The relationship between bipolar disorder and type 2 diabetes: More than just co-morbid disorders

References

• Judd LL, Akiskal HS. The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J Affect Disord. 2003;73:123–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Solomon DA, Maser JD, Coryell W, Endicott J, . Psychosocial disability and work role function compared across the long-term course of bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar major depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 2008;108:49–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, Ekbom A, Sparen P. Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:844–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagiolini A, Frank E, Scott JA, Turkin S, Kupfer DJ. Metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder: findings from the Bipolar Disorder Center for Pennsylvanians. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:424–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regenold WT, Thapar RK, Marano C, Gavirneni S, Kondapavuluru PV. Increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among psychiatric inpatients with bipolar I affective and schizoaffective disorders independent of psychotropic drug use. J Affect Disord. 2002;70:19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy F, Ahearn E, Carroll BJ. Elevated frequency of diabetes mellitus in hospitalized manic-depressive patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1417–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilliker SL. Prevalence of diabetes in a manic-depressive population. Compr Psychiatry. 1980;21:270–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Konarski JZ, Misener VL, Kennedy SH. Bipolar disorder and diabetes mellitus: epidemiology, etiology, and treatment implications. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2005;17:83–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newcomer JW. Medical risk in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67 Suppl 9:25–30.
   Google Scholar
• Kilbourne AM, Post EP, Nossek A, Drill L, Cooley S, Bauer MS. Improving medical and psychiatric outcomes among individuals with bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatr Serv. 2008; 59:760–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagiolini A, Goracci A. The effects of undertreated chronic medical illnesses in patients with severe mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70 Suppl 3:22–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan G, Han X, Moore S, Kotrla K. Disparities in hospitalization for diabetes among persons with and without co-occurring mental disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57:1126–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R. Stress and glucocorticoid. Science. 1997;275:1662–3.
   Google Scholar
• Cervantes P, Gelber S, Kin FN, Nair VN, Schwartz G. Circadian secretion of cortisol in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2001; 26:411–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybakowski JK, Twardowska K. The dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test in depression in bipolar and unipolar affective illness. J Psychiatr Res. 1999;33:363–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson S, Gallagher P, Ritchie JC, Ferrier IN, Young AH. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184:496–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsboer F, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Krieg JC. Altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation in healthy subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders. Neuroendocrinology. 1995;62:340–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PJ. Is elevated noradrenaline an aetiological factor in a number of diseases? Auton Autacoid Pharmacol. 2009;29:143–56.
   Google Scholar
• Brindley DN, Rolland Y. Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may result in atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond). 1989;77:453–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmang A, Bjorntorp P. The effects of cortisol on insulin sensitivity in muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 1992;144:425–31.
   Google Scholar
• Kato T, Kato N. Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2(3 Pt 1):180–90.
   Google Scholar
• Szendroedi J, Schmid AI, Chmelik M, Toth C, Brehm A, Krssak M, . Muscle mitochondrial ATP synthesis and glucose transport/phosphorylation in type 2 diabetes. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Drug News Perspect. 2006;19:597–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannsen DL, Ravussin E. The role of mitochondria in health and disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009;9:780–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley DE, He J, Menshikova EV, Ritov VB. Dysfunction of mitochondria in human skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51: 2944–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer IC, Schippel P, Volz HP. Lithium-induced enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in human brain tissue. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:515–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou R, Gray NA, Yuan P, Li X, Chen J, Chen G, . The anti-apoptotic, glucocorticoid receptor cochaperone protein BAG-1 is a long-term target for the actions of mood stabilizers. J Neurosci. 2005;25:4493–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes CA, Jope RS. The multifaceted roles of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in cellular signaling. Prog Neurobiol. 2001;65: 391–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovestone S, Killick R, Di Forti M, Murray R. Schizophrenia as a GSK-3 dysregulation disorder. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30:142–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang SD, Yu JS, Lee TT, Yang CC, Ni MH, Yang YY. Dysfunction of protein kinase FA/GSK-3 alpha in lymphocytes of patients with schizophrenic disorder. J Cell Biochem. 1995;59:108–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe MK, Wiest C, Chuang DM. GSK-3 is a viable potential target for therapeutic intervention in bipolar disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007;31:920–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horrobin DF, Bennett CN. Depression and bipolar disorder: relationships to impaired fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological abnormalities, cancer, ageing and osteoporosis. Possible candidate genes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999;60:217–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torkamani A, Topol EJ, Schork NJ. Pathway analysis of seven common diseases assessed by genome-wide association. Genomics. 2008;92: 265–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ban HJ, Kim SC, Seo J, Kang HB, Choi JK. Genetic and metabolic characterization of insomnia. PLoS One. 2011;6:e18455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bifulco A, Moran PM, Baines R, Bunn A, Stanford K. Exploring psychological abuse in childhood: II. Association with other abuse and adult clinical depression. Bull Menninger Clin. 2002;66:241–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish EW, Shahrokh D, Bagot R, Caldji C, Bredy T, Szyf M, . Epigenetic programming of stress responses through variations in maternal care. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1036:167–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim C, Nemeroff CB. The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:1023–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D’Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, . Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7:847–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penza KM, Heim C, Nemeroff CB. Neurobiological effects of childhood abuse: implications for the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003;6:15–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvarez MJ, Roura P, Oses A, Foguet Q, Sola J, Arrufat FX. Prevalence and clinical impact of childhood trauma in patients with severe mental disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2011;199:156–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garno JL, Goldberg JF, Ramirez PM, Ritzler BA. Impact of childhood abuse on the clinical course of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:121–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adverse childhood experiences reported by adults—five states, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:1609–13.
   Google Scholar
• Hammersley P, Dias A, Todd G, Bowen-Jones K, Reilly B, Bentall RP. Childhood trauma and hallucinations in bipolar affective disorder: preliminary investigation. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;182:543–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin RD, Weisberg SP. Childhood abuse and diabetes in the community. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:801–2.
   Google Scholar
• Danese A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Milne BJ, Polanczyk G, Pariante CM, . Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163: 1135–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese A, Moffitt TE, Pariante CM, Ambler A, Poulton R, Caspi A. Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:409–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese A, Pariante CM, Caspi A, Taylor A, Poulton R. Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:1319–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese A, Caspi A, Williams B, Ambler A, Sugden K, Mika J, . Biological embedding of stress through inflammation processes in childhood. Mol Psychiatry. 2011;16:244–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ershler WB, Keller ET. Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and frailty. Annu Rev Med. 2000;51: 245–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brietzke E, Stertz L, Fernandes BS, Kauer-Sant’anna M, Mascarenhas M, Escosteguy VA, . Comparison of cytokine levels in depressed, manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2009;116:214–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha AB, Andreazza AC, Gomes FA, Frey BN, da Silveira LE, Goncalves CA, . Investigation of serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels across all mood states in bipolar disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;258:300–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papanicolaou DA, Wilder RL, Manolagas SC, Chrousos GP. The pathophysiologic roles of interleukin-6 in human disease. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:127–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkin C, van de Velde C, Ruzickova M, Slaney C, Garnham J, Hajek T, . Can body mass index help predict outcome in patients with bipolar disorder? Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:650–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmslie JL, Mann JI, Silverstone JT, Williams SM, Romans SE. Determinants of overweight and obesity in patients with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:486–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvia LG, Dupuy JM, Ostacher MJ, Cowperthwait CM, Hay AC, Sachs GS, . Sleep disturbance in euthymic bipolar patients. J Psychopharmacol. 2011 Sep 29 [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:414–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruetsch O, Viala A, Bardou H, Martin P, Vacheron MN. [Psychotropic drugs induced weight gain: a review of the literature concerning epidemiological data, mechanisms and management]. Encephale. 2005;31(4 Pt 1):507–16.
   Google Scholar
• Wirshing DA, Spellberg BJ, Erhart SM, Marder SR, Wirshing WC. Novel antipsychotics and new onset diabetes. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44: 778–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirzadi AA, Ghaemi SN. Side effects of atypical antipsychotics: extrapyramidal symptoms and the metabolic syndrome. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2006;14:152–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunes A, Melkersson KI, Scordo MG, Dahl ML. Association between HTR2C and HTR2A polymorphisms and metabolic abnormalities in patients treated with olanzapine or clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29:65–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melkersson KI, Gunes A, Dahl ML. Impact of serotonin receptor 2A gene haplotypes on C-peptide levels in clozapine- and olanzapine-treated patients. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2010;25:347–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herken H, Erdal M, Aydin N, Sengul C, Karadag F, Barlas O, . The association of olanzapine-induced weight gain with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism in patients with schizophrenia. DNA Cell Biol. 2009;28:515–9.
   Google Scholar
• Ardizzone TD, Bradley RJ, Freeman AM III, Dwyer DS. Inhibition of glucose transport in PC12 cells by the atypical antipsychotic drugs risperidone and clozapine, and structural analogs of clozapine. Brain Res. 2001;923:82–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dwyer DS, Pinkofsky HB, Liu Y, Bradley RJ. Antipsychotic drugs affect glucose uptake and the expression of glucose transporters in PC12 cells. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1999;23: 69–80.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein LE, Sporn J, Brown S, Kim H, Finkelstein J, Gaffey GK, . New-onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis associated with olanzapine treatment. Psychosomatics. 1999;40:438–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipscombe LL, Levesque L, Gruneir A, Fischer HD, Juurlink DN, Gill SS, . Antipsychotic drugs and hyperglycemia in older patients with diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1282–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasnain M, Vieweg WV. Antipsychotic drug-associated acute hyperglycemia in elderly diabetic patients: do the drugs explain the hyperglycemia? Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:2164–5.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner DM, Teehan M. Antipsychotics and their side effects. Cambridge: University Press; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Yood MU, DeLorenze G, Quesenberry CP Jr, Oliveria SA, Tsai AL, Willey VJ, . The incidence of diabetes in atypical antipsychotic users differs according to agent—results from a multisite epidemiologic study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18:791–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen D, Correll CU. Second-generation antipsychotic-associated diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis: mechanisms, predictors, and screening need. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70:765–6.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen D. Atypical antipsychotics and new onset diabetes mellitus. An overview of the literature. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004;37:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castilla-Puentes R. Effects of psychotropics on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in a cohort of bipolar patients. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9:772–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianfrancesco F, Pesa J, Wang RH, Nasrallah H. Assessment of antipsychotic-related risk of diabetes mellitus in a Medicaid psychosis population: sensitivity to study design. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63:431–41.
   Google Scholar
• Mattiasson I, Berntorp K, Lindgarde F. Sodium-lithium countertransport and platelet cytosolic free calcium concentration in relation to peripheral insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women. Clin Sci (Lond). 1992;83:319–24.
   Google Scholar
• Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Passoth PM, Poser W, Schlecht W. [Effect of long-term treatment with neuroleptics or lithium salts on carbohydrate metabolism]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1978;28:1522–4.
   Google Scholar
• Okosieme OE, Campbell A, Patton K, Evans ML. Transient diabetes associated with withdrawal of lithium therapy. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1181.
   Google Scholar
• Waziri R, Nelson J. Lithium in diabetes mellitus: a paradoxical response. J Clin Psychiatry. 1978;39:623–5.
   Google Scholar
• Vestergaard P, Schou M. Does long-term lithium treatment induce diabetes mellitus? Neuropsychobiology. 1987;17:130–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilo L, Meo R. Polycystic ovary syndrome in women using valproate: a review. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2008;24:562–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrotti A, D’Egidio C, Mohn A, Coppola G, Chiarelli F. Weight gain following treatment with valproic acid: pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical implications. Obes Rev. 2011;12:e32–43.
   Google Scholar
• Obembe A. Carbamazepine-induced diabetes mellitus. Cent Afr J Med. 1991;37:96–8.
   Google Scholar
• Jallon P, Picard F. Bodyweight gain and anticonvulsants: a comparative review. Drug Saf. 2001;24:969–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerrell JM, McIntyre RS. Metabolic, digestive, and reproductive adverse events associated with antimanic treatment in children and adolescents: a retrospective cohort study. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;12(4).
   Google Scholar
• Henneman DH, Altschule MD, Goncz RM. Carbohydrate metabolism in brain disease. II. Glucose metabolism in schizophrenic, manic-depressive, and involutional psychoses. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1954;94:402–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kooy F. Hyperglycemia in mental disorders. Brain. 1919;42:214–89.
   Google Scholar
• Kretschmer E. Physique and character. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner; 1936.
   Google Scholar
• Ruzickova M, Slaney C, Garnham J, Alda M. Clinical features of bipolar disorder with and without comorbid diabetes mellitus. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48:458–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colton CW, Manderscheid RW. Congruencies in increased mortality rates, years of potential life lost, and causes of death among public mental health clients in eight states. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006;3:A42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kemp DE, Gao K, Chan PK, Ganocy SJ, Findling RL, Calabrese JR. Medical comorbidity in bipolar disorder: relationship between illnesses of the endocrine/metabolic system and treatment outcome. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12:404–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasgon NL, Kenna HA, Williams KE, Powers B, Wroolie T, Schatzberg AF. Rosiglitazone add-on in treatment of depressed patients with insulin resistance: a pilot study. ScientificWorldJournal. 2010;10:321–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kemp DE, Ismail-Beigi F, Gao K, Fein EB, Conroy C, Obral S, . Pioglitazone for the treatment of bipolar disorder and co-occuring insulin resistance: preliminary evidence for insulin sensitization as a novel mechanism of antidepressant action. Abstract. New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Annual Meeting 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Lustman PJ, Clouse RE. Depression in diabetic patients: the relationship between mood and glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications. 2005;19:113–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Freedland KE, Kissel SS, Clouse RE. Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:613–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katon WJ. Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms, and general medical illness. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:216–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davydow DS, Russo JE, Ludman E, Ciechanowski P, Lin EH, Von Korff M, . The association of comorbid depression with intensive care unit admission in patients with diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Psychosomatics. 2011;52:117–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katon WJ, Rutter C, Simon G, Lin EH, Ludman E, Ciechanowski P, . The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2668–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katon W, Russo J, Lin EH, Heckbert SR, Karter AJ, Williams LH, . Diabetes and poor disease control: is comorbid depression associated with poor medication adherence or lack of treatment intensification? Psychosom Med. 2009;71:965–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin EH, Katon W, Von Korff M, Rutter C, Simon GE, Oliver M, . Relationship of depression and diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and preventive care. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2154–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams LH, Rutter CM, Katon WJ, Reiber GE, Ciechanowski P, Heckbert SR, . Depression and incident diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective cohort study. Am J Med. 2010;123:748–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:619–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieu N, Katon W, Lin EH, Russo J, Ludman E, Ciechanowski P. Depression and incident diabetic retinopathy: a prospective cohort study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33:429–35.
   Google Scholar
• Katon WJ, Lin EH, Williams LH, Ciechanowski P, Heckbert SR, Ludman E, . Comorbid depression is associated with an increased risk of dementia diagnosis in patients with diabetes: a prospective cohort study. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25:423–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lin EH, Rutter CM, Katon W, Heckbert SR, Ciechanowski P, Oliver MM, . Depression and advanced complications of diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:264–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin EH, Heckbert SR, Rutter CM, Katon WJ, Ciechanowski P, Ludman EJ, . Depression and increased mortality in diabetes: unexpected causes of death. Ann Fam Med. 2009;7:414–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young BA, Von Korff M, Heckbert SR, Ludman EJ, Rutter C, Lin EH, . Association of major depression and mortality in Stage 5 diabetic chronic kidney disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32:119–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkley K, Sallis H, Kariyawasam D, Leelarathna LH, Chalder T, Edmonds ME, . Five-year follow-up of a cohort of people with their first diabetic foot ulcer: the persistent effect of depression on mortality. Diabetologia. 2012;55:303–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frayne SM, Halanych JH, Miller DR, Wang F, Lin H, Pogach L, . Disparities in diabetes care: impact of mental illness. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2631–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RW, Kreyenbuhl JA, Medoff DR, Dickerson FB, Wohlheiter K, Fang LJ, . Quality of diabetes care among adults with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58:536–43.
   Google Scholar
• Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Gasse C. Chronic somatic comorbidity and excess mortality due to natural causes in persons with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder. PLoS One. 2011;6:e24597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druss BG, von Esenwein SA, Compton MT, Rask KJ, Zhao L, Parker RM. A randomized trial of medical care management for community mental health settings: the Primary Care Access, Referral, and Evaluation (PCARE) study. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:151–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin MJ, Chaput JP, Simard V, Vincent P, Bernier J, Gauthier Y, . Management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: prospective naturalistic study of the effectiveness of a supervised exercise programme. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007;41:980–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasnain M, Vieweg WV, Fredrickson SK. Metformin for atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain and glucose metabolism dysregulation: review of the literature and clinical suggestions. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:193–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Praharaj SK, Jana AK, Goyal N, Sinha VK. Metformin for olanzapine-induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71:377–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu RR, Zhao JP, Guo XF, He YQ, Fang MS, Guo WB, . Metformin addition attenuates olanzapine-induced weight gain in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:352–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehret M, Goethe J, Lanosa M, Coleman CI. The effect of metformin on anthropometrics and insulin resistance in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic agents: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:1286–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, . Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellinger LK, Ipema HJ, Stachnik JM. Efficacy of metformin and topiramate in prevention and treatment of second-generation antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44:668–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbour KA, Edenfield TM, Blumenthal JA. Exercise as a treatment for depression and other psychiatric disorders: a review. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007;27:359–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng F, Dodd S, Berk M. The effects of physical activity in the acute treatment of bipolar disorder: a pilot study. J Affect Disord. 2007;101:259–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvia LG, Ametrano RM, Nierenberg AA. Exercise treatment for bipolar disorder: potential mechanisms of action mediated through increased neurogenesis and decreased allostatic load. Psychother Psychosom. 2010;79:87–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucyi A, Alsuwaidan MT, Liauw SS, McIntyre RS. Aerobic physical exercise as a possible treatment for neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Postgrad Med. 2010;122:107–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Convit A. Links between cognitive impairment in insulin resistance: an explanatory model. Neurobiol Aging. 2005;26 Suppl 1:31–5.
   Google Scholar
• Convit A, Wolf OT, Tarshish C, de Leon MJ. Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100: 2019–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F, Buse JB, Goff DC Jr, . Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:818–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, Segal JB, Wilson LM, Chatterjee R, . Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:602–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352:837–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, . Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358: 2560–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen SE, Wolski K. Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1191–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saenz A, Fernandez-Esteban I, Mataix A, Ausejo M, Roque M, Moher D. Metformin monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD002966.
   Google Scholar
• McCormack J, Johns K, Tildesley H. Metformin's contraindications should be contraindicated. CMAJ. 2005;173:502–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar