PERSPECTIVES ON THE CHRONOTHERAPY OF HYPERTENSION BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THE MAPEC STUDY

REFERENCES

• Akerstedt T, Ingre M, Broman JE, Kecklund G. (2008). Disturbed sleep in shift workers, day workers, and insomniacs. Chronobiol. Int. 25:333–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson G, Leary AC, George KP, Murphy MB, Jones H. (2009). 24-Hour variation in the reactivity of rate-pressure-product to everyday physical activity in patients attending a hypertension clinic. Chronobiol. Int. 26:958–973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelsson J, Kecklund G, Akerstedt T, Donofrio P, Lekander M, Ingre M. (2008). Sleepiness and performance in response to repeated sleep restriction and subsequent recovery during semi-laboratory conditions. Chronobiol. Int .25:297–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala DE, Hermida RC, Chayan L, Mojon A, Fontao MJ, Fernandez JR. (2009). Circadian pattern of ambulatory blood pressure in untreated hypertensive patients with and without metabolic syndrome. Chronobiol. Int. 26:1189–1205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankir L, Bochud M, Maillard M, Bovet P, Gabriel A, Burnier M. (2008). Nighttime blood pressure and nocturnal dipping are associated with daytime urinary sodium excretion in African subjects. Hypertension 51:891–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergheanu SC, Pons D, Jukema JW, van der Hoeven BL, Liem SS, Vandenbroucke JP, Rosendaal FR, le Cessie S, Schalij MJ, van der Bom JG. (2009). Myocardial infarction occurs with a similar 24 h pattern in the 4G/5G versions of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Chronobiol. Int. 26:637–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggi N, Consonni D, Galluzzo V, Sogliani M, Costa G. (2008). Metabolic syndrome in permanent night workers. Chronobiol. Int. 25:443–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black HR, Elliott WJ, Neaton JD, Grandits G, Grambsch P, Grimm RH, Jr, Hansson L, Lacouciere Y, Muller J, Sleight P, Weber MA, White WB, Williams G, Wittes J, Zanchetti A, Fakouhi TD. (1998). Rationale and design for the Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of Cardiovascular Endpoints (CONVINCE) Trial. Controlled Clin. Trials 19:370–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Black HR, Elliott WJ, Grandits G, Grambsch P, Lucente T, White WB, Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Jr, Hansson L, Lacourciere Y, Muller J, Sleight P, Weber MA, Williams G, Wittes J, Zanchetti A, Anders RJ. (2003). Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA 289:2073–2082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggia J, Li Y, Thijs L, Hansen TW, Kikuya M, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, Richart T, Ohkubo T, Kuznetsova T, Torp-Pedersen C, Lind L, Ibsen H, Imai Y, Wang J, Sandoya E, O'Brien E, Staessen JA. (2007). Prognostic accuracy of day versus night ambulatory blood pressure: a cohort study. Lancet 370:1219–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bougard C, Bessot N, Moussay S, Sesboue B, Gauthier A. (2009a). Effects of waking time and breakfast intake prior to evaluation of physical performance in the early morning. Chronobiol. Int. 26:307–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bougard C, Moussay S, Gauthier A, Espie S, Davenne D. (2009b). Effects of waking time and breakfast intake prior to evaluation of psychomotor performance in the early morning. Chronobiol. Int. 26:324–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotman DJ, Davidson MB, Boumitri M, Vidt DG. (2008). Impaired diurnal blood pressure variation and all-cause mortality. Am. J. Hypertens. 21:92–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruguerolle B. (2008). Clinical chronopharmacology in the elderly. Chronobiol. Int. 25:1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burioka N, Miyata M, Fukuoka Y, Endo M, Shimizu E. (2008). Day-night variations of serum interleukin-6 in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Chronobiol. Int. 25:827–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkhart K, Phelps JR. (2009). Amber lenses to block blue light and improve sleep: a randomized trial. Chronobiol. Int. 26:1602–1612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabezas-Cerrato J, Hermida RC, Cabezas-Agricola JM, Ayala DE. (2009). Cardiac autonomic neuropathy, estimated cardiovascular risk, and circadian blood pressure pattern in diabetes mellitus. Chronobiol. Int. 26:942–957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camerino D, Conway PM, Sartori S, Campanini P, Estryn-Behar M, van der Heijden BI, Costa G. (2008). Factors affecting work ability in day and shift-working nurses. Chronobiol. Int. 25:425–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cariou M, Galy E, Melan C. (2008). Differential 24-hour variation of alertness and subjective tension in process controllers: investigation of the relationship with body temperature and heart rate. Chronobiol. Int. 25:597–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa G, Di Milia L. (2008). Aging and shift work: a complex problem to face. Chronobiol. Int. 25:165–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coudert B, Focan C, Genet D, Giacchetti S, Cvickovic F, Zambelli A, Fillet G, Chollet P, Amoroso D, Van Der Auwera J, Lentz MA, Marreaud S, Baron B, Gorlia T, Biville F, Levi F. (2008). A randomized multicenter study of optimal circadian time of vinorelbine combined with chronomodulated 5-fluorouracil in pretreated metastatic breast cancer patients: EORTC trial 05971. Chronobiol. Int. 25:680–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danilenko KV, Plisov IL, Hebert M, Krauchi K, Wirz-Justice A. (2008). Influence of timed nutrient diet on depression and light sensitivity in seasonal affective disorder. Chronobiol. Int. 25:51–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Sierra A, Redon J, Banegas JR, Segura J, Parati G, Gorostidi M, de la Cruz JJ, Sobrino J, Llisterri JL, Alonso J, Vinyoles E, Pallares V, Sarria A, Aranda P, Ruilope LM. (2009). Prevalence and factors associated with circadian blood pressure patterns in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 53:466–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dispersyn G, Pain L, Challet E, Touitou Y. (2008). General anesthetics effects on circadian temporal structure: an update. Chronobiol. Int. 25:835–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, Hinedi K, Atkins N, McClory S, Den Hond E, McCormack P, Staessen JA, O'Brien E. (2005). Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study. Hypertension 46:156–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards B, Waterhouse J, Reilly T. (2008). Circadian rhythms and their association with body temperature and time awake when performing a simple task with the dominant and non-dominant hand. Chronobiol. Int .25:115–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esquirol Y, Bongard V, Mabile L, Jonnier B, Soulat JM, Perret B. (2009). Shift work and metabolic syndrome: respective impacts of job strain, physical activity, and dietary rhythms. Chronobiol. Int. 26:544–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson SA, Lamond N, Kandelaars K, Jay SM, Dawson D. (2008). The impact of short, irregular sleep opportunities at sea on the alertness of marine pilots working extended hours. Chronobiol. Int. 25:399–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fietze I, Strauch J, Holzhausen M, Glos M, Theobald C, Lehnkering H, Penzel T. (2009). Sleep quality in professional ballet dancers. Chronobiol. Int. 26:1249–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkard S. (2008a). Shift work, safety, and aging. Chronobiol. Int. 25:183–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkard S. (2008b). Do permanent night workers show circadian adjustment? A review based on the endogenous melatonin rhythm. Chronobiol. Int. 25:215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii T, Uzu T, Nishimura M, Takeji M, Kuroda S, Nakamura S, Inenaga T, Kimura G. (1999). Circadian rhythm of natriuresis is disturbed in nondipper type of essential hypertension. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 33:29–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gander P, Millar M, Webster C, Merry A. (2008a). Sleep loss and performance of anaesthesia trainees and specialists. Chronobiol. Int. 25:1077–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gander P, van den Berg M, Signal L. (2008b). Sleep and sleepiness of fishermen on rotating schedules. Chronobiol. Int. 25:389–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy A, Sanchez M, Richardson H, Tranmer J, Borugian M, Graham CH, Aronson KJ. (2009). Light intensity exposure, sleep duration, physical activity, and biomarkers of melatonin among rotating shift nurses. Chronobiol. Int. 26:1443–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyton AC. (1980). Arterial pressure and hypertension. In Guyton AC (ed.). Circulatory physiology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, pp. 44–88.
   Google Scholar
• Guyton AC, Coleman TG, Cowley AV Jr, Scheel KW, Manning RD Jr, Norman RA Jr. (1972). Arterial pressure regulation. Overriding dominance of the kidneys in long-term regulation and in hypertension. Am. J. Med. 52:584–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harma M, Partinen M, Repo R, Sorsa M, Siivonen P. (2008). Effects of 6/6 and 4/8 watch systems on sleepiness among bridge officers. Chronobiol. Int. 25:413–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC. (2007). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the prediction of cardiovascular events and effects of chronotherapy: rationale and design of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol. Int. 24:749–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Calvo C, Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH. (2007a). Chronotherapy of hypertension: administration-time-dependent effects of treatment on the circadian pattern of blood pressure. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59:923–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Portaluppi F. (2007b). Circadian variation of blood pressure: the basis for the chronotherapy of hypertension. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59:904–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojon A, Chayan L, Dominguez MJ, Fontao MJ, Soler R, Alonso I, Fernandez JR. (2008). Comparison of the effects on ambulatory blood pressure of awakening versus bedtime administration of torasemide in essential hypertension. Chronobiol. Int. 25:950–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Chayan L, Mojon A, Fernandez JR. (2009). Administration-time-dependent effects of olmesartan on the ambulatory blood pressure of essential hypertension patients. Chronobiol. Int. 26:61–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojon A, Fernandez JR. (2010). Influence of circadian time of hypertension treatment on cardiovascular risk: results of the MAPEC Study. Chronobiol. Int. 27: 1629–1651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingelsson E, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, Lind L, Arnlov J, Sundstrom J. (2006). Diurnal blood pressure pattern and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA 295:2859–2866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingre M, Kecklund G, Akerstedt T, Soderstrom M, Kecklund L. (2008). Sleep length as a function of morning shift-start time in irregular shift schedules for train drivers: self-rated health and individual differences. Chronobiol. Int. 25:349–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iskra-Golec I, Smith L. (2008). Daytime intermittent bright light effects on processing of laterally exposed stimuli, mood, and light perception. Chronobiol. Int. 25:471–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones H, George K, Edwards B, Atkinson G. (2008). Effects of time of day on post-exercise blood pressure: circadian or sleep-related influences? Chronobiol. Int. 25:987–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones H, Taylor CE, Lewis NC, George K, Atkinson G. (2009). Post-exercise blood pressure reduction is greater following intermittent than continuous exercise and is influenced less by diurnal variation. Chronobiol. Int. 26:293–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantermann T, Roenneberg T. (2009). Is light-at-night a health risk factor or a health risk predictor? Chronobiol. Int. 26:1069–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Pickering TG, Matsuo T, Hoshide S, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. (2001). Stroke prognosis and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls in older hypertensives. Hypertension 38:852–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloog I, Haim A, Stevens RG, Barchana M, Portnov BA. (2008). Light at night co-distributes with incident breast but not lung cancer in the female population of Israel. Chronobiol. Int. 25:65–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrecque G, Beauchamp D. (2003). Rhythms and pharmacokinetics. In Redfern P (ed.). Chronotherapeutics. London: Pharmaceutical Press, pp. 75–110.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson A, Akerstedt T, Hansson LO, Axelsson J. (2008). Circadian variability of cystatin C, creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy men during normal sleep and after an acute shift of sleep. Chronobiol. Int. 25:1047–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson A, Hassan M, Ridefelt P, Axelsson J. (2009). Circadian variability of bilirubin in healthy men during normal sleep and after an acute shift of sleep. Chronobiol. Int. 26:1613–1621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HC, Hu CJ, Chen CS, Lin HC. (2008). Seasonal variation in ischemic stroke incidence and association with climate: a six-year population-based study. Chronobiol. Int. 25:938–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmer B, Portaluppi F. (1997). Chronopharmacology of cardiovascular diseases. In Redfern PH, Lemmer B (eds.). Physiology and pharmacology of biological rhythms. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 251–297.
   Google Scholar
• Lericollais R, Gauthier A, Bessot N, Sesboue B, Davenne D. (2009). Time-of-day effects on fatigue during a sustained anaerobic test in well-trained cyclists. Chronobiol. Int. 26:1622–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin YC, Hsiao TJ, Chen PC. (2009). Persistent rotating shift-work exposure accelerates development of metabolic syndrome among middle-aged female employees: a five-year follow-up. Chronobiol. Int. 26:740–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin C, Bowman ML, Bradley CL, Mistlberger RE. (2008). A prospective study of seasonal variation in shift-work tolerance. Chronobiol. Int. 25:455–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Begley AE, Billy BD, Fletcher ME. (2009). Effects of a two-hour change in bedtime on the sleep of healthy seniors. Chronobiol. Int. 26:526–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, Kikuya M, Ohmori K, Michimata M, Matsubara M, Hashimoto J, Hoshi H, Araki T, Tsuji I, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. (2002). Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J. Hypertens. 20:2183–2189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul MA, Miller JC, Love RJ, Lieberman H, Blazeski S, Arendt J. (2009). Timing light treatment for eastward and westward travel preparation. Chronobiol. Int. 26:867–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Lloret S, Risk M, Golombek DA, Cardinali DP, Sanchez R, Ramirez A. (2008). Blunting of circadian rhythms and increased acrophase variability in sleep-time hypertensive subjects. Chronobiol. Int. 25:99–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Hermida RC. (2007). Circadian rhythms in cardiac arrhythmias and opportunities for their chronotherapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59:940–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Lemmer B. (2007). Chronobiology and chronotherapy of ischemic heart disease. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59:952–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH. (2007). Circadian rhythmic and environmental determinants of 24-hour blood pressure regulation in normal and hypertensive conditions. In White WB (ed.). Blood pressure monitoring in cardiovascular medicine and therapeutics. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 135–158.
   Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Vergnani L, Manfredini R, Fersini C. (1996). Endocrine mechanisms of blood pressure rhythms. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 783:113–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Cortelli P, Buonaura GC, Smolensky MH, Fabbian F. (2009). Do restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) play a role in nocturnal hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk of renally impaired patients? Chronobiol. Int. 26:1206–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinberg A, Ashkenazi I. (2008). Internal desynchronization of circadian rhythms and tolerance to shift work. Chronobiol. Int. 25:625–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdeva A, Weder AB. (2006). Nocturnal sodium excretion, blood pressure dipping, and sodium sensitivity. Hypertension 48:527–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salles GF, Cardoso CR, Muxfeldt ES. (2008). Prognostic influence of office and ambulatory blood pressures in resistant hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med. 168:2340–2346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallinen M, Holm J, Hirvonen K, Harma M, Koskelo J, Letonsaari M, Luukkonen R, Virkkala J, Muller K. (2008). Recovery of cognitive performance from sleep debt: do a short rest pause and a single recovery night help? Chronobiol. Int. 25:279–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiotani H, Umegaki Y, Tanaka M, Kimura M, Ando H. (2009). Effects of aerobic exercise on the circadian rhythm of heart rate and blood pressure. Chronobiol. Int. 26:1636–1646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signal TL, Ratieta D, Gander PH. (2008). Flight crew fatigue management in a more flexible regulatory environment: an overview of the New Zealand aviation industry. Chronobiol. Int. 25:373–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Castriotta RJ, Portaluppi F. (2007). Role of sleep-wake cycle on blood pressure circadian rhythms and hypertension. Sleep Med. 8:668–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Tiseo R, Portaluppi F. (2010). Administration-time-dependent effects of blood pressure-lowering medications: basis for the chronotherapy of hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 15:173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soreca I, Fagiolini A, Frank E, Goodpaster BH, Kupfer DJ. (2009). Chronotype and body composition in bipolar disorder. Chronobiol. Int. 26:780–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, O'Brien ET, Clement D, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Nachev C, Palatini P, Parati G, Tuomilehto J, Webster J, for the Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. (1999). Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. JAMA 282:539–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su SB, Lu CW, Kao YY, Guo HR. (2008). Effects of 12-hour rotating shifts on menstrual cycles of photoelectronic workers in Taiwan. Chronobiol. Int. 25:237–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Oishi M, Tanaka K, Kobayashi E, Sakata K. (2009). Shiftwork and impaired glucose metabolism: a 14-year cohort study on 7104 male workers. Chronobiol. Int. 26:926–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson P, de Faire U, Sleight P, Yusuf S, Ostergren J. (2001). Comparative effects of ramipril on ambulatory and office blood pressures: a HOPE substudy. Hypertension 38:E28–E32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takakuwa H, Shimizu K, Izumiya Y, Kato T, Nakaya I, Yokoyama H, Kobayashi K, Ise T. (2002). Dietary sodium restriction restores nocturnal reduction of blood pressure in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertens. Res. 25:737–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonetti L, Fabbri M, Natale V. (2008). Sex difference in sleep-time preference and sleep need: a cross-sectional survey among Italian pre-adolescents, adolescents, and adults. Chronobiol. Int. 25:745–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzu T, Takeji M, Yamauchi A, Kimura G. (2001). Circadian rhythm and postural change in natriuresis in non-dipper type of essential hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. 15:323–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Battistelli M, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Zampi I, Santucci A, Santucci C, Reboldi G. (1994). Ambulatory blood pressure: an independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension 24:793–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J, Alkib L, Reilly T. (2008). Effects of Ramadan upon fluid and food intake, fatigue, and physical, mental, and social activities: a comparison between the UK and Libya. Chronobiol. Int. 25:697–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte K, Lemmer B. (2003). Rhythms and pharmacodynamics. In Redfern P (ed.). Chronotherapeutics. London: Pharmaceutical Press, pp. 111–126.
   Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. (2000). The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 342:145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar