Functional food ingredients as adjunctive therapies to pharmacotherapy for treating disorders of metabolic syndrome

References

• Maki KC, McKenney JM, Reeves MS, Lubin BC, Dicklin MR. Effects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20 mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:429–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paran E, Novack V, Engelhard YN, Hazan-Halevy I. The effects of natural antioxidants from tomato extract in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2009;23:145–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, Nguyen T, Morgan JM, Cater NB. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:46–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ervin RB. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 2003–2006. Natl Health Stat Report. 2009;1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, . The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, . Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jehle AJ. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). National Institutes of Health and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Senti M, Tomas M, Fito M, Weinbrenner T, Covas MI, Sala J, . Antioxidant paraoxonase 1 activity in the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5422–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts CK, Sindhu KK. Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome. Life Sci. 2009;84:705–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, . The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:e20–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blonk MC, Bilo HJ, Nauta JJ, Popp-Snijders C, Mulder C, Donker AJ. Dose-response effects of fish-oil supplementation in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52: 120–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson MH, Maki KC, Kalkowski J, Schaefer EJ, Torri SA, Drennan KB. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997;16:236–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris WS, Rothrock DW, Fanning A, Inkeles SB, Goodnight SH Jr, Illingworth DR, . Fish oils in hypertriglyceridemia: a dose-response study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51: 399–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer BJ, Hammervold T, Rustan AC, Howe PR. Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids in statin-treated hyperlipidaemic subjects. Lipids. 2007;42:109–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris WS. n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:1645S–54S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyerberg J, Bang HO. Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. Lancet. 1979;2:433–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auwerx J, Schoonjans K, Fruchart JC, Staels B. Regulation of triglyceride metabolism by PPARs: fibrates and thiazolidinediones have distinct effects. J Atheroscler Thromb. 1996;3:81–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staels B, Dallongeville J, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K, Leitersdorf E, Fruchart JC. Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation. 1998;98: 2088–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertz R, Sheena V, Kalderon B, Berman I, Bar-Tana J. Suppression of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha by acyl-CoA thioesters of hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferators. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001;61:1057–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson MH. Mechanisms for the hypotriglyceridemic effect of marine omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98: 27i–33i.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HJ, Takahashi M, Ezaki O. Fish oil feeding decreases mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) by down-regulation of SREBP-1c mRNA in mouse liver. A possible mechanism for down-regulation of lipogenic enzyme mRNAs. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:25892–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund EK, Harvey LJ, Ladha S, Clark DC, Johnson IT. Effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on the phospholipid composition and fluidity of cell membranes from human volunteers. Ann Nutr Metab. 1999;43:290–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge CJ, Lu SZ, Chen YD, Wu XF, Hu SJ, Ji Y. Synergistic effect of amlodipine and atorvastatin on blood pressure, left ventricular remodeling, and C-reactive protein in hypertensive patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Heart Vessels. 2008;23:91–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastalerz-Migas A, Reksa D, Pokorski M, Steciwko A, Muszynska A, Bunio A, . Comparison of a statin vs. hypolipemic diet on the oxidant status in hemodialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;58 Suppl 5:363–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cangemi R, Loffredo L, Carnevale R, Pignatelli P, Violi F. Statins enhance circulating vitamin E. Int J Cardiol. 2008; 123:172–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitberg AB. The antioxidant effect of lovastatin on phagocyte-induced DNA damage: implications for cancer prevention. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2007;26:583–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orem C, Orem A, Uydu HA, Celik S, Erdol C, Kural BV. The effects of lipid-lowering therapy on low-density lipoprotein auto-antibodies: relationship with low-density lipoprotein oxidation and plasma total antioxidant status. Coron Artery Dis. 2002;13:65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molcanyiova A, Stancakova A, Javorsky M, Tkac I. Beneficial effect of simvastatin treatment on LDL oxidation and antioxidant protection is more pronounced in combined hyperlipidemia than in hypercholesterolemia. Pharmacol Res. 2006;54:203–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muacevic-Katanec D, Bradamante V, Poljicanin T, Reiner Z, Babic Z, Simeon-Rudolf V, . Clinical study on the effect of simvastatin on paraoxonase activity. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007;57:647–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin MJ, Chung N, Lee JH, Jang Y, Park E, Jeon KI, . Effects of simvastatin on plasma antioxidant status and vitamins in hypercholesterolemic patients. Int J Cardiol. 2007;118:173–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Sotomayor MA, Perez-Guerrero C, Herrrera MD, Jimenez L, Marin R, Marhuenda E, . Improvement of age-related endothelial dysfunction by simvastatin: effect on NO and COX pathways. Br J Pharmacol. 2005;146:1130–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branchi A, Fiorenza AM, Torri A, Muzio F, Berra C, Colombo E, . Effects of low doses of simvastatin and atorvastatin on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Clin Ther. 2001;23: 851–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierzbicki AS, Mikhailidis DP. Dose-response effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic patients: a review of five comparative studies. Int J Cardiol. 2002;84:53–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ai M, Otokozawa S, Asztalos BF, Nakajima K, Stein E, Jones PH, . Effects of maximal doses of atorvastatin versus rosuvastatin on small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:315–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Empen K, Geiss HC, Lehrke M, Otto C, Schwandt P, Parhofer KG. Effect of atorvastatin on lipid parameters, LDL subtype distribution, hemorrheological parameters and adhesion molecule concentrations in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2003;13:87–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerin M, Egger P, Soudant C, Le Goff W, van Tol A, Dupuis R, . Dose-dependent action of atorvastatin in type IIB hyperlipidemia: preferential and progressive reduction of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoprotein subclasses (VLDL-2, IDL, small dense LDL) and stimulation of cellular cholesterol efflux. Atherosclerosis. 2002;163:287–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karalis DG, Ishisaka DY, Luo D, Ntanios F, Wun CC. Effects of increasing doses of atorvastatin on the atherogenic lipid subclasses commonly associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:445–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson PW. Evidence of systemic inflammation and estimation of coronary artery disease risk: a population perspective. Am J Med. 2008;121:S15–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini M, Villano D, Spera G, Pellegrini N. Redox molecules and cancer prevention: the importance of understanding the role of the antioxidant network. Nutr Cancer. 2006;56:232–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federico A, Morgillo F, Tuccillo C, Ciardiello F, Loguercio C. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in human carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:2381–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesavulu MM, Kameswararao B, Apparao C, Kumar EG, Harinarayan CV. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme status in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab. 2002;28:20–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes LE, Shahbakhti H, Azurdia RM, Moison RM, Steenwinkel MJ, Homburg MI, . Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on UVR-related cancer risk in humans. An assessment of early genotoxic markers. Carcinogenesis. 2003;24:919–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori TA, Puddey IB, Burke V, Croft KD, Dunstan DW, Rivera JH, . Effect of omega 3 fatty acids on oxidative stress in humans: GC-MS measurement of urinary F2-isoprostane excretion. Redox Rep. 2000;5:45–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz G, Ecker J. The opposing effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res. 2008;47:147–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sametz W, Jeschek M, Juan H, Wintersteiger R. Influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on vasoconstrictions induced by 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) and 8-iso-PGE(2). Pharmacology. 2000; 60:155–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura S, Kanazawa S, Fukuhara S. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on platelet activation markers and cell adhesion molecules in hyperlipidemic patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications. 2003;17:153–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley DS, Siegel D, Vemuri M, Mackey BE. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:324–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordoy A, Hansen JB, Brox J, Svensson B. Effects of atorvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on LDL subfractions and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001;11:7–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley DS, Siegel D, Vemuri M, Chung GH, Mackey BE. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation decreases remnant-like particle-cholesterol and increases the (n-3) index in hypertriglyceridemic men. J Nutr. 2008;138:30–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contacos C, Barter PJ, Sullivan DR. Effect of pravastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:1755–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, Maki KC, Doyle RT, Shalwitz RA, . Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther. 2007;29: 1354–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrington PN, Bhatnagar D, Mackness MI, Morgan J, Julier K, Khan MA, . An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart. 2001; 85:544–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong H, Xu ZM, Pang BS, Cui L, Wei Y, Guo WJ, . Effects of simvastain combined with omega-3 fatty acids on high sensitive C-reactive protein, lipidemia, and fibrinolysis in patients with mixed dyslipidemia. Chin Med Sci J. 2004;19: 145–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nordoy A, Bonaa KH, Nilsen H, Berge RK, Hansen JB, Ingebretsen OC. Effects of simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients with combined hyperlipidaemia. J Intern Med. 1998;243:163–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdivielso P, Rioja J, Garcia-Arias C, Sanchez-Chaparro MA, Gonzalez-Santos P. Omega 3 fatty acids induce a marked reduction of apolipoprotein B48 when added to fluvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes and mixed hyperlipidemia: a preliminary report. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;8:1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeman M, Zak A, Vecka M, Tvrzicka E, Pisarikova A, Stankova B. N-3 fatty acid supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine in diabetic dyslipidemia treated with statin-fibrate combination. J Nutr Biochem. 2006;17: 379–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura S, Inami N, Shouzu A, Omoto S, Kimura Y, Takahashi N, . The effects of pitavastatin, eicosapentaenoic acid and combined therapy on platelet-derived microparticles and adiponectin in hyperlipidemic, diabetic patients. Platelets. 2009;20:16–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Montagnani M, Funahashi T, Shimomura I, Quon MJ. Adiponectin stimulates production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:45021–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattori Y, Suzuki M, Hattori S, Kasai K. Globular adiponectin upregulates nitric oxide production in vascular endothelial cells. Diabetologia. 2003;46:1543–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Okamoto Y, . Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation. 1999;100:2473–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best MM, Duncan CH, Van Loon EJ, Wathen JD. Lowering of serum cholesterol by the administration of a plant sterol. Circulation. 1954;10:201–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger A, Jones PJ, Abumweis SS. Plant sterols: factors affecting their efficacy and safety as functional food ingredients. Lipids Health Dis. 2004;3:5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abumweis SS, Barake R, Jones PJ. Plant sterols/stanols as cholesterol lowering agents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Nutr Res. 2008;52 doi: 10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1811. Epub 2008 Aug 18.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg AC, Ostlund RE Jr, Bateman JH, Schimmoeller L, McPherson TB, Spilburg CA. Effect of plant stanol tablets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering in patients on statin drugs. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:376–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson TB, Ostlund RE, Goldberg AC, Bateman JH, Schimmoeller L, Spilburg CA. Phytostanol tablets reduce human LDL-cholesterol. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005;57:889–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou R, Goldberg AC. Lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: statins, ezetimibe, bile acid sequestrants, and combinations: comparative efficacy and safety. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2009;38:79–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandian A, Arora A, Sperling LS, Khan BV. Targeting multiple dyslipidemias with fixed combinations–focus on extended release niacin and simvastatin. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4:1001–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marinangeli CP, Varady KA, Jones PJ. Plant sterols combined with exercise for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: overview of independent and synergistic mechanisms of action. J Nutr Biochem. 2006;17:217–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostlund RE Jr, McGill JB, Zeng CM, Covey DF, Stearns J, Stenson WF, . Gastrointestinal absorption and plasma kinetics of soy Delta(5)-phytosterols and phytostanols in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;282:E911–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plat J, Nichols JA, Mensink RP. Plant sterols and stanols: effects on mixed micellar composition and LXR (target gene) activation. J Lipid Res. 2005;46:2468–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plat J, Mensink RP. Increased intestinal ABCA1 expression contributes to the decrease in cholesterol absorption after plant stanol consumption. FASEB J. 2002;16:1248–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin WS, Szuba A, Rockson SG. The role of chemokines in human cardiovascular pathology: enhanced biological insights. Atherosclerosis. 2002;160:91–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustos C, Hernandez-Presa MA, Ortego M, Tunon J, Ortega L, Perez F, . HMG-CoA reductase inhibition by atorvastatin reduces neointimal inflammation in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:2057–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowski M, Kornacewicz-Jach Z, Millo B, Zielonka J, Czechowska M, Kaliszczak R, . The influence of low dose atorvastatin on inflammatory marker levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome and its potential clinical value. Cardiol J. 2008;15:357–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ortego M, Bustos C, Hernandez-Presa MA, Tunon J, Diaz C, Hernandez G, . Atorvastatin reduces NF-kappaB activation and chemokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and mononuclear cells. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 147: 253–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustos P, Duffau C, Pacheco C, Ulloa N. beta-Sitosterol modulation of monocyte-endothelial cell interaction: a comparison to female hormones. Maturitas. 2008;60:202–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro Cabezas M, de Vries JH, Van Oostrom AJ, Iestra J, van Staveren WA. Effects of a stanol-enriched diet on plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in patients treated with statins. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:1564–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Jong A, Plat J, Lutjohann D, Mensink RP. Effects of long-term plant sterol or stanol ester consumption on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in subjects on statin treatment. Br J Nutr. 2008;100:937–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketomaki A, Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Non-cholesterol sterols in serum, lipoproteins, and red cells in statin-treated FH subjects off and on plant stanol and sterol ester spreads. Clin Chim Acta. 2005;353:75–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons LA. Additive effect of plant sterol-ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:737–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshita M, Katsuragi Y, Kusuhara M, Higashi K, Miyajima E, Mizuno K, . Phytosterols dissolved in diacylglycerol oil reinforce the cholesterol-lowering effect of low-dose pravastatin treatment. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;18: 483–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakulj L, Trip MD, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K, Kastelein JJ, Vissers MN. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by the combination of dietary plant sterols and ezetimibe: effects on plasma lipid levels. J Lipid Res. 2005;46:2692–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigon F, Serfaty-Lacrosniere C, Beucler I, Chauvois D, Neveu C, Giral P, . Plant sterol-enriched margarine lowers plasma LDL in hyperlipidemic subjects with low cholesterol intake: effect of fibrate treatment. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2001;39:634–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg HN. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest. 2000;106:453–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson KE, Peters Harmel AL, Matson G. Atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the role of insulin resistance. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2003;8:253–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rupp H. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and cardiovascular disease. The need for novel dietary prevention strategies. Basic Res Cardiol. 1992;87:99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valachovicova M, Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Blazicek P, Babinska K. No evidence of insulin resistance in normal weight vegetarians. A case control study. Eur J Nutr. 2006;45:52–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeown NM, Meigs JB, Liu S, Saltzman E, Wilson PW, Jacques PF. Carbohydrate nutrition, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Diabetes Care. 2004;27: 538–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau C, Faerch K, Glumer C, Tetens I, Pedersen O, Carstensen B, . Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, fiber, simple sugars, and insulin resistance: the Inter99 study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1397–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson MD, Bickerton AS, Dennis AL, Vidal H, Frayn KN. Insulin-sensitizing effects of dietary resistant starch and effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:559–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weickert MO, Mohlig M, Schofl C, Arafat AM, Otto B, Viehoff H, . Cereal fiber improves whole-body insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:775–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liatis S, Tsapogas P, Chala E, Dimosthenopoulos C, Kyriakopoulos K, Kapantais E, . The consumption of bread enriched with betaglucan reduces LDL-cholesterol and improves insulin resistance in patients with type2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35:115–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rave K, Roggen K, Dellweg S, Heise T, tom Dieck H. Improvement of insulin resistance after diet with a whole-grain based dietary product: results of a randomized, controlled cross-over study in obese subjects with elevated fasting blood glucose. Br J Nutr. 2007;98:929–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostman EM, Frid AH, Groop LC, Bjorck IM. A dietary exchange of common bread for tailored bread of low glycaemic index and rich in dietary fibre improved insulin economy in young women with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:334–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson MD, Currie JM, Morgan LM, Jewell DP, Frayn KN. Prior short-term consumption of resistant starch enhances postprandial insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects. Diabetologia. 2003;46:659–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl A, Gogebakan O, Mohlig M, Osterhoff M, Isken F, Pfeiffer AF, . Increased interleukin-10 but unchanged insulin sensitivity after 4 weeks of (1, 3)(1, 6)-beta-glycan consumption in overweight humans. Nutr Res. 2009;29:248–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Stote KS, Behall KM, Spears K, Vinyard B, Conway JM. Glucose and insulin responses to whole grain breakfasts varying in soluble fiber, beta-glucan: a dose response study in obese women with increased risk for insulin resistance. Eur J Nutr. 2009;48:170–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryer LG, Parbu-Patel A, Carling D. The Anti-diabetic drugs rosiglitazone and metformin stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase through distinct signaling pathways. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:25226–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmack G, Defronzo RA, Musi N. AMP-activated protein kinase: Role in metabolism and therapeutic implications. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8:591–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y, Chen Y, Shen X, Fenyk-Melody J, . Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:1167–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos RF, Nomizo R, Oliveira E, Ursich M, Wajchenberg B, Reaven GM, . Erythrocyte insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity is increased in glyburide-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in good glycaemic control. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2000;2:237–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos RF, Nomizo R, Wajhenberg BL, Reaven GM, Azhar S. Changes in insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity associated with metformin treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 1995;21:274–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stith BJ, Goalstone ML, Espinoza R, Mossel C, Roberts D, Wiernsperger N. The antidiabetic drug metformin elevates receptor tyrosine kinase activity and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate mass in Xenopus oocytes. Endocrinology. 1996; 137: 2990–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luna V, Casauban L, Sajan MP, Gomez-Daspet J, Powe JL, Miura A, . Metformin improves atypical protein kinase C activation by insulin and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-(PO4)3 in muscle of diabetic subjects. Diabetologia. 2006;49:375–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fediuc S, Pimenta AS, Gaidhu MP, Ceddia RB. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and redistribution of substrate partitioning mediate the acute insulin-sensitizing effects of troglitazone in skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol. 2008;215:392–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumvoll M, Haring HU. Glitazones: clinical effects and molecular mechanisms. Ann Med. 2002;34:217–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes ND, Thalen PG, Jacinto SM, Ljung B. Thiazolidinediones increase plasma-adipose tissue FFA exchange capacity and enhance insulin-mediated control of systemic FFA availability. Diabetes. 2001;50:1158–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams LB, Fawcett RL, Waechter AS, Zhang P, Kogon BE, Jones R, . Leptin production in adipocytes from morbidly obese subjects: stimulation by dexamethasone, inhibition with troglitazone, and influence of gender. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2678–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derosa G, Salvadeo SA, D’Angelo A, Fogari E, Ragonesi PD, Ciccarelli L, . Rosiglitazone therapy improves insulin resistance parameters in overweight and obese diabetic patients intolerant to metformin. Arch Med Res. 2008; 39:412–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu ZH, Zhao SP, Chu LX, Ye HJ. Pioglitazone reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha serum concentration and mRNA expression of adipose tissue in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 2010;138:151–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majuri A, Santaniemi M, Rautio K, Kunnari A, Vartiainen J, Ruokonen A, . Rosiglitazone treatment increases plasma levels of adiponectin and decreases levels of resistin in overweight women with PCOS: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156:263–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang G, Dallas-Yang Q, Biswas S, Li Z, Zhang BB. Rosiglitazone, an agonist of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), decreases inhibitory serine phosphorylation of IRS1 in vitro and in vivo. Biochem J. 2004;377:339–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafuri SR. Troglitazone enhances differentiation, basal glucose uptake, and Glut1 protein levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Endocrinology. 1996;137:4706–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park KS, Ciaraldi TP, Abrams-Carter L, Mudaliar S, Nikoulina SE, Henry RR. Troglitazone regulation of glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle cultures from obese type II diabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1636–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson MD. Metabolic cross talk between the colon and the periphery: implications for insulin sensitivity. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007;66:351–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpentier A, Mittelman SD, Lamarche B, Bergman RN, Giacca A, Lewis GF. Acute enhancement of insulin secretion by FFA in humans is lost with prolonged FFA elevation. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:E1055–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, Stulle M, Mucci MP, Pirulli A, Dore F, . Higher total ghrelin levels are associated with higher insulin-mediated glucose disposal in non-diabetic maintenance hemodialysis patients. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:142–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Lin H, Cheng P, Hu X, Lu H. Effects of ghrelin on the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2009;29: 227–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pagotto U, Gambineri A, Vicennati V, Heiman ML, Tschop M, Pasquali R. Plasma ghrelin, obesity, and the polycystic ovary syndrome: correlation with insulin resistance and androgen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:5625–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi K, Roh SG, Hong YH, Shrestha YB, Hishikawa D, Chen C, . The role of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues receptor on rat adipogenesis. Endocrinology. 2003;144:754–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge H, Li X, Weiszmann J, Wang P, Baribault H, Chen JL, . Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 43 in adipocytes leads to inhibition of lipolysis and suppression of plasma free fatty acids. Endocrinology. 2008;149: 4519–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong YH, Nishimura Y, Hishikawa D, Tsuzuki H, Miyahara H, Gotoh C, . Acetate and propionate short chain fatty acids stimulate adipogenesis via GPCR43. Endocrinology. 2005;146:5092–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyer C, Foley JE, Bogardus C, Tataranni PA, Pratley RE. Enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size, but not obesity itself, predicts type II diabetes independent of insulin resistance. Diabetologia. 2000;43:1498–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonn M, Mehlig K, Bengtsson C, Lissner L. Adipocyte size predicts incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. FASEB J. 2010.24:326–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorburn A, Muir J, Proietto J. Carbohydrate fermentation decreases hepatic glucose output in healthy subjects. Metabolism. 1993;42:780–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song YJ, Sawamura M, Ikeda K, Igawa S, Yamori Y. Soluble dietary fibre improves insulin sensitivity by increasing muscle GLUT-4 content in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2000;27: 41–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Z, Yin J, Zhang J, Ward RE, Martin RJ, Lefevre M, . Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes. 2009.;58:1509–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhard YN, Gazer B, Paran E. Natural antioxidants from tomato extract reduce blood pressure in patients with grade-1 hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am Heart J. 2006;151:100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlmeier L, Kark JD, Gomez-Gracia E, Martin BC, Steck SE, Kardinaal AF, . Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EURAMIC Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:618–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianetti J, Pedrinelli R, Petrucci R, Lazzerini G, De Caterina M, Bellomo G, . Inverse association between carotid intima-media thickness and the antioxidant lycopene in atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 2002;143:467–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Pharmacists Association. CPS Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties. 9th. Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists Association; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Delles C, Miller WH, Dominiczak AF. Targeting reactive oxygen species in hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008;10:1061–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Mascio P, Kaiser S, Sies H. Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989;274:532–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose KS, Agrawal BK. Effect of lycopene from tomatoes (cooked) on plasma antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation rate and lipid profile in grade-I hypertension. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51:477–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw PW, Bast A. Tomato extract for hypertension? Editorial to ‘The effects of natural antioxidants from tomato extract in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients’ by E. Paran et al. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2009;23: 107–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suganuma H, Inakuma T. Protective effect of dietary tomato against endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1999;63:78–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Most MM. Estimated phytochemical content of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet is higher than in the Control Study Diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:1725–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law M, Wald N, Morris J. Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke: a new preventive strategy. Health Technol Assess. 2003;7:1–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones PJ, Asp NG, Silva P. Evidence for health claims on foods: how much is enough? Introduction and general remarks. J Nutr. 2008;138:1189S–91S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asp NG, Bryngelsson S. Health claims in Europe: new legislation and PASSCLAIM for substantiation. J Nutr. 2008; 138:1210S–5S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasler CM. Health claims in the United States: an aid to the public or a source of confusion? J Nutr. 2008;138: 1216S–20S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L’Abbe MR, Dumais L, Chao E, Junkins B. Health claims on foods in Canada. J Nutr. 2008;138:1221S–7S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapsell LC. Evidence for health claims: a perspective from the Australia-New Zealand region. J Nutr. 2008;138: 1206S–9S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada K, Sato-Mito N, Nagata J, Umegaki K. Health claim evidence requirements in Japan. J Nutr. 2008;138: 1192S–8S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y. Scientific substantiation of functional food health claims in China. J Nutr. 2008;138:1199S–205S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustin DM, Rodvold KA, Sosman JA, Diwadkar- Navsariwala V, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Viana M, . Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of lycopene delivered in a well-defined food-based lycopene delivery system (tomato paste-oil mixture) in healthy adult male subjects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13:850–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonker D, Kuper CF, Fraile N, Estrella A, Rodriguez Otero C. Ninety-day oral toxicity study of lycopene from Blakeslea trispora in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003;37: 396–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veeramachaneni S, Ausman LM, Choi SW, Russell RM, Wang XD. High dose lycopene supplementation increases hepatic cytochrome P4502E1 protein and inflammation in alcohol-fed rats. J Nutr. 2008;138:1329–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bressler R. Grapefruit juice and drug interactions. Exploring mechanisms of this interaction and potential toxicity for certain drugs. Geriatrics. 2006;61:12–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo AA. Herb-drug interactions: an overview of the clinical evidence. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2005;19:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpe R, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Sirtori C, Bucci A, Fraone N, . Effects of yoghurt enriched with plant sterols on serum lipids in patients with moderate hypercholesterolaemia. Br J Nutr. 2001;86:233–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar