629
Views
46
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Twenty-Four-Hour Patterns in Occurrence and Pathophysiology of Acute Cardiovascular Events and Ischemic Heart Disease

, , , , , & show all
Pages 6-16 | Received 21 Feb 2012, Accepted 18 Apr 2012, Published online: 24 Sep 2012

REFERENCES

  • Andrews TC, Fenton T, Toyosaki N, Glasser SP, Young PM, Mac Callum G, Gibson RS, Shook TL, Stone PH. (1993). Subsets of ambulatory myocardial ischemia based on heart rate activity. Circadian distribution and response to anti-ischemic medication. The Angina and Silent Ischemia Study Group (ASIS). Circulation 88:92–100.
  • Araki H, Koiwaya Y, Nakagaki O, Nakamura M. (1983). Diurnal distribution of ST-segment elevation and related arrhythmias in patients with variant angina: a study by ambulatory ECG monitoring. Circulation 67:995–1000.
  • Arntz HR, Willich SN, Oeff M, Bruggemann T, Stern R, Heinzmann A, Matenaer B, Schroder R. (1993). Circadian variation of sudden cardiac death reflects age-related variability in ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 88:2284–2289.
  • Aronow WS, Ahn C. (1993). Circadian variation of primary cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death in patients aged 62 to 100 years (mean 82). Am. J. Cardiol. 71:1455–1456.
  • Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S. (1994). Circadian variation of sudden cardiac death or fatal myocardial infarction is abolished by propranolol in patients with heart disease and complex ventricular arrhythmias. Am. J. Cardiol. 74:819–821.
  • Ashkar E. (1979). Twenty-four-hour pattern of circulation by radiotelemetry in the unrestrained dog. Am. J. Physiol. 236:R231–R236.
  • Athanassiadis D, Draper GJ, Honour AJ, Cranston WI. (1969). Variability of automatic blood pressure measurements over 24 hour periods. Clin. Sci. 36:147–156.
  • Barash D, Silverman RA, Gennis P, Budner N, Matos M, Gallagher EJ. (1989). Circadian variation in the frequency of myocardial infarction and death associated with acute pulmonary edema. J. Emerg. Med. 7:119–121.
  • Behar S, Halabi M, Reicher-Reiss H, Zion M, Kaplinsky E, Mandelzweig L, Goldbourt U. (1993). Circadian variation and possible external triggers of onset of myocardial infarction SPRINT Study Group. Am. J. Med. 94:395–400.
  • Behrens S, Galecka M, Bruggemann T, Ehlers C, Willich SN, Ziss W, Dissmann R, Andresen D. (1995). Circadian variation of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias terminated by appropriate shocks in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Am. Heart J. 130:79–84.
  • Benhorin J, Banai S, Moriel M, Gavish A, Keren A, Stern S, Tzivoni D. (1993). Circadian variations in ischemic threshold and their relation to the occurrence of ischemic episodes. Circulation 87:808–814.
  • Bhalla A, Sood M, Mahapatra M, D'Cruz S, Singh R. (2001). Circadian pattern of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in geriatric population. J. Assoc. Physicians India 49:1066–1069.
  • Boari B, Salmi R, Gallerani M, Malagoni AM, Manfredini F, Manfredini R. (2007). Acute myocardial infarction: circadian, weekly, and seasonal patterns of occurrence. Biol. Rhythm Res. 38:155–167.
  • Bossone E, Citro R, Eagle KA, Manfredini R. (2011). Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy: is there a preferred time of onset? Intern. Emerg. Med. 6:221–226.
  • Boudreau P, Yeh WH, Dumont GA, Boivin DB. (2012). A circadian rhythm in heart rate variability contributes to the increased cardiac sympathovagal response to awakening in the morning. Chronobiol. Int. 29:757–768.
  • Bray MS, Shaw CA, Moore MW, Garcia RA, Zanquetta MM, Durgan DJ, Jeong WJ, Tsai JY, Bugger H, Zhang D, Rohrwasser A, Rennison JH, Dyck JR, Litwin SE, Hardin PE, Chow CW, Chandler MP, Abel ED., Young ME. (2008). Disruption of the circadian clock within the cardiomyocyte influences myocardial contractile function, metabolism, and gene expression. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 294:H1036–H1047.
  • Broadhurst P, Brigden G, Dasgupta P, Lahiri A, Raftery EB. (1990). Ambulatory intra-arterial blood pressure in normal subjects. Am. Heart J. 120:160–166.
  • Bybee KA. (2004). Clinical characteristics and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame counts in women with transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome. Am. J. Cardiol. 94:343–346.
  • Casetta I, Granieri E, Fallica E, la Cecilia O, Paolino E, Manfredini R. (2002a). Patient demographic and clinical features and circadian variation in onset of ischemic stroke. Arch. Neurol. 59:48–53.
  • Casetta I, Granieri E, Portaluppi F, Manfredini R. (2002b). Circadian variability in hemorrhagic stroke. JAMA 287:1266–1267.
  • Chieregato A, Tagliaferri F, Cocciolo F, Boari B, Gallerani M, Manfredini R. (2007). Can circadian rhythms influence onset and outcome of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage? Am. J. Emerg. Med. 25:728–730.
  • Christ JE, Hoff HE. (1975). An analysis of the circadian rhythmicity of atrial and ventricular rates in complete heart block. J. Electrocardiol. 8:69–72.
  • Citro R, Previtali M, Bovelli D, Vriz O, Astarita C, Patella MM, Provenza G, Armentano C, Ciampi Q, Gregorio G, Piepoli M, Bossone E, Manfredini R. (2009). Chronobiological patterns of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy. A multicenter Italian study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54:180–181.
  • Coccagna G, Mantovani M, Brignani F, Manzini A, Lugaresi E. (1971). Laboratory note. Arterial pressure changes during spontaneous sleep in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 31:277–281.
  • Cohen MC, Rohtla KM, Lavery CE, Muller JE, Middleman MA. (1997). Meta analysis of the morning excess of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Am. J. Cardiol. 79:1512–1516.
  • Coumel P. (1994). Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a disorder of autonomic tone? Eur. Heart J. 15( Suppl. A):9–16.
  • Deedwania PC. (1997). Circadian rhythms of cardiovascular disorders. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing, 389 pp.
  • Deedwania PC, Nelson J. (1990). Pathophysiology of silent ischemia during daily life. Circulation 82:1296–1304.
  • Degaute JP, van de Borne P, Linkowski P, Van Cauter E. (1991). Quantitative analysis of the 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate patterns in young men. Hypertension 18:199–210.
  • Degaute JP, Van Cauter E, van de Borne P, Linkowski P. (1994). Twenty-four-hour blood pressure and heart rate profiles in humans. A twin study. Hypertension 23:244–253.
  • Durgan DJ, Pulinilkunnil T, Villegas-Montoya C, Garvey ME, Frangogiannis NG, Michael LH, Chow CW, Dyck JR, Young ME. (2010). Short communication: ischemia/reperfusion tolerance is time-of-day-dependent: mediation by the cardiomyocyte circadian clock. Circ. Res. 106:546–550.
  • Durgan DJ, Tsai JY, Grenett MH, Pat BM, Ratcliffe WF, Villegas-Montoya C, Garvey ME, Nagendran J, Dyck JRB, Bray MS, Gamble KL, Gimble JM, Young ME. (2011). Evidence suggesting that the cardiomyocyte circadian clock modulates responsiveness of the heart to hypertrophic stimuli in mice. Chronobiol. Int. 28:187–203.
  • Elliott WJ. (1998). Circadian variation in the time of stroke onset: a meta-analysis. Stroke 29:992–996.
  • El-Mitwalli A, Zaher AA, El Menshawi E. (2010). Circadian rhythm of stroke during the month of Ramadam. Acta Neurol. Scand. 122:97–101.
  • Englund A, Behrens S, Wegscheider K, Rowland E. (1999). Circadian variation of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischemic and nonischemic heart disease after cardioverter defibrillator implantation. European 7219 Jewel Investigators. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34:1560–1568.
  • Floras JS, Jones JV, Johnston JA, Brooks DE, Hassan MO, Sleight P. (1978). Arousal and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 4( Suppl. 1):S395–S397.
  • Fries R, Hein S, J Kn. (2002). Reversed circadian rhythms of heart rate variability and morning peak occurrence of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillator. Med. Sci. Monit. 8:CR751–CR756.
  • Fujita M, Franklin D. (1987). Diurnal changes in coronary blood flow in conscious dogs. Circulation 76:488–491.
  • Gallerani M, Manfredini R, Ricci L, Cocurullo A, Goldoni C, Bigoni M, Fersini C. (1993). Chronobiological aspects of acute cerebrovascular diseases. Acta Neurol. Scand. 87:482–487.
  • Gallerani M, Trapella G, Manfredini R, Pasin M, Napolitano M, Migliore A. (1994). Acute intracerebral hemorrhage: circadian and circannual patterns of onset. Acta Neurol. Scand. 89:280–286.
  • Gallerani M, Portaluppi F, Maida G, Chieregato A, Calzolari F, Trapella G, Manfredini R. (1996). Circadian and circannual rhythmicity in the occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 27:1793–1797.
  • Gallerani M, Portaluppi F, Grandi E, Manfredini R. (1997). Circadian rhythmicity in the occurrence of spontaneous acute dissection and rupture of thoracic aorta. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 113:603–604.
  • Gilpin EA, Hjalmarson A, Ross J. (1990). Subgroups of patients with atypical circadian patterns of symptom onset in acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 66:7G–11G.
  • Goldberg RJ, Brady P, Muller JE, Chen ZY, de Groot M, Zonneveld P, Dalen JE. (1990). Time of onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 66:140–144.
  • Goldstein S. (1990). Effect of beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the circadian occurrence of ischemic cardiovascular events. Am. J. Cardiol. 66:63G–65G.
  • Goldstein S, Zoble RG, Akiyama T, Cohen JD, Lancaster S, Liebson PR, Rapaport E, Goldberg AD, Peters RW, Gillis AM. (1996). Relation of circadian ventricular ectopic activity to cardiac mortality. CAST Investigators. Am. J. Cardiol. 78:881–885.
  • Gordon RD, Wolfe LK, Island DP, Liddle GW. (1966). A diurnal rhythm in plasma renin activity in man. J. Clin. Invest. 45:1587–1592.
  • Gould BA, Raftery EB. (1991). Twenty-four-hour blood pressure control: an intraarterial review. Chronobiol. Int. 8:495–505.
  • Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, Bruckman D, Karavite DJ, Russmann PL, Evangelista A, Fattori R, Suzuki T, Oh JK, Moore AG, Malouf JF, Pape LA, Gaca C, Sechtem U, Lenferink S, Deutsch HJ, Diedrichs H, Marcos y Robles J, Llovet A, Gilon D, Das SK, Armstrong WF, Deeb GM, Eagle KA. (2000). The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD). New insights into an old disease. JAMA 283:897–903.
  • Hansen O, Johansson BW, Gullberg B. (1992). Circadian distribution of onset of acute myocardial infarction in subgroups from analysis of 10,791 patients treated in a single center. Am. J. Cardiol. 69:1003–1008.
  • Hansen O, Johansson BW, Gullberg B. (1993). The clinical outcome of acute myocardial infarction is related to the circadian ryhthm of myocardial infarction onset. Angiology 44:509–516.
  • Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2010). Influence of circadian time of hypertension treatment on cardiovascular risk: results of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol. Int. 27:1629–1651.
  • Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fernández JR, Mojón A, Smolensky MH, Fabbian F, Portaluppi. F. (2013a). Administration-time-differences in effects of hypertension medications on ambulatory blood pressure regulation. Chronobiol. Int. 30:280–314.
  • Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. (2013b). Cardiovascular risk of essential hypertension: influence of class, number, and treatmen-time regimen of hypertension medications. Chronobiol. Int. 30:315–327.
  • Hjalmarson A, Gilpin EA, Nicod P, Dittrich H, Henning H, Engler R, Blacky AR, Smith SC, Ricou F, Ross J. (1989). Differing circadian patterns of symptom onset in subgroups of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 80:267–275.
  • Hohnloser SH, Zabel M, Just H, Raeder EA. (1993). Relation of diurnal variation of ventricular repolarization to ventricular ectopic activity and modification by sotalol. Am. J. Cardiol. 71:475–478.
  • Holmes DR , Aguirre FV, Aplin R, Lennon RJ, Nestler DM, Bell MR, Rihal CS, Ting HH. (2010). Circadian rhythms in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes 3:382–389.
  • Huikuri HV, Poutiainen AM, Makikallio TH, Koistinen MJ, Airaksinen KE, Mitrani RD, Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. (1999). Dynamic behavior and autonomic regulation of ectopic atrial pacemakers. Circulation 100:1416–1422.
  • Ingall T. (2004). Stroke—incidence, mortality, morbidity and risk. J. Insur. Med. 36:143–152.
  • Irwin JM, McCarthy EA, Wilkinson WE, Pritchett EL. (1988). Circadian occurrence of symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in untreated patients. Circulation 77:298–300.
  • Joy M, Pollard CM, Nunan TO. (1982). Diurnal variation in exercise responses in angina pectoris. Br. Heart J. 48:156–160.
  • Kelly-Hayes M, Wolf PA, Kase CS, Brand FN, McGuirk JM, D'Agostino RB. (1995). Temporal pattern of stroke onset. The Framingham Study. Stroke 26:1343–1347.
  • Killeen S, Neary P, O'Sullivan M, Redmond HP, Fulton G. (2007). Daily diurnal variation in admissions for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. World J. Surg. 31:1869–1871.
  • King MJ, Zir LM, Kaltman AJ, Fox AC. (1973). Variant angina associated with angiographically demonstrated coronary artery spasm and REM sleep. Am. J. Med. Sci. 265:419–422.
  • Kirby DA, Verrier RL. (1989). Differential effects of sleep stage on coronary hemodynamic function during stenosis. Physiol. Behav. 45:1017–1020.
  • Kleiman NS, Schechtman KB, Young PM, Goodman DA, Boden WE, Pratt CM, Roberts R. (1990). Lack of diurnal variation in the onset of non-Q wave infarction. Circulation 81:548–555.
  • Knutsson A. (1989). Shift work and coronary heart disease. Scand. J. Soc. Med. 44( Suppl. 1):1–36.
  • Kolkebeck TE, Cotant CL, Krasuski RA. (2007). Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: an unusual syndrome mimicking an ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 25:92–95.
  • Kozak M, Krivan L, Semrad B. (2003). Circadian variations in the occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 26:731–735.
  • Kupari M, Koskinen P, Leinonen H. (1990). Double-peaking circadian variation in the occurrence of sustained supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am. Heart J. 120:1364–1369.
  • Kurnick PB. (1995). Circadian variation in the efficacy of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 91:1341–1346.
  • Kuroiwa A. (1978). Symptomatology of variant angina. Jpn. Circ. J. 42:459–476.
  • Kuwajima I, Mitani K, Miyao M, Suzuki Y, Kuramoto K, Ozawa T. (1995). Cardiac implications of the morning surge in blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients: relation to arising time. Am. J. Hypertens. 8:29–33.
  • LaBounty T, Eagle KA, Manfredini R, Fang J, Tsai T, Smith D, Rubenfire M. (2006). The impact of time and day on the presentation of acute coronary syndromes. Clin. Cardiol. 29:542–546.
  • Lanza GA, Cortellessa MC, Rebuzzi AG, Scabbia EV, Costalunga A, Tamburi S, Lucente M, Manzoli U. (1990). Reproducibility in circadian rhythm of ventricular premature complexes. Am. J. Cardiol. 66:1099–1106.
  • Lasica RM, Perunicic J, Mrdovic I, Tesic BV, Stojanovic R, Milic N, Vasiljevic Z. (2006). Temporal variations at the onset of spontaneous acute aortic dissections. Int. Heart. J. 47:585–595.
  • Levine RL, Pepe PE, Fromm RE, Curka PA, Clark PA. (1992). Prospective evidence of a circadian rhythm for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. JAMA 267:2935–2937.
  • Lichstein E, Morganroth J, Harrist R, Hubble E. (1983). Effect of propranolol on ventricular arrhythmia. The beta-blocker heart attack trial experience. Circulation 67(6 Pt. 2):I5–I10.
  • Littler WA. (1979). Sleep and blood pressure: further observations. Am. Heart J. 97:35–37.
  • Lown B, Tykocinski M, Garfein A, Brooks P. (1973). Sleep and ventricular premature beats. Circulation 48:691–701.
  • Lucente M, Rebuzzi AG, Lanza GA, Tamburi S, Cortellessa MC, Coppola E, Iannarelli M, Manzoli U. (1988). Circadian variation of ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 62:670–674.
  • Lugaresi E, Coccagna G, Mantovani M, Lebrun R. (1972). Some periodic phenomena arising during drowsiness and sleep in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 32:701–705.
  • Mancia G, Ferrari A, Gregorini L, Parati G, Pomidossi G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G, di Rienzo M, Pedotti A, Zanchetti A. (1983). Blood pressure and heart rate variabilities in normotensive and hypertensive human beings. Circ. Res. 53:96–104.
  • Manfredini R, Gallerani M, Portaluppi F, Salmi R, Chierici F, Fersini C. (1995). Circadian variation in the occurrence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in clinically healthy subjects. Chronobiol. Int. 12:55–61.
  • Manfredini R, Gallerani M, Portaluppi F, Fersini C. (1996a). Relationships of the circadian rhythms of thrombotic, ischemic, hemorrhagic, and arrhythmic events to blood pressure rhythms. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 783:141–158.
  • Manfredini R, Portaluppi F, Grandi E, Fersini C, Gallerani M. (1996b). Out-of-hospital sudden death referring to an emergency department. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 49:865–868.
  • Manfredini R, Gallerani M, Portaluppi F, Salmi R, Fersini C. (1997). Chronobiological patterns of onset of acute cerebrovascular diseases. Thromb. Res. 88:451–465.
  • Manfredini R, Portaluppi F, Zamboni P, Salmi R, Gallerani M. (1999). Circadian variation in spontaneous rupture of abdominal aorta. Lancet 353:643–644.
  • Manfredini R, Portaluppi F, Boari B, Salmi R, Ferini C, Gallerani M. (2000). Circadian variation in onset of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema is independent of patients' features and underlying pathophysiological causes. Chronobiol. Int. 17:705–715.
  • Manfredini R, Gallerani M, Boari B, Maraldi C, La Cecilia O, Rafael Ferreira AB, Smolensky MH, Portaluppi F. (2002). Morning preference in onset of symptomatic third-degree atrio-ventricular heart block. Chronobiol. Int. 19:785–791.
  • Manfredini R, Boari B, Bressan S, Gallerani M, Salmi R, Portaluppi F, Mehta RH. (2004a). Influence of circadian rhythm on mortality after myocardial infarction: data from a prospective cohort of emergency calls. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 22:555–559.
  • Manfredini R, Boari B, Gallerani M, Salmi R, Bossone E, Distante A, Eagle KA, Mehta RH. (2004b). Chronobiology of rupture and dissection of aortic aneurysms. J. Vasc. Surg. 40:382–388.
  • Manfredini R, Boari B, Smolensky MH, Salmi R, la Cecilia O, Malagoni AM, Manfredini F. (2005). Circadian variation in stroke onset: identical temporal pattern in ischemic and hemorrhagic events. Chronobiol. Int. 22:417–453.
  • Manfredini R, Eagle KA, Bossone E. (2011). Acute myocardial infarction and tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy: could time of onset help to diagnose? Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 9:123–126.
  • Marler JR, Price TC, Clarck GL, Muller JE, Robertson T, Mohr JP, Hier DB, Wolff PA, Caplan LR, Foulkes MA. (1989). Morning increase in the onset of ischemic stroke. Stroke 20:473–476.
  • Marques FZ, Campain AE, Davern PJ, Yang YH, Head GA, Morris BJ. (2011). Genes influencing circadian differences in blood pressure in hypertensive mice. PLoS ONE 6:e19203.
  • Mehta RH, Manfredini R, Hassan F, Sechtem U, Bossone E, Oh JK, Cooper JV, Smith DE, Portaluppi F, Penn M, Hutchinson S, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, Eagle KA. (2002). Chronobiological patternsof acute aortic dissection. Circulation 106:1110–1115.
  • Mehta RH, Manfredini R, Bossone E, Hutchinson S, Evangelista A, Boari B, Cooper JV, Smith DE, O'Gara PT, Gilon D, Pape LA, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, Eagle KA. (2005). Does circadian and seasonal variation in occurrence of acute aortic dissection influence in-hospital outcomes? Chronobiol. Int. 22:343–351.
  • Millar-Craig MW, Bishop CN, Raftery EB. (1978). Circadian variation of blood-pressure. Lancet 1:795–797.
  • Mitchell AR, Spurrell PA, Sulke N. (2003). Circadian variation of arrhythmia onset patterns in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Am. Heart J. 146:902–907.
  • Mulcahy D, Keegan J, Crean P, Quyyumi A, Shapiro L, Wright C, Fox K. (1988a). Silent myocardial ischaemia in chronic stable angina: a study of its frequency and characteristics in 150 patients. Br. Heart J. 60:417–423.
  • Mulcahy D, Keegan J, Cunningham D, Quyyumi A, Crean P, Park A, Wright C, Fox K. (1988b). Circadian variation of total ischaemic burden and its alteration with anti-anginal agents. Lancet 2:755–759.
  • Muller JE, Stone PH, Turi ZG, Rutherford JD, Czeisler CA, Parker C, Poole WK, Passamani E, Roberts R, Robertson T. (1985). Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 313:1315–1322.
  • Muller JE, Ludmer PL, Willich SN, Tofler GH, Aylmer G, Klangos I, Stone PH. (1987). Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 75:131–138.
  • Nadeau JO, Fang J, Kapral MK, Silver FL, Hill MD; Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. (2005). Outcome after stroke upon awakening. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 32:232–236.
  • Nowlin JB, Troyer WG, Collins WS. (1965). The association of nocturnal angina pectoris with dreaming. Ann. Intern. Med. 63:1040–1046.
  • Nyquist PA, Brown RD , Wiebers DO, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM. (2001). Circadian and seasonal occurrence of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 56:190–193.
  • Ogawa H, Yasue H, Oshima S, Okumura K, Matsuyama K, Obata K. (1989). Circadian variation of plasma fibrinopeptide A level in patients with variant angina. Circulation 80:1617–1626.
  • Panza JA, Epstein SE, Quyyumi AA. (1991). Circadian variation in vascular tone and its relation to alpha-sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:986–990.
  • Pell S, D'Alonzo CA. (1963). Acute myocardial infarction in a large industrial population: report of a 6-year study of 1,356 cases. JAMA 185:831–838.
  • Peters RW, Muller JE, Goldstein S, Byington R, Friedman LM. (1989). Propranolol and the morning increase in the frequency of sudden cardiac death (BHAT Study). Am. J. Cardiol. 63:1518–1520.
  • Peters RW, Mitchell LB, Brooks MM, Echt DS, Barker AH, Capone R, Liebson PR, Greene HL. (1994). Circadian pattern of arrhythmic death in patients receiving encainide, flecainide or moricizine in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 23:283–289.
  • Pinotti M, Bertolucci C, Portaluppi F, Colognesi I, Frigato E, Foa A, Bernardi F. (2005). Daily and circadian rhythms of tissue factor pathway inhibitor and factor VII activity. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25:646–649.
  • Portaluppi F, Hermida RC. (2007). Circadian rhythms in cardiac arrhythmias and opportunities for their chronotherapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59:940–951.
  • Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH. (2007). Circadian rhythmic and environmental determinants of 24-hour blood pressure regulation in normal and hypertensive conditions. In WB White. Blood pressure monitoring in cardiovascular medicine and therapeutics. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 135–158.
  • Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH. (2010). Perspectives on the chronotherapy of hypertension based on the results of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol. Int. 27:1652–1667.
  • Portaluppi F, Bagni B, degli Uberti E, Montanari L, Cavallini R, Trasforini G, Margutti A, Ferlini M, Zanella M, Parti M. (1990a). Circadian rhythms of atrial natriuretic peptide, renin, aldosterone, cortisol, blood pressure and heart rate in normal and hypertensive subjects. J. Hypertens. 8:85–95.
  • Portaluppi F, Montanari L, Ferlini M, Gilli P. (1990b). Altered circadian rhythms of blood pressure and heart rate in non-hemodialysis chronic renal failure. Chronobiol. Int. 7:321–327.
  • Portaluppi F, Trasforini G, Margutti A, Vergnani L, Ambrosio MR, Rossi R, Bagni B, Pansini R, degli Uberti EC. (1992). Circadian rhythm of calcitonin gene-related peptide in uncomplicated essential hypertension. J. Hypertens. 10:1227–1234.
  • Portaluppi F, Cortelli P, Avoni P, Vergnani L, Contin E, Maltoni P, Pavani A, Sforza E, degli Uberti EC, Gambetti P, Lugaresi E. (1994a). Diurnal blood pressure variation and hormonal correlates in fatal familial insomnia. Hypertension 23:569–576.
  • Portaluppi F, Cortelli P, Avoni P, Vergnani L, Maltoni P, Pavani A, Sforza E, degli Uberti EC, Gambetti P, Lugaresi E. (1994b). Progressive disruption of the circadian rhythm of melatonin in fatal familial insomnia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 78:1075–1078.
  • Portaluppi F, Cortelli P, Avoni P, Vergnani L, Maltoni P, Pavani A, Sforza E, Manfredini R, Montagna P, Gambetti P, Fersini C, Lugaresi E. (1995). Dissociated 24-h patterns of somatotropin and prolactin in fatal familial insomnia. Neuroendocrinology 61:731–737.
  • Portaluppi F, Vergnani L, Manfredini R, Fersini C. (1996). Endocrine mechanisms of blood pressure rhythms. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 783:113–131.
  • Portaluppi F, Manfredini R, Fersini C. (1999). From a static to a dynamic concept of risk: the circadian epidemiology of cardiovascular events. Chronobiol. Int. 16:33–49.
  • Portaluppi F, Boari B, Manfredini R. (2004). Oxidative stress in essential hypertension. Curr. Pharm. Des. 10:1695–1698.
  • Portaluppi F, Tiseo R, Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fabbian F. (2012). Circadian rhythms and cardiovascular health. Sleep Med. Rev. 16:151–166.
  • Pritchett EL, Smith MS, McCarthy EA, Lee KL. (1984). The spontaneous occurrence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 70:1–6.
  • Quyyumi AA, Panza JA, Diodati JG, Lakatos E, Epstein SE. (1992). Circadian variation in ischemic threshold A mechanism underlying the circadian variation in ischemic events. Circulation 86:22–28.
  • Raeder EA, Hohnloser SH, Graboys TB, Podrid PJ, Lampert S, Lown B. (1988). Spontaneous variability and circadian distribution of ectopic activity in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 12:656–661.
  • Rana JS, Mukamal KJ, Morgan JP, Muller JE, Mittleman MA. (2003). Circadian variation in the onset of myocardial infarction: effect of duration of diabetes. Diabetes 52:1464–1468.
  • Rhoney DH, Coplin WM, Lin Y, Frankel M, Lyden PD, Levine SR. (2010). Time of day, outcome, and response to thrombolytic therapy: the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Plasminogen Activator Stroke Trial experience. J. Stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 19:40–48.
  • Rocco MB. (1990). Timing and triggers of transient myocardial ischemia. Am. J. Cardiol. 66:18G–21G.
  • Rocco MB, Nabel EG, Selwyn AP. (1987). Circadian rhythms and coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 59:13C–17C.
  • Rostagno C, Taddei T, Paladini B, Modesti PA, Utari P, Bertini G. (1993). The onset of symptomatic atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is characterized by different circadian rhythms. Am. J. Cardiol. 71:453–455.
  • Ruilope LM, Zanchetti A, Julius S, McInnes GT, Segura J, Stolt P, Hua TA, Weber MA, Jamerson K, for the VALUE Investigators. (2007). Prediction of cardiovascular outcome by estimated glomerular filtration rate and estimated creatinine clearance in the high-risk hypertension population of the VALUE trial. J. Hypertens. 25:1473–1479.
  • Siegel D, Black DM, Seeley DG, Hulley SB. (1992). Circadian variation in ventricular arrhythmias in hypertensive men. Am. J. Cardiol. 69:344–347.
  • Smolensky MH, Portaluppi F. (1999). Chronopharmacology and chronotherapy of cardiovascular medications: relevance to prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease. Am. Heart J. 137(4 Pt. 2):S14–S24.
  • Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Castriotta RJ, Portaluppi F. (2007a). Role of sleep-wake cycle on blood pressure circadian rhythms and hypertension. Sleep Med. 8:668–680.
  • Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Portaluppi F, Haus E. (2007b). Twenty-four-hour pattern of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death: potential role of blood pressure, heart rate and rate-pressure product circadian rhythms. Biol. Rhythm Res. 38:205–216.
  • Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Tiseo R, Portaluppi F. (2010). Administration-time-dependent effects of blood pressure-lowering medications: basis for the chronotherapy of hypertension. Blood Press. Monit. 15:173–180.
  • Smolensky MH, Siegel RA, Haus E, Hermida R, Portaluppi F. (2012). Biological rhythms, drug delivery, and chronotherapeutics. In Siepmann J, Siegel RA, Rathbone MJ (eds.). Fundamentals and applications of controlled release drug delivery. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag, 359–443.
  • Somers VK, Dyken ME, Mark AL, Abboud FM. (1993). Sympathetic-nerve activity during sleep in normal subjects. N. Engl. J. Med. 328:303–307.
  • Soo LH, Gray D, Young T, Hampton JR. (2000). Circadian variation in witnessed out of hospital cardiac arrest. Heart 84:370–376.
  • Spengos K, Vemmos KN, Tsivgoulis G, Synetos A, Zakopoulos NA, Zis VP, Vassilopoulos D. (2003). Two-peak temporal distribution of stroke onset in Greek patients. a hospital-based study. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 15:70–77.
  • Suarez-Barrientos, Lopez-Romero P, Vivas D, Castro-Ferreira F, Nunez-Gil I, Franco E, Ruiz-Mateos B, Garcia-Rubira JC, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Macaya C, Ibanez B. (2011). Circadian variation of infarct size in acute myocardial infarction. Heart 97:970–976.
  • Sumiyoshi M, Kojima S, Arima M, Suwa S, Nakazato Y, Sakurai H, Kanoh T, Nakata Y, Daida H. (2002). Circadian, weekly, and seasonal variation at the onset of acute aortic dissection. Am. J. Cardiol. 89:619–623.
  • Suzuki Y, Kuwajima I, Mitani K, Miyao M, Uno A, Matsushita S, Kuramoto K. (1993). The relation between blood pressure variation and daily physical activity in early morning surge in blood pressure. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 30:841–848.
  • Thompson DR, Blandford RL, Sutton TW, Marchant PR. (1985). Time of onset of chest pain in acute myocardial infarction. Int. J. Cardiol. 7:139–148.
  • Thorvaldsen P, Asplund, Kuulasmaa K, Rajakangas AM, Schroll M, for the WHO MONICA Project. (1995). Stroke incidence, case fatality, and mortality in the WHO MONICA Project. Stroke 26:361–367.
  • Tofler GH, Brezinski D, Schafer AI, Czeisler CA, Rutherford JD, Willich SN, Gleason RE, Williams GH, Muller JE. (1987). Concurrent morning increase in platelet aggregability and the risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. N. Engl. J. Med. 316:1514–1518.
  • Trasforini G, Margutti A, Portaluppi F, Menegatti M, Ambrosio MR, Bagni B, Pansini R, degli Uberti EC. (1991). Circadian profile of plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide in healthy man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73:945–951.
  • Turton MB, Deegan T. (1974). Circadian variations of plasma catecholamine, cortisol and immunoreactive insulin concentrations in supine subjects. Clin. Chim. Acta 55:389–397.
  • Twidale N, Taylor S, Heddle WF, Ayres BF, Tonkin AM. (1989). Morning increase in the time of onset of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Am. J. Cardiol. 64:1204–1206.
  • Varani K, Gessi S, Caiazza A, Rastelli G, Portaluppi F, Borea PA. (1999a). Platelet alpha2-adrenoceptor alterations in patients with essential hypertension. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 47:167–172.
  • Varani K, Portaluppi F, Merighi S, Ongini E, Belardinelli L, Borea PA. (1999b). Caffeine alters A2A adenosine receptors and their function in human platelets. Circulation 99:2499–2502.
  • Varani K, Portaluppi F, Gessi S, Merighi S, Ongini E, Belardinelli L, Borea PA. (2000). Dose and time effects of caffeine intake on human platelet adenosine A(2A) receptors: functional and biochemical aspects. Circulation 102:285–289.
  • Waters DD, Miller DD, Bouchard A, Bosch X, Theroux P. (1984). Circadian variation in variant angina. Am. J. Cardiol. 54:61–64.
  • Weil ZM, Karelina K, Su AJ, Barker JM, Norman GJ, Zhang N, Devries AC, Nelson RJ. (2009). Time-of-day determines neuronal damage and mortality after cardiac arrest. Neurobiol. Dis. 36:352–360.
  • Weisfeldt ML, Everson-Stewart S, Sitlani C, Rea T, Aufderheide TP, Atkins DL, Bigham B, Brooks SC, Foerster C, Gray R, Ornato JP, Powell J, Kudenchuk PJ, Morrison LJ, for the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Investigators. (2011). Ventricular tachyarrhythmias after cardiac arrest in public versus at home. N. Engl. J. Med. 364:313–321.
  • Weitzman ED, Fukushima D, Nogeire C, Roffwarg H, Gallagher TF, Hellman L. (1971). Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 33:14–22.
  • Willich SN, Levy D, Rocco MB, Tofler GH, Stone PH, Muller JE. (1987). Circadian variation in the incidence of sudden cardiac death in the Framingham Heart Study population. Am. J. Cardiol. 60:801–806.
  • Willich SN, Linderer T, Wegscheider K, Leizorovicz A, Alamercery I, Schroder R. (1989). Increased morning incidence of myocardial infarction in the ISAM Study: absence with prior beta-adrenergic blockade ISAM Study Group. Circulation 80:853–858.
  • Witte K, Schnecko A, Buijs RM, van der Vliet J, Scalbert E, Delagrange P, Guardiola-Lemaitre B, Lemmer B. (1998). Effects of SCN lesions on circadian blood pressure rhythm in normotensive and transgenic hypertensive rats. Chronobiol. Int. 15:135–145.
  • Yasue H, Omote S, Takizawa A, Nagao M, Miwa K, Tanaka S. (1979). Circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina: role of exercise-induced coronary arterial spasm. Circulation 59:938–948.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.