Circadian Pattern of Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes

REFERENCES

• Afsar B, Sezer S, Elsurer R, Ozdemir FN. (2007). Is HOMA index a predictor of nocturnal nondipping in hypertensives with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus? Blood Press. Monit. 12:133–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. (2007). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 30( Suppl 1):S42–S47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmar R, Vol S, Brisac AM, Tichet J, Topouchian J. (2001). Reference values for clinic pulse pressure in a nonselected population. Am. J. Hypertens. 14:415–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrup AS, Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Ali S, Kastrup J, Smidt UM, Parving HH. (2007). Predictors of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without diabetic nephropathy: a follow-up study. J. Hypertens. 25:2479–2485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala DE, Hermida RC, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2013). Cardiovascular risk of resistant hypertension: dependence on treatment-time regimen of blood pressure-lowering medications. Chronobiol. Int. 30:340–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baguet JP, Hammer L, Lévy P, Pierre H, Rossini E, Mouret S, Ormezzano O, Mallion JM, Pépin JL. (2005). Night-time and diastolic hypertension are common and underestimated conditions in newly diagnosed apnoeic patients. J. Hypertens. 23:521–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Dov IZ, Kark JD, Ben-Ishay D, Mekler J, Ben-Arie L, Bursztyn M. (2007). Predictors of all-cause mortality in clinical ambulatory monitoring. Unique aspects of blood pressure during sleep. Hypertension 49:1235–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetos A, Safar M, Rudnichi A, Smulyan H, Richard JI, Ducimetiere P, Guize L. (1997). Pulse pressure: a predictor of long-term cardiovascular mortality in a French male population. Hypertension 30:1410–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blacher J, Gasowski J, Staessen JA, Girerd X, This L, Liu L, Wang JG, Fagard R, Safar ME. (2000). Pulse pressure not mean pressure determines cardiovascular risk in older hypertensive patients. Arch. Intern. Med. 160:1085–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggia J, Li Y, Thijs L, Hansen TW, Kikuya M, Björklund-Bodegård K, Richart T, Ohkubo T, Kuznetsova T, Torp-Pedersen CH, Lind L, Ibsen H, Imai Y, Wang J, Sandoya E, O'Brien E, Staessen JA. (2007). Prognostic accuracy of day versus night ambulatory blood pressure: a cohort study. Lancet 370:1219–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhanick B, Bongard V, Amar J, Bousquel S, Chamontin B. (2008). Prognostic value of nocturnal blood pressure and reverse-dipping status on the occurrence of cardiovascular events in hypertensive diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab. 34:560–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotman DJ, Davidson MB, Boumitri M, Vidt DG. (2008). Impaired diurnal blood pressure variation and all-cause mortality. Am. J. Hypertens. 21:92–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB, Evans M, McEwan P, Peters JR, Davies S, Scanlon MF, Currie CJ. (2005). Pulse pressure predicts cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Hypertens. 18:1463–1467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespo JJ, Piñeiro L, Otero A, Castiñeira C, Ríos MT, Regueiro A, Mojón A, Lorenzo S, Ayala DE, Hermida RC, on behalf of the Hygia Project Investigators. (2013). Administration-time-dependent effects of hypertension treatment on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Chronobiol. Int. 30:159–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuspidi C, Meani S, Lonati L, Fusi V, Valerio C, Sala C, Magnaghi G, Maisaidi M, Zanchetti A. (2006). Short-term reproducibility of a non-dipping pattern in type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients. J. Hypertens. 24:647–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, Hinedi K, Atkins N, McClory S, Den Hond E, McCormack P, Staessen JA, O'Brien E. (2005). Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study. Hypertension 46:156–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan E, Thijs L, Li Y, Atkins N, McCormack P, McClory S, O'Brien E, Staessen JA, Stanton AV. (2006). Ambulatory arterial stiffness index as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the Dublin Outcome Study. Hypertension 47:365–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguchi K, Pickering TG, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Ishikawa S, Schwartz J, Shimada K, Kario K. (2008). Ambulatory blood pressure is a better marker than clinic blood pressure in predicting cardiovascular events in patients with/without type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Hypertens. 21:443–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Equiluz-Bruck S, Schnack C, Kopp HP, Schernthaner G. (1996). Nondipping of nocturnal blood pressure is related to urinary albumin excretion rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Hypertens. 9:1139–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagard RH, Celis H, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA. (2008). Daytime and nighttime blood pressure as predictors of death and cause-specific cardiovascular events in hypertension. Hypertension 51:55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan HQ, Li Y, Thijs L, Hansen TW, Boggia J, Kikuya M, Björklund-Bodegard K, Richart T, Ohkubo T, Jeppesen J, Torp-Pedersen C, Dolan E, Kuznetsova T, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Tikhonoff V, Malyutina S, Casiglia E, Nikitin Y, Lind L, Sandoya E, Kawecka-Jaszcz K, Imai Y, Ibsen H, O'Brien E, Wang J, Staessen JA. (2010). Prognostic value of isolated nocturnal hypertension on ambulatory measurement in 8711 individuals from 10 populations. J. Hypertens. 28:2036–2045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández JR, Hermida RC. (1998). Inferential statistical method for analysis of nonsinusoidal hybrid time series with unequidistant observations. Chronobiol. Int. 15:191–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández JR, Mojón A, Hermida RC. (2004). Comparison of parameters from rhythmometric models with multiple components on hybrid data. Chronobiol. Int. 21:467–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogari R, Zoppi A, Malamani GD, Lazzari P, Destro M, Corradi L. (1993). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive and hypertensive type 2 diabetes. Prevalence of impaired diurnal blood pressure patterns. Am. J. Hypertens. 6:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucan L, Deloumeaux J, Hue K, Foucan T, Blanchet-Deverly A, Meraut H, Gabriel JM, Hiesse C. (2005). High pulse pressure associated with cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing hemodialysis. Am. J. Hypertens. 18:1457–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, Larson MG, Levy D. (1999). Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 100:354–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosse P, Lasserre R, Minifié C, Lemetayer P, Clementy J. (2004). Blood pressure on rising. J. Hypertens. 22:1113–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Frauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC, Spertus JA, Costa F. (2005). Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112:2735–2752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC. (1999). Time-qualified reference values for 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Blood Press. Monit. 4:137–147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hermida RC. (2007). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the prediction of cardiovascular events and effects of chronotherapy: rationale and design of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol. Int. 24:749–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE. (2003). Sampling requirements for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the diagnosis of hypertension in pregnancy. Hypertension 42:619–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE. (2009). Chronotherapy with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in essential hypertension: improved blood pressure control with bedtime dosing. Hypertension 54:40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Fernández JR. (1996). Computation of time-specified tolerance intervals for ambulatorily monitored blood pressure. Biomed. Instrum. Technol. 30:257–266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hermida RC, Smolensky MH. (2004). Chronotherapy of hypertension. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13:501–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Mojón A, Fernández JR, Ayala DE. (1996). Computer-based medical system for the computation of blood pressure excess in the diagnosis of hypertension. Biomed. Instrum. Technol. 30:267–283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hermida RC, Fernández JR, Mojón A, Ayala DE. (2000). Reproducibility of the hyperbaric index as a measure of blood pressure excess. Hypertension 35:118–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fernández JR, Mojón A, Alonso I, Calvo C. (2002a). Modeling the circadian variability of ambulatorily monitored blood pressure by multiple-component analysis. Chronobiol. Int. 19:461–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, Fernández JR, Ruilope LM, López JE. (2002b). Evaluation of the extent and duration of the “ABPM effect” in hypertensive patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40:710–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, Mojón A, López JE. (2002c). Relationship between physical activity and blood pressure in dipper and nondipper hypertensive patients. J. Hypertens. 20:1097–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Mojón A, Fernández JR, Alonso I, Ayala DE. (2002d). The tolerance-hyperbaric test: a chronobiologic approach for improved diagnosis of hypertension. Chronobiol. Int. 19:1183–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, López JE, Fernández JR, Mojón A, Domínguez MJ, Covelo M. (2003). Seasonal variation of fibrinogen in dipper and nondipper hypertensive patients. Circulation 108:1101–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Fernández JR, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Alonso I, Calvo C. (2004). Circadian time-qualified tolerance intervals for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the diagnosis of hypertension. Chronobiol. Int. 21:149–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Calvo C. (2005). Administration time-dependent effects of antihypertensive treatment on the circadian pattern of blood pressure. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 14:453–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE. Fernandez JR, Mojón A, Calvo C. (2007a). Influence of measurement duration and frequency on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 60:131–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Portaluppi F. (2007b). Circadian variation of blood pressure: the basis for the chronotherapy of hypertension. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59:904–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Calvo C, Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH. (2007c). Chronotherapy of hypertension: administration-time dependent effects of treatment on the circadian pattern of blood pressure. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59:923–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fernández JR, Calvo C. (2008a). Chronotherapy improves blood pressure control and reverts the nondipper pattern in patients with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 51:69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojon A, Fernandez JR. (2008b). Chronotherapy with nifedipine GITS in hypertensive patients: improved efficacy and safety with bedtime dosing. Am. J. Hypertens. 21:948–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Chayán L, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2009). Administration-time-dependent effects of olmesartan on the ambulatory blood pressure of essential hypertension patients. Chronobiol. Int. 26:61–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fontao MJ, Mojón A, Alonso I, Fernández JR. (2010a). Administration-time-dependent effects of spirapril on ambulatory blood pressure in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Chronobiol. Int. 27:560–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2010b). Influence of circadian time of hypertension treatment on cardiovascular risk: results of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol. Int. 27:1629–1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fernández JR, Portaluppi F, Fabbian F, Smolensky MH. (2011a). Circadian rhythms in blood pressure regulation and optimization of hypertension treatment with ACE inhibitor and ARB medications. Am. J. Hypertens. 24:383–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2011b). Decreasing sleep-time blood pressure determined by ambulatory monitoring reduces cardiovascular risk. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58:1165–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2011c). Influence of time of day of blood pressure-lowering treatment on cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 34:1270–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2011d). Bedtime dosing of antihypertensive medications reduces cardiovascular risk in CKD. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22:2313–2321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2012). Sleep-time blood pressure as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular risk reduction in type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Hypertens. 25:325–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fernández JR, Mojón A. (2013a). Sleep-time blood pressure: prognostic value and relevance as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular risk reduction. Chronobiol. Int. 30:68–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fernández JR, Mojón A, Smolensky MH, Fabbian F, Portaluppi F. (2013b). Administration-time differences in effects of hypertension medications on ambulatory blood pressure regulation. Chronobiol. Int. 30:280–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fontao MJ, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2013c). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: importance of sampling rate and duration—48 versus 24 hours—on the accurate assessment of cardiovascular risk. Chronobiol. Int. 30:55–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2013d). Blunted sleep-time relative blood pressure decline increases cardiovascular risk independent of blood pressure level—the “normotensive non-dipper” paradox. Chronobiol Int. 30:87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2013e). Cardiovascular risk of essential hypertension: influence of class, number, and treatment-time regimen of hypertension medications. Chronobiol. Int. 30:315–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2013f). Role of time-of-day of hypertension treatment on the J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. Chronobiol. Int. 30:328–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida RC, Ríos MT, Crespo JJ, Moyá A, Domínguez-Sardiña M, Otero A, Sánchez JJ, Mojón A, Fernández JR, Ayala DE, on behalf on the Hygia Project Investigators. (2013g). Treatment-time regimen of hypertension medications significantly affects ambulatory blood pressure and clinical characteristics of patients with resistant hypertension. Chronobiol. Int. 30:192–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel S, Israel A, Ben-Dov IZ, Bursztyn M. (2011). The morning blood pressure surge and all-cause mortality in patients referred for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Am. J. Hypertens. 24:796–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, Hoshide S, Hoshide Y, Morinari M, Murata M, Kuroda T, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. (2003). Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation 107:1401–1406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Metoki H, Obara T, Saito S, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. (2005). Ambulatory blood pressure and 10-year risk of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality. The Ohasama Study. Hypertension 45:240–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang Y, Castro AF, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, Coresh J, for the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). (2009). A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann. Intern. Med. 150:604–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavan S, Ooi WL, Cohen H, Alderman MH. (1994). Relation of pulse pressure and blood pressure reduction to the incidence of myocardial infarction. Hypertension 23:395–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Struijker HAJ, Zanchetti A. (2007). 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension.The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J. Hypertens. 25:1105–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metoki H, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Obara T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. (2006). Prognostic significance for stroke of a morning pressor surge and a nocturnal blood pressure decline. The Ohasama study. Hypertension 47:149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojón A, Ayala DE, Piñeiro L, Otero A, Crespo JJ, Moyá A, Bóveda J, Pérez de Lis J, Fernández JR, Hermida RC, on behalf of the Hygia Project Investigators. (2013). Comparison of ambulatory blood pressure parameters of hypertensive patients with and without chronic kidney disease. Chronobiol. Int. 30:145–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyá A, Crespo JJ, Ayala DE, Ríos MT, Pousa L, Callejas PA, Salgado JL, Mojón A, Fernández JR, Hermida RC, on behalf on the Hygia Project Investigators. (2013). Effects of time-of-day of hypertension treatment on ambulatory blood pressure and clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes. Chronobiol. Int. 30:116–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano S, Fukuda M, Hotta F, Ito T, Ishii T, Kitazawa M, Nishizawa M, Kigoshi T, Uchida K. (1998). Reversed circadian blood pressure rhythm is associated with occurrences of both fatal and nonfatal events in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes 47:1501–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano S, Konishi K, Furuya K, Uehara K, Nishizawa M, Nakagawa A, Kigoshi T, Uchida K. (2005). A prognostic role of mean 24-h pulse pressure level for cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic subjects under 60 years of age. Diabetes Care 28:95–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Kidney Foundation. (2002). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 39(2 Suppl 1):S1–S266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, Kikuya M, Ohmori K, Michimata M, Matsubara M, Hashimoto J, Hoshi H, Araki T, Tsuji I, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. (2002). Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J. Hypertens. 20:2183–2189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmas W, Moran A, Pickering T, Eimicke JP, Teresi J, Schwartz JE, Field L, Weinstock RS, Shea S. (2006). Ambulatory pulse pressure and progression of urinary albumin excretion in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hypertension 48:301–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmas W, Pickering T, Teresi J, Schwartz JE, Eguchi K, Field L, Weinstock RS, Shea S. (2008). Nocturnal blood pressure elevation predicts progression of albuminuria in elderly people with type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich) 10:12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pistrosch F, Reissmann E, Wildbrett J, Koehler C, Hanefeld M. (2007). Relationship between diurnal blood pressure variation and diurnal blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Am. J. Hypertens. 20:541–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH. (2000). Circadian rhythm and environmental determinants of blood pressure regulation in normal and hypertensive conditions. In White WB (Ed.). Blood pressure monitoring in cardiovascular medicine and therapeutics. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 79–118.
   Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH. (2010). Perspectives on the chronotherapy of hypertension based on the results of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol. Int. 27:1652–1667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Manfredini R, Fersini C. (1999). From a static to a dynamic concept of risk: the circadian epidemiology of cardiovascular events. Chronobiol. Int. 16:33–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH, Touitou Y. (2010). Ethics and methods for biological rhythm research on animals and human beings. Chronobiol. Int. 27:1911–1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Tiseo R, Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fabbian F. (2012). Circadian rhythms and cardiovascular health. Sleep Med. Rev. 16:151–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ríos MT, Domínguez-Sardiña M, Ayala DE, Gomara S, Sineiro E, Pousa L, Callejas PA, Fontao MJ, Fernández JR, Hermida RC, on behalf of the Hygia Project Investigators. (2013). Prevalence and clinical characteristics of isolated-office and true resistant hypertension determined by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Chronobiol. Int. 30:207–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter MK, McComb JM, Forster J, Brady S, Marshall SM. (2000). Increased left ventricular mass index and nocturnal systolic blood pressure in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria. Diabet. Med. 17:321–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schram MT, Kostense PJ, van Dijk RAJM, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Bouter LM, Heine RJ, Stehouwer CDA. (2002). Diabetes, pulse pressure and cardiovascular mortality: the Hoorn study. J. Hypertens. 20:1743–1751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Tiseo R, Portaluppi F. (2010). Administration-time-dependent effect of blood pressure-lowering medications: basis for the chronotherapy of hypertension. Blood Press. Monit. 15:173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolensky MH, Siegel RA, Haus E, Hermida R, Portaluppi F. (2012). Biological rhythms, drug delivery, and chronotherapeutics. In Siepmann J, Siegel RA, Rathbone MJ (Eds.). Fundamentals and applications of controlled release drug delivery. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag, 359–443.
   Google Scholar
• Sturrock ND, George E, Pound N, Stevenson J, Peck GM, Sowter H. (2000). Non-dipping circadian blood pressure and renal impairment are associated with increased mortality in diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med. 17:360–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Battistell M, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Zampi I, Santucci A, Santucci C, Reboldi G. (1994). Ambulatory blood pressure: an independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension 24:793–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Pede S, Porcellati C. (1998). Ambulatory pulse pressure: a potent predictor of total cardiovascular risk in hypertension. Hypertension 32:983–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Reboldi G, Franklin SS, Porcellati C. (2001). Different prognostic impact of 24-hour mean blood pressure and pulse pressure on stroke and coronary artery disease in essential hypertension. Circulation 103:2579–2584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar