcel Dekker, New York 1987; 175
  • Anis N. A., Eldefrawi M. E., Wong R. B. Reusable fiber optic immunosensor for rapid detection of imazethapyr herbicide. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993; 41: 843
  • Armiger W. B. Instrumentation for monitoring and controlling bioreactors, in. Comprehensive Biotechnology: The Principles, Applications and Regulations of Biotechnology in Industry, Agriculture and Medicine, M. Moo-Young. Pergamon Press, New York 1985; Vol. 2: 133
  • Arnold M. A. Fluorophore- and chromophore-based biosensors, in. Biosensor Principles and Applications, L. J. Blum, P. R. Coulet. Marcel Dekker, New York 1991; 195
  • Assolant-Vinet C. H., Coulet P. R. New immobilized enzyme membranes for tailor-made biosensors. Anal. Lett. 1986; 19: 875
  • Austin G. D., Sankhe S. K., Tsao G. T. Monitoring and control of methanol concentration during polysaccharide fermentation using an on-line methanol sensor. Bioprocess Eng. 1992; 7: 241
  • Bartlett P. N., Tebbutt P., Tyrrell C. H. Electrochemical immobilization of enzymes. 3. Immobilization of glucose oxidase in thin films of electrochemically polymerized phenols. Anal. Chem. 1992; 64: 138
  • Bataillard P., Steffgen E., Haemmerli S., Manz A., Widmer H. M. An integrated silicon fhermophile as biosensor for the thermal monitoring of glucose, urea, and penicillin. Biosensors Bioelect. 1993; 8(2)89
  • Beyer M., Menzel C., Quack R., Scheper T., Schügerl K., Treichel W., Voigt H., Ullrich M., Ferretti R. Development and application of a new enzyme sensor type based on the EIS-capacitance structure for bioprocess control. Biosensor Bioelect. 1994; 9: 17
  • Blanch H. W. Immobilized microbial cells. Annu. Rep. 1984; 7: 81
  • Blum L. J., Coulet P. R. Biosensor Principles and Applications. Marcel Dekker, New York 1991
  • Blum L. J., Coulet P. R. Bioluminescence- and chemi-luminescence-based fiberoptic sensors, in. Biosensor Principles and Applications, L. J. Blum, P. R. Coulet. Marcel Dekker, New York 1991; 213
  • Bradley J., Schmid R. D. Optimization of a biosensor for the in situ fermentation monitoring of glucose concentration. Biosensor Bioelect. 1991; 6: 669
  • Bradley J., Anderson P. A., Dear A. M., Ashby R. E., Turner A. P. F. Glucose biosensors for the study and control of baker's yeast fermentation, in. Computer Applications in Fermentation Technology: Modelling and Control of Biotechnical Processes, N. M. Fish, R. I. Fox, N. F. Thornhill. Elsevier, London 1989a; 47
  • Bradley J., Ashby R. E., Turner A. P. F., Schmid R. D. (1989b) On-line fermentation monitoring with an ampero-metric glucose biosensor, in. Dechema Biotechnology Conferences. 1989b. VCH, Weinheim, Vol. 3: 759
  • Bradley J., Turner A. P. F., Schmid R. D. An in situ fermenter probe for baker's yeast propagation monitoring. GBF Monographs: Biosensors Applications in Medicine, Environmental Protection and Process Control, R. D. Schmid, F. Scheller. VCH, Weinheim 1989c; Vol. 13: 85
  • Brand U., Brandes L., Koch V., Kullik T., Reinhardt B., Rüther F., Scheper T., Schügerl K., Wang S., Wu X., Ferretti R., Prasad S., Wilhelm D. Monitoring and control of biotechnological production processes by Bio-FET-FIA-sensors. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1991a; 36: 167
  • Brand U., Reinhardt B., Rüther F., Scheper T., Schügerl K. Bio-field-effect transistors for process control in biotechnology. Sensors Actuators B 1991b; 4: 315
  • Bright F. V., Betts T. A., Litwiler K. S. Regenerable fiber-optic-based immunosensor. Anal. Chem. 1990; 62: 1065
  • Brooks S. L., Ashby R. E., Turner A. P. F., Calder M. R., Clarke D. J. Development of an on-line glucose sensor for fermentation monitoring. Biosensor 1987; 3: 45, 88
  • Cardosi M. F., Turner A. P. F. The realization of electron transfer from biological molecules to electrodes, in. Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications, A. P. F. Turner, I. Karube, G. Wilson. Oxford University Press, New York 1989; 254
  • Carr P. W., Bowers L. D. Immobilized Enzymes in Analytical Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Wiley and Sons, NY 1980
  • Cass A. E. G. Biosensors: A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford 1990
  • Cass A. E. G., Davis G., Francis G. D., Hill H. A. O., Aston W. J., Higgins I. J., Plotkin E. V., Scott L. D. L., Turner A. P. F. Ferrocene-mediated enzyme electrode for amperometric determination of glucose. Anal. Chem. 1984; 56: 667
  • Cattaneo M. V., Luong I. H. T., Mercille S. Monitoring glutamine in mammalian cell cultures using an amperometric biosensor. Biosensors Bioelectron. 1992; 7: 9
  • Cattaneo M. V., Luong J. H. T. Monitoring glutamine in animal cell cultures using a chemiluminescence fiber optic biosensor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993; 41: 659
  • Chu F. S. Immunoassays for analysis of mycotoxins. J. Food Prot. 1984; 47: 562
  • Clarke D. J., Calder M. R., Carr R. J. G., Blake-Coleman B. C., Moody S. C., Collinge T. A. The development and application of biosensor devices for bioprocess monitoring and control. Biosensors 1985; 1: 213
  • Clark L. C., Lyons C. Electrode system for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1962; 102: 29
  • Cleland N., Enfors S-O. Control of glucose fed-batch cultivation of E. coli by means of an oxygen stabilized enzyme electrode. Eur. J. Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol. 1983; 18: 141
  • Cleland N., Enfors S-O. Externally buffered enzyme electrodes for determination of glucose. Anal. Chem. 1984; 56: 1880
  • Danielsson B., Mattiasson B., Karlsson R., Winqvist F. Use of an enzyme thermistor in continuous measurements and enzyme reactor control. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1979; 21: 1749
  • Dremel B. A. A., Li S.-Y., Schmid R. D. On-line determination of glucose and lactate concentrations in animal cell culture based on fibre optic detection of oxygen in flow injection analysis. Biosensors. Bioelectron. 1992; 7: 33
  • Duffy P., Saad I., Wallach J. M. New developments of conductometric measurements in analytical biochemistry. Anal. Chim. Acta 1988; 2: 267
  • Edelman P. G., Wang J. Biosensors and Chemical Sensors. ACS symp. ser. No. 487, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1991
  • Enfors S.-O. Oxygen stabilized enzyme electrode for D-glucose analysis in fermentation broth. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1981; 3: 29
  • Enfors S.-O., 4 374 013, 1983, Oxygen stabilized enzyme electrode, U.S. Patent No.
  • Enfors S.-O., Cleland N. Enzyme sensors for fermentation monitoring- sample handling. Methods Enzymoi 1988; 137: 298
  • Enfors S.-O., Nilsson H. Design and response characteristics of an enzyme electrode for measurement of penicillin in fermentation broths. Enz. Microbial. Technol. 1979; 1: 260
  • Filippini C., Sonnleitner B., Fiechter A. Intelligent analytical sub-system for on-line control and monitoring of bioprocesses. Anal. Chim. Acta 1992; 265: 63
  • Filippini C., Sonnleitner B., Fiechter A., Bradley J., Schmid R. D. On-line determination of glucose concentration in biotechnological processes — comparison between FIA and an in-situ electrode. J. Biotechnol. 1991; 18: 153
  • Foulds N. C., Lowe C. R. Enzyme entrapment in electrically conducting polymer. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 1986; 82: 1259
  • Foulds N. C., Lowe C. R. Immobilization of glucose oxidase in ferrocene-modified pyrrole polymers. Anal. Chem. 1988; 60: 2473
  • Freitag R., Fenge C., Scheper T., Schügerl K., Spreinat A., Antranikian G., Fraune E. Immunological online detection of specific proteins during fermentation processes. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991; 249: 113
  • Gautier S. M., Blum L. J., Coulet P. R. Fiber-optic biosensor based on luminescence and immobilized enzymes. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1990; 5: 57
  • Gorton L., Csoregi E., Domínguez E., Emneus J., Jonsson-Pettersson G., Marko-Varga G., Persson B. Selective detection in flow analysis based on the combination of immobilized enzymes and chemically modified electrodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991; 250: 203
  • Green M. J. Electrochemical immunoassays. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 1987; B316: 135
  • Guilbault G. G. Analytical Uses of Immobilized Enzymes. Marcel Dekker, New York 1984
  • Guilbault G. G., Danielsson B., Mandenius C. F., Mosbach K. Enzyme electrode and thermistor probes for the determination of alcohols with alcohol oxidase. Anal. Chem. 1983; 54: 1582
  • Guilbault G. G., Luong J. H. T. Biosensors: current status and future possibilities. Selective Electrode Rev. 1989; 11: 3
  • Hale P. D., Liu L.-F., Skotheim T. A. Enzyme modified carbon paste: tetrathiafulvalene electrodes for the determination of acetylcholine. Electroanalysis 1991; 3: 751
  • Hall E. A. H. Biosensors. Prentice Hall, New Jersey 1991
  • Heller A. Electrical connection of enzyme redox centers to electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. 1992; 96: 3579
  • Hikuma M., Obana H., Yasuda T., Karube I., Suzuki S. Amperometric determination of total assimilable sugars in fermentation broths with use of immobilized whole cells. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1980; 2: 234
  • Hintsche R., Dransfeld I., Scheller F., Pham M. T., Hoffmann W., Hueller J., Moritz W. Integrated differential enzyme sensors using hydrogen and fluoride ion sensitive multigate FETs. Biosens. Bioelect. 1990; 5: 327
  • Ho M. H. Potentiometric biosensor based on immobilized enzyme membrane and fluoride detector. Sens. Act. 1988; 15: 445
  • Holst O., Håkanson H., Miyabayashi A., Mattiasson B. Monitoring of glucose in fermentation process using a commercial glucose analyzer. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1988; 28: 32
  • Huang Y. L., Li S. Y., Dremel B. A. A., Bilitewski U., Schmid R. D. On-line determination of glucose concentration in animal cell cultures based on chemiluminescent detection of hydrogen peroxide coupled with flow injection analysis. J. BioTechnol. 1991; 18: 161
  • Hundeck H.-G., Sauerbrei A., Hübner U., Scheper T., Schügerl K., Koch R., Antranikian G. Four channel enzyme thermistor system for process monitoring and control in biotechnology. Anal. Chim. Acta 1990; 238: 211
  • Johansen C. L., Christensen L. H., Neilsen J., Villadsen J. Monitoring and control of fed-batch penicillin fermentation. Computers Chem. Eng. 1992; 16: S297
  • Kajiya Y., Sugai H., Iwakura C., Yoneyama H. Glucose sensitivity of polypyrole films containing immobilized glucose oxidase and hydroquinonesulfonate ions. Anal. Chem. 1991; 63: 49
  • Karube I. Microbial sensor. J. Biotechnol. 1990; 15: 255
  • Kaun S. S., Guilbault G. G. Ion-selective electrodes and biosensors based on ISEs, in. Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications, A. P. F. Turner, I. Karube, G. S. Wilson. Oxford University Press, New York 1987; 135
  • Kauffmann J.-M., Guilbault G. G. Potentiometric enzyme electrodes, in. Biosensor Principles and Applications, L. J. Coulet, P. R. Blum. Marcel Dekker, New York 1991
  • Kennedy J. F., Cabral J. M. S. Immobilized living cells and their applications. Appl. Biochem. Bioeng. 1983; 4: 189
  • Kierstan M. P. J., Coughlan M. P. Immobilization of cells and enzymes by gel entrapment, in. Immobilized Cells and Enzymes, J. Woodward. IRL Press, Oxford 1985; 39
  • Kok R., Hogan P. The development of an in situ fermentation electrode calibrator. Biosensors 1987; 3: 89
  • Lelong P h., Cellard H., Pardo D., Cavalie J. M. Automation of glucose measurement in fermenter broths. Appl. Miocrob. Biotechnol. 1991; 36: 173
  • Luli G. W., Schlasner S. M., Ordaz D. E., Mason M., Strohl W. R. An automatic, on-line glucose analyzer for feed-back control of fed-batch growth of. Escherchia coli, Biotechnoi. Tech. 1987; 1: 225
  • Luong S. H. T., Groom C. A., Male K. B. The potential role of biosensors in the food and drink industries. Biosens. Bioelect. 1991; 6: 547
  • Luong J. H. T., Guilbault G. G. Analytical applications of piezoelectric crystal biosensors, in. Biosensor Principles and Applications, L. J. Blum, P. R. Coulet. Marcel Dekker, New York 1991; 107
  • Luong J. H. T., Mulchandani A. Applications of NADH-dependent fluorescence sensors for monitoring and controlling bioprocesses, in. Sensors for Bioprocess Control, J. V. Twork, A. M. Yacynych. Marcel Dekker, New York 1990; 75
  • Luong J. H. T., Nguyen A. L., Guilbault G. G. The principle and technology of hydrogen peroxide based biosensors. Adv. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1993; 50: 86
  • Male K. B., Luong J. H. T., Tom R., Mercille S. Novel FIA amperometric biosensor system for the determination of glutamine in cell culture systems. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1993; 15: 26
  • Mandel W. R., Dekovich J., 4 893 935, 1990, U.S. Patent
  • Mandenius C. F., Danielsson B. Enzyme thermistors for process monitoring and control. Methods Enzymol. 1988; 137: 307
  • Mandenius C. F., Danielsson B., Mattiasson B. Evaluation of a dialysis probe for continuous sampling in fermentors and in complex media. Anal. Chim. Acta 1984; 163: 135
  • Mattiasson B., Håkanson H. Immunochemically based assays for process control. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 1992; 46: 81
  • Mattiasson B., Danielsson B., Mandenius C. F., Winquist F. Enzyme thermistors for process control. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1981; 369: 295
  • Messing R. A. Adsorption and inorganic bridge formations. Methods Enzymol. 1976; 44: 148
  • Meyer H., Drewer H., Krause J., Cammann K., Kakerow R., Manoli Y., Mokwa W., Rospert M. Chemical and biochemical sensor array for two-dimensional imaging of analyte distributions. Sens. Actual. B. 1994; 18–19: 229
  • Meyerhoff M. E., Trojanowicz M., Palsson B. O. Simultaneous enzymatic/electrochemical determination of glucose and 1-glutamine in hybridoma media by flow injection analysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993; 41: 961
  • Mizutani S., Iijima S., Morikawa M., Shimizu K., Matsubara M., Ogawa Y., Izumi R., Matsumoto K., Kobayashi T. On-line control of glucose concentration using an automatic glucose analyzer. J. Ferment. Technol. 1987; 65(3)325
  • Mulchandani A., Male K. B., Luong J. H. T. Development and application of a biosensor for hypoxanthine in fish extract. Anal. Chim. Acta, 111 1989; 215
  • Mulchandani A., Wang C.-L., Weetall H. H. Amperometric detection of peroxides with poly(anilino-methylferrocene) modified enzyme electrodes. Anal. Chem. 1995; 67: 94
  • Murachi T., Tabata M. Use of a bioreactor consisting of sequentially aligned L-glutamate dehydrogenase and L-glutamate oxidase for the determination of ammonia by chemiluminescence. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 1987; 9: 303
  • Nabauer A., Berg P., Ruge I. Measurement of the accumulation of biomolecules in a solution by means of piezoelectric crystal, in. Biosensors: Applications in Medicine, Environmental Protection and Process Control, R. D. Schmid, F. Scheller. VCH Publishers, New York 1989; 359
  • Nilsson M., Håkanson H., Mattiasson B. Flow-injection ELISA for process monitoring and control. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991; 249: 163
  • North J. R. Immunosensors: antibody-based biosensors. Trends Biotechnol. 1985; 3: 180
  • Ogbomo I., Kittsteiner-Eberle R., Englbrecht U., Prinzing U., Danzer J., Schmidt H.-L. Flow injection systems for the determination of oxido-reductase substrates: applications in food quality control and process monitoring. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991; 249: 137
  • Pace S. Integrated multisensor technology: biosensors for the future. Eur. Clin. Lab. 1994, February, 22
  • Phelps M. R., Hobbs J. B., Kilburn D. G., Turner R. F. B. Technology for reagenerable biosensor probes based on enzyme cellulose binding domain conjugates. Biotechnol. Prog. 1994; 10: 433
  • Polzius R., Bier F. F., Bilitewski V., Jager V., Schmid R. D. On-line monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in animal cell cultures using a grating coupler. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993; 42: 1287
  • Queinriec I., Destruhaut C., Pourciel J. B., Goma G. An effective automated glucose sensor for fermentation process monitoring. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1992; 8: 7
  • Rank M., Gram J., Dannielsson B. Industrial on-line monitoring of penicillin V, glucose, and ethanol using a split-flow modified thermal biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993; 281: 521
  • Renneberg R., Trott-Kriegeskorte G., Leitz M., Jager V., Pawlowa M., Kaiser G., Wollenberger U., Schubert F., Wagner R., Schmid R. D., Scheller F. W. Enzyme sensor-FIA-system for on-line monitoring of glucose, lactate and glutamine in animal cell cultures. J. Biotechnol. 1991; 21: 173
  • Reynolds E. R., Geise R. J., Yacynych A. M. Electropolymerized films for the construction of ultramicrobiosensors and electron-mediated amperometric biosensors. ACS Symp. Ser. No. 487. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1992; 186
  • Riedel K., Renneberg R., Wollenberg U., Kaiser G., Scheller F. W. Microbial sensors: fundamentals and applications for process control. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 1989; 44: 85
  • Riley C., Rocks B. F., Sherwood R. A. Flow injection analysis in clinical chemistry. Talanta 1984; 31: 879
  • Rishpon J., Shabtai Y., Rosen I., Zibenberg Y., Tor R., Freeman A. In situ glucose monitoring in fermentation broth by “sandwiched” glucose-oxidase electrode (SGE). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1990; 35: 103
  • Romette J. L., Cooney C. L. Glutamine electrode for on-line mammalian cell culture process control. Anal. Lett. 1987; 20: 1069
  • Ruzicka J., Hansen E. H. Flow Injection Analysis, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York 1989
  • Scheller F., Schubert F. Biosensors. Tech. Instrum. Anal. Chem. Elsevier, New York 1992; 11
  • Scheper T., Brandes W., Grau C., Hundeck H. G., Reinhardt B., Rüther F., Plötz F., Schelp C., Schügerl K., Schneider K. H., Rehr B., Sahm H. Applications of biosensor systems for bioprocess monitoring. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991; 249: 25
  • Scheper T., Müller C., Anders K. D., Eberhardt F., Plötz F., Schelp C., Thordsen O., Schügerl K. Optical sensors for biotechnological applications. Biosens. Bioelect. 1994; 9(1)73
  • Schmid R. D., Künnecke W. Flow injection analysis (FIA) based on enzymes and antibodies — applications in the life sciences. J. Biotechnol. 1990; 14: 3
  • Schmidt H. Biosensors and flow injection analysis in bioprocess control. J. Biotechnol. 1993; 31: v
  • Schügerl K. Which requirements do flow injection analyzer/biosensor systems have to meet for controlling the bioprocess?. J. Biotechnol. 1993; 31: 241
  • Schügerl K., Brandes L., Dullau T., Holzhauer-Rieger K., Hubner U., Wu X., Zhou W. Fermentation monitoring and control by on-line flow injection and liquid chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991; 249: 87
  • Schuhmann W., Schmidt H. L. Amperometric biosensors for substrates of oxidases and dehydrogenases. Adv. Biosens. 1992; 2: 79
  • Schuhmann W. Non-leaking amperometric biosensors based on high-molecular ferrocene derivatives. Biosens. Bioelect. 1993; 8: 191
  • Seitz W. R. Chemical sensors based on immobilized indicators and fiber optics. CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1988; 19(2)135
  • Sharma A., Rogers K. R. Biosensors Meas. Sci. Technol. 1994; 5: 461
  • Silber A., Brauchle C., Hampp N. Dehydrogenase based thick-film biosensors for lactate and malate. Sens. Actuat. B 1994; 18–19: 235
  • Stoecker P. W., Yacynych A. M. Chemically modified electrodes as biosensors. Selective Electrode Rev. 1990; 12: 137
  • Strohl W. R., Schlasner S. M., Lorensen P. L. Microcomputer control of fermentation processes. Biotechniques 1986; 4: 336
  • Stuart A. D. Optodes — remote determination of chemical concentrations using optical fibers and optical sensors. Chem. Aust. 1986; 53: 350
  • Suzuki T., Yamane T., Shimizu S. Control of carbon source supply and dissolved oxygen by use of carbon dioxide concentration of exhaust gas in fed batch culture. J. Ferment. Technol. 1986; 64: 317
  • Taylor R. F., Marenchic I. G., Spencer R. H. Antibody- and receptor-based biosensors for detection and process control. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991; 249: 67
  • Thavarungkul P., Håkanson H., Hoist O., Mattiasson B. Continuous monitoring of urea in blood during dialysis. Biosens. Bioelect. 1991; 6: 101
  • Thordsen O., Scheper T., Rehr B., Sahm H. A fluorometric biosensor for the determination of glucose, fructose, glucanolactone and sorbitol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993; 42: 387
  • Tran-Minh C. Biosensors. Chapman & Hall, London 1993
  • Turner A. P. F., Karube I., Wilson G. Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford University Press, New York 1987
  • Twork J. V., Yacynych A. M. Sensors in Bioprocess Control. Marcel Dekker, New York 1990
  • Updike S. J., Hicks G. P. The enzyme electrode. Nature 1967; 210: 986
  • Villarata R. L., Palleschi G., Lubarano G. J., Suleiman A. A., Guilbault G. G. Amperometric aspartate electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991; 245: 63
  • Wang J., Wu L. H., Lu Z., Li R., Sanchez J. Mixed ferrocene-glucose oxidase-carbon-paste electrode for amperometric determination of glucose. Anal. Chim. Acta 1990; 228: 251
  • Weetall H. H. Preparation of immobilized proteins covalently coupled through silane coupling agents to inorganic supports. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1993; 41: 157
  • Wolfbeis O. S. Optical sensing based on analyte recognition by enzymes, carriers and molecular interactions. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991; 250: 181
  • Wong R. B., Anis N., Eldefrawi M. Re-usable fiberoptic-based immunosensor for rapid detection of imazethapyr herbicide. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993; 279: 141
  • Yoda K., Tsuchida T., Takasugi H. Application of enzyme electrodes for monitoring of mammalian cell cultures. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1990; 613: 410

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.