Publication Cover
Chronobiology International
The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research
Volume 31, 2014 - Issue 3
496
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Extraocular light via the ear canal does not acutely affect human circadian physiology, alertness and psychomotor vigilance performance

, , &
Pages 343-348 | Received 22 Aug 2013, Accepted 08 Oct 2013, Published online: 13 Nov 2013

References

  • Akerstedt T, Gillberg M. (1990). Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. Int J Neurosci. 52:29–37
  • Aston-Jones G, Chen S, Zhu Y, Oshinsky ML. (2001). A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. Nat Neurosci. 4:732–8
  • Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. (2002). Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science. 295:1070–3
  • Blackshaw S, Snyder SH. (1999). Encephalopsin: A novel mammalian extraretinal opsin discretely localized in the brain. J Neurosci. 19:3681–90
  • Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF III, Monk TH, et al. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 28:193–213
  • Cajochen C. (2007). Alerting effects of light. Sleep Med Rev. 11:453–64
  • Campbell SS, Murphy PJ. (1998). Extraocular circadian phototransduction in humans. Science. 279:396–9
  • Campbell SS, Murphy PJ, Suhner AG. (2001). Extraocular phototransduction and circadian timing systems in vertebrates. Chronobiol Int. 18:137–72
  • Chellappa SL, Steiner R, Blattner P, et al. (2011). Non-visual effects of light on melatonin, alertness and cognitive performance: Can blue-enriched light keep us alert? PLoS One. 6:e16429
  • Czeisler CA, Shanahan TL, Klerman EB, et al. (1995). Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light. N Engl J Med. 332:6–11
  • Czeisler CA, Weitzman E, Moore-Ede MC, et al. (1980). Human sleep: Its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase. Science. 210:1264–7
  • Dinges DF, Pack F, Williams K, et al. (1997). Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4–5 hours per night. Sleep. 20:267–77
  • Eastman CI, Martin SK, Hebert M. (2000). Failure of extraocular light to facilitate circadian rhythm reentrainment in humans. Chronobiol Int. 17:807–26
  • Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M, et al. (2002). Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: Architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science. 295:1065–70
  • Hébert M, Martin SK, Eastman CI. (1999). Nocturnal melatonin secretion is not suppressed by light exposure behind the knee in humans. Neurosci Lett. 274:127–30
  • Hughes S, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Peirson SN. (2012). Melanopsin phototransduction: Slowly emerging from the dark. Prog Brain Res. 199:19–40
  • Jean-Louis G, Kripke DF, Cole RJ, Elliot JA. (2000). No melatonin suppression by illumination of popliteal fossae or eyelids. J Biol Rhythms. 15:265–9
  • Koorengevel KM, Gordijn MC, Beersma DG, et al. (2001). Extraocular light therapy in winter depression: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry. 50:691–8
  • Koyanagi M, Takada E, Nagata T, et al. (2013). Homologs of vertebrate Opn3 potentially serve as a light sensor in nonphotoreceptive tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110:4998–5003
  • Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Miller LS, Hoban TM. (1987). Antidepressant and circadian phase-shifting effects of light. Science. 235:352–4
  • Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, et al. (1980). Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science. 210:1267–9
  • Lockley SW, Evans EE, Scheer FA, et al. (2006). Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans. Sleep. 29:161–8
  • Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Thapan K, et al. (1998). Extraocular light exposure does not suppress plasma melatonin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83:3369–72
  • Lushington K, Galka R, Sassi LN, et al. (2002). Extraocular light exposure does not phase shift saliva melatonin rhythms in sleeping subjects. J Biol Rhythms. 17:377–86
  • Menaker M, Roberts R, Elliott J, Underwood H. (1970). Extraretinal light perception in the sparrow. 3. The eyes do not participate in photoperiodic photoreception. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 67:320–5
  • Rogers NL, Kennaway DJ, Dawson D. (1999). The effect of extra-ocular light exposure on nocturnal salivary melatonin levels. Sleep Res Online. 2:622
  • Rüger M, Gordijn MC, Beersma DG, et al. (2003). Acute and phase-shifting effects of ocular and extraocular light in human circadian physiology. J Biol Rhythms. 18:409–19
  • Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, et al. (2007a). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep. 30:1460–83
  • Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, et al. (2007b). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep. 30:1484–501
  • Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Blood ML, et al. (1992). Circadian rhythm abnormalities in totally blind people: Incidence and clinical significance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 75:127–34
  • Starck T, Nissilä J, Aunio A, et al. (2012). Stimulating brain tissue with bright light alters functional connectivity in brain at the resting state. World J Neurosci. 2:81–90
  • Terman M, Terman JS. (2005). Light therapy for seasonal and nonseasonal depression: Efficacy, protocol, safety, and side effects. CNS Spectr. 10:647–63; quiz 672
  • Timonen M, Nissila J, Liettu A, et al. (2012). Can transcranial brain-targeted bright light treatment via ear canals be effective in relieving symptoms in seasonal affective disorder? A pilot study. Med Hypotheses. 78:511–15
  • Vandewalle G, Collignon O, Hull JT, et al. (2013). Blue light stimulates cognitive brain activity in visually blind individuals. J Cogn Neurosci. 25:2072--85
  • Vandewalle G, Maquet P, Dijk DJ. (2009). Light as a modulator of cognitive brain function. Trends Cogn Sci. 13:429–38
  • Weber JM, Schwander JC, Unger I, Meier D. (1997). A direct ultrasensitive RIA for the determination of melatonin in human saliva: Comparison with serum levels. Sleep Res. 26:757
  • Wright KP Jr, Czeisler CA. (2002). Absence of circadian phase resetting in response to bright light behind the knees. Science. 297:571

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.