3,128
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW ARTICLE

Rapid prototyping-assisted maxillofacial reconstruction

, , &
Pages 186-208 | Received 31 Oct 2014, Accepted 02 Jan 2015, Published online: 14 Apr 2015

References

  • Pham DT, Dimov SS. Rapid manufacturing: the technologies and applications of rapid prototyping and rapid tooling. London, UK: Springer-Verlag; 2001.
  • Lantada AD, Morgado PL. Rapid prototyping for biomedical engineering: current capabilities and challenges. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2012;14:73–96.
  • Gibson I, Cheung LK, Chow SP, Cheung WL, Beh SL, Savalani M, et al. The use of rapid prototyping to assist medical applications. Rapid Prototyping J. 2006;12:53–8.
  • Goiato MC, Santos MR, Pesqueira AA, Moreno A, dos Santos DM, Haddad MF. Prototyping for surgical and prosthetic treatment. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22:914–17.
  • Sun J, Zhang FQ. The application of rapid prototyping in prosthodontics. J Prosthodont. 2012;21:641–4.
  • Di Giacomo GA, Cury PR, de Araujo NS, Sendyk WR, Sendyk CL. Clinical application of stereolithographic surgical guides for implant placement: preliminary results. J Periodontol. 2005;76:503–7.
  • van der Meer WJ, Vissink A, Raghoebar GM, Visser A. Digitally designed surgical guides for placing extraoral implants in the Mastoid area. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012;27:703–7.
  • D’Urso PS, Earwaker WJ, Barker TM, Redmond MJ, Thompson RG, Effeney DJ, et al. Custom cranioplasty using stereolithography and acrylic. Br J Plast Surg. 2000;53:200–4.
  • Sykes LM, Parrot AM, Owen P, Snaddon DR. Applications of rapid prototyping technology in maxillofacial prosthetics. Int J Prosthodont. 2004;17:454–9.
  • Karayazgan-Saracoglu B, Gunay Y, Atay A. Fabrication of an auricular prosthesis using computed tomography and rapid prototyping technique. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:1169–72.
  • Jiao T, Zhang F, Huang X, Wang C. Design and fabrication of auricular prostheses by CAD/CAM system. Int J Prosthodont. 2004;17:460–3.
  • Truscott M, Beer D, Vicatos G, Hosking K, Barnard L, Booysen G, et al. Using RP to promote collaborative design of customised medical implants. Rapid Prototyping J. 2006;13:107–14.
  • Wu G, Zhou B, Bi Y, Zhao Y. Selective laser sintering technology for customized fabrication of facial prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 2007; 100:56–60.
  • Singare SK, Liu YX, Li DC, Lu BS, He SH, Li G. Fabrication of customised maxillo-facial prosthesis using computer-aided design and rapid prototyping techniques. Rapid Prototyping J. 2006;12:206–13.
  • Cohen A, Laviv A, Berman P, Nashef R, Abu-Tair J. Mandibular reconstruction using stereolithographic 3-dimensional printing modeling technology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108:661–6.
  • Tang W, Guo L, Long J, Wang H, Lin Y, Liu L, et al. Individual design and rapid prototyping in reconstruction of orbital wall defects. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:562–70.
  • Benjamin LS. The evolution of multiplanar diagnostic imaging: predictable transfer of preoperative analysis to the surgical site. J Oral Implantol. 2002;28:135–44.
  • Chang PS, Parker TH, Patrick CW Jr, Miller MJ. The accuracy of stereolithography in planning craniofacial bone replacement. J Craniofac Surg. 2003;14:164–70
  • Gateno J, Allen ME, Teichgraeber JF, Messersmith ML. An in vitro study of the accuracy of a new protocol for planning distraction osteogenesis of the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:985–90.
  • Pessa JE. The potential role of stereolithography in the study of facial aging. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;119:117–20.
  • de Beer N, van der Merwe A. Patient-specific intervertebral disc implants using rapid manufacturing technology. Rapid Prototyping J. 2013;19:126–39.
  • Zhao LP, Patel PK, Cohen M. Application of virtual surgical planning with computer assisted design and manufacturing technology to cranio-maxillofacial surgery. Arch Plast Surg. 2012;39:309–16.
  • Soares PV, de Almelda Milito G, Pereira FA, Reis BR, Soares CJ, de Sousa Menezes M, et al. Rapid prototyping and 3D-virtual models for operative dentistry education in Brazil. J Dent Educ. 2013;77: 358–63.
  • Torres K, Staśkiewicz G, Śnieżyński M, Drop A, Maciejewski R. Application of rapid prototyping techniques for modelling of anatomical structures in medical training and education. Folia Morphol. 2011;70:1–4.
  • Prototype Zone website. Prototype history and prototype development information. Foundations of Technology, 3rd ed. 2010. Available at: http://www.prototypezone.com//prototype/prototyping-history-and-prototype-development-information (accessed 1 August 2014).
  • Suzuki M, Ogawa Y, Kawano A, Hagiwara A, Yamaguchi H, Ono H. Rapid prototyping of temporal bone for surgical training and medical education. Acta Otolaryngol. 2004;124:400–2.
  • Marie E, Withers PJ. Quantitative X-ray tomography. Int Mater Rev. 2014;59:1–43.
  • Boehm T, Carnasciali MI, Douglas ME, Fernández MG, Williams C. Rapid prototyping industry analysis. Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia Institute of Technology; 2004.
  • Zhang WY. The future of 3D printing for medicine. China Hospital CEO. 2012;1:60–2.
  • Ders.org. The history of 3D printing. 2011. Available at: http://www.3ders.org/3d-printing/3d-printing-history.html (accessed 3 August 2014).
  • DZU.NET. The history of 3D printing. Chinese: 3DZU.NET. 2012. Available at: http://www.3dzu.net/category/3d-printing-news (accessed 3 August 2014).
  • Wu P. 3D printing technology and its future development. Printing Quality Standardization. 2014;1:8–10.
  • Zhou JG, Herscovici D, Chen CC. Parametric process optimization to improve the accuracy of rapid prototyped stereolithography parts. Int J Mach Tool Manufact. 2000;40:363–79.
  • Silva DN, de Oliveira MG, Meurer E, Meurer MI, da Silva JVL, Santa-Bárbara A. Dimensional error in selective laser sintering and 3D-printing of models for craniomaxillary anatomy reconstruction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2008;36:443–9.
  • Herlin C, Koppe M, Béziat JL, Gleizal A. Rapid prototyping in craniofacial surgery: using a positioning guide after zygomatic osteotomy—a case report. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2011;39:376–9.
  • Chen LH, Tsutsumi S, Lizuka T. A CAD/CAM technique for fabricating facial prostheses: a preliminary report. Int J Prosthodont. 1997;10: 467–72.
  • Runte C, Dirksen D, Delere H, Thomas C, Runte B, Meyer U, et al. Optical data acquisition for computer-assisted design of facial prostheses. Int J Prosthodont. 2002;15:129–32.
  • Coward TJ, Watson RM, Wilkinson IC. Fabrication of a wax ear by rapid-process modeling using stereolithography. Int J Prosthodont. 1999;12:20–7.
  • Turgut G, Sacak B, Kiran K, Bas L. Use of rapid prototyping in prosthetic auricular restoration. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:321–5.
  • Mingucci R, Gassino G, Scotti R. CAD/CAM ear model and virtual construction of the mold. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;98:339–43.
  • Ciocca L, Fantini M, De Crescenzio F, Persiani F, Scotti R. New protocol for construction of eyeglasses-supported provisional nasal prosthesis using CAD/CAM techniques. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2010;47:595–604.
  • Metzger MC, Schön R, Weyer N, Rafii A. Anatomical 3-dimensional pre-bent titanium implant for orbital floor fractures. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1863–8.
  • Tamimi F, Torres J, Al-Abedalla K, Lopez-Cabarcos E, Alkhraisat MH, Bassett DC. Osseointegration of dental implants in 3D-printed synthetic onlay grafts customized according to bone metabolic activity in recipient site. Biomaterials. 2014;35:5436–45.
  • Gary JJ, Mitchell DL, Steifel SM, Hale ML. Tissue compatibility of methylmethacrylate in cranial prostheses: a preliminary investigation. J Prosthet Dent. 1991;66:530–6.
  • Wohlers T. Wohlers Report 2008—State of the industry, annual worldwide progress report. Fort Collins, CO: Wohlers Associates, Inc.; 2008.
  • D’Urso PS, Barker TM, Earwaker WJ, Bruce LJ, Atkinson RL, Lanigan MW, et al. Stereolithographic biomodelling in cranio-maxillofacial surgery: a prospective trial. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1999;2:30–7.
  • Šercer M, Jerbić B, Filetin T. Rapid prototyping and rapid tooling. Proceedings of the Conference on Modern Production Technology and Materials; 2007 May 17; Zagreb, Croatia. Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts; 2007.
  • Azari A, Nikzad S. The evolution of rapid prototyping in dentistry: a review. Rapid Prototyping J. 2009;15:216–25.
  • Kruth JP, Leu MC, Nakagawa T. Progress in additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping. Ann CIRP. 1998;47:525–40.
  • Wendel B, Rietzel D, Kühnlein F, Feulner R, Hülder G, Schmachtenberg E. Additive processing of polymers. Macromol Mater Eng. 2008;293:799–809.
  • Gebhardt A. Generative process, additive manufacturing and 3D printing for prototyping-tooling-production. Munich, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG; 2013.
  • Osswald T, Bauer E, Brinkmann S, Oberbach K, Schmachtenberg E. International plastics handbook. 30th ed. Munich, Germany: Carl Hanser Publishers; 2006.
  • Leu MC, Zhang W. Research and development in rapid prototyping and tooling in the United States. Proceedings of the International Conference on Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing; 1998 July 21–23; Beijing, China. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University Press; 1998.
  • Melchels FPW. Preparation of advanced porous structures by stereolithography for application in tissue engineering. PhD thesis, UTpublications. Enschede, Netherlands: University of Twente; 2010.
  • Lightman AJ. Medical applications. In: Prinz FB. Rapid prototyping in Europe and Japan. Baltimore: Loyola College of Maryland; 1997. p. 129–35.
  • Bajura M, Fuchs H, Ohbuchi R. Merging virtual objects with the real world: seeing ultrasound imagery within the patient. Comput Grap. 1992;26:203–10.
  • European Commission. Brite-Eyram: making a lasting impression on Europe. Report. Brussels, Belgium: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2002. p. 1–52.
  • Wouters K. First French workshop on medical applications of rapid prototyping techniques. In: Taha F, Wouters K. What is the PHIDIAS Network?. vol. 1. Aarhus, Denmark: Phidias Newsletter; 1998. p. 1–12.
  • Puri PM, Grover M. Stereolithography: a technological aid in clinical and forensic dentistry. J Forensic Odontostomatology. 2013; 31:143.
  • Sailer HF, Haers PE, Zollikofer CP, Warnke T, Carls FR, Stucki P. The value of stereolithographic models for preoperative diagnosis of craniofacial deformities and planning of surgical corrections. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;27:327–33.
  • Golec TS. CAD-CAM multiplanar diagnostic imaging for subperiosteal implants. Dent Clin North Am. 1986;30:85–95.
  • Truitt HP, James RA, Lindley PE, Boyne P. Morphologic replication of the mandible using computerized tomography for the fabrication of a subperiosteal implant. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988;65: 499–504.
  • Klein HM, Schneider W, Alzen G, Voy ED, Gunther RW. Pediatric craniofacial surgery: comparison of milling and stereolithography for 3D model manufacturing. Pediatr Radiol. 1992;22:458–60.
  • James WJ, Slabbekoorn MA, Edgin WA, Hardin CK. Correction of congenital malar hypoplasia using stereolithography for presurgical planning. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;56:512–17.
  • Van Steenberghe D, Naert I, Andersson M, Brajnovic I, van Cleynenbreugel J, Suetens P. A custom template and definitive prosthesis allowing immediate implant loading in the maxilla: a clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2002;17:663–70.
  • Sarment DP, Sukovic P, Clinthorne N. Accuracy of implant placement with a stereolithographic surgical guide. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003;18:571–7.
  • Chen YY, Chang YL, Shiau YY. Accuracy of surgical drilling guide SurgiGuide system. Paper presented at the IADR/AADR/CADR 82nd General Session, Hawaii, March 2004. p. 10–13.
  • Jeng JY, Chen CY, Chen S, Chen R. Application of a micro-CT scan to tooth crown dimensions measurement and CAD model construction for rapid prototyping. J Chin Soc Mech Eng. 2000;21:321–4.
  • Bibb R, Eggbeer D, Williams R. Rapid manufacture of removable partial denture frameworks. Rapid Prototyping J. 2006;12:95–9.
  • Zein I, Hutmacher DW, Tan KC, Teoh SH. Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials. 2002;23:1169–85.
  • Madhav VNV, Daule R. Rapid prototyping and its application in dentistry. J Dent Allied Sci. 2013;2:57–61.
  • Pandey PM. Rapid prototyping technologies, application and part deposition planning. Course handout, Manufacturing Practices. Delhi, India: Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; 2012.
  • Thomas DJ, Mohd Azmi MAB, Tehrani Z. 3D additive manufacture of oral and maxillofacial surgical models for preoperative planning. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2014;71:1643–51.
  • Levy GN, Schindel R, Kruth JP. Rapid manufacturing and rapid tooling with layer manufacturing (LM) technologies, state of the art and future perspectives. CIRP Ann-Manuf Technol. 2003;52:589–609.
  • Wohlers T. Wohlers Report 2006—Rapid prototyping & manufacturing state of the industry, annual worldwide progress report. Fort Collins, CO: Wohlers Associates Inc.; 2006.
  • Štefanić I, Raos P, Samardžić I, Tintor B, Musser E. Rapid prototyping of casting cores. Tehnički Vjesnik. 2012;19:459–64.
  • Zhu N, Chen XB. Biofabrication of tissue scaffolds. In: Pignatello R. Advances in biomaterials science and biomedical applications. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2013. p. 315–28.
  • Li WZ, Zhang MC, Li SP, Zhang LT, Huang Y. Application of computer-aided three-dimensional skull model with rapid prototyping technique in repair of zygomatico-orbito-maxillary complex fracture. Int J Med Robotics Comput Assist Surg. 2009;5:158–63.
  • Binder WJ, Kaye A. Reconstruction of posttraumatic and congenital facial deformities with three-dimensional computer assisted custom designed implants. Plast Reconstruct Surg. 1994;94:775–85.
  • Eufinger H, Wittkampf AR, Wehmoller M, Zonneveld FW. Single-step fronto-orbital resection and reconstruction with individual resection template and corresponding titanium implant: a new method of computer-aided surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1998;26:373–8.
  • Gellrich NC, Schramm A, Hammer B, Rojas S, Cufi D, Lagrèze W, et al. Computer-assisted secondary reconstruction of unilateral posttraumatic orbital deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110: 1417–29.
  • Watzinger F, Wanschitz F, Wagner A, Enislidis G, Millesi W, Baumann A, et al. Computer-aided navigation in secondary reconstruction of post-traumatic deformities of the zygoma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1997;25:198–202.
  • Ashley S. Rapid prototyping is coming of age. Mech Eng. 1995;117: 63–8.
  • Kübler N, Reuther J, Kirchner T, Priessnitz B, Sebald W. Osteoinductive, morphologic, and biomechanical properties of autolyzed, antigen-extracted, allogeneic human bone. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;51: 1346–57.
  • Larosa MA, Jardini AL, Bernardes LF, Wolf Maciel MR, Maciel Filho R, Zaváglia CAC, et al. Custom-built implants manufacture in titanium alloy by direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advanced Research in Virtual and Papid Prototyping; 2013 Oct 1–5; Leiria, Portugal. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2013.
  • Lehman H, Casap N. Rapid-prototype titanium bone forms for vertical alveolar augmentation using bone morphogenetic protein-2: design and treatment planning objectives. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2014;29:e259–64.
  • Siebert H, Schleier P, Beinemann J, Fried W, Zenk W, Schumann D. Evaluation of individual ceramic implants made of Bioverit with CAD/CAM technology to reconstruct multidimensional craniofacial defects of the human skull. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2006;10:185–91.
  • Scolozzi P, Martinez A, Jaques B. Complex orbito-fronto-temporal reconstruction using computer-designed PEEK implant. J Craniofac Surg. 2007;18:224–8.
  • Guevara-Rojas G, Figl M, Schicho K, Seemann R, Traxler H, Vacariu A, et al. Patient-specific polyetheretherketone facial implants in a computer-aided planning workflow. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72:1801–12.
  • Valentini V, Agrillo A, Battisti A, Gennaro P, Calabrese L, Lannetti G. Surgical planning in reconstruction of mandibular defect with fibula free flap: 15 patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:601–7.
  • Eckardt A, Swennen GR. Virtual planning of composite mandibular reconstruction with free fibula bone graft. J Craniofac Surg. 2005; 16:1137–40.
  • Peng X, Mao C, Yu GY, Guo CB, Huang MX, Zhang Y. Maxillary reconstruction with the free fibula flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005; 115:1562–9.
  • Yeung RW, Samman N, Cheung LK, Zhang C, Chow RL. Stereomodel-assisted fibula flap harvest and mandibular reconstruction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:1128–34.
  • Zhou L, Shang H, Feng Z, Ding Y, Liu W, Li D, et al. Prototyped flexible grafting tray for reconstruction of mandibular defects. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;50:435–9.
  • Chiapasco M, Zaniboni M, Rimondini L. Autogenous onlay bone grafts vs. alveolar distraction osteogenesis for the correction of vertically deficient edentulous ridges: a 2–4-year prospective study on humans. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:432–40.
  • Simion M, Jovanovic SA, Trisi P, Scarano A, Piattelli A. Vertical ridge augmentation around dental implants using a membrane technique and autogenous bone or allografts in humans. Int J Periodont Res Dent. 1998;18:8–23.
  • Simion M, Fontana F, Raperini G, Maiorana C. Vertical ridge augmentation by expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene membrane and a combination of intraoral autogenous bone graft and deproteinized anorganic bovine bone (Bio-Oss). Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:620–9.
  • Cordaro L, Amadé DS, Cordaro M. Clinical results of alveolar ridge augmentation with mandibular block bone grafts in partially edentulous patients prior to implant placement. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2002;13:103–11.
  • Barone A, Covani U. Maxillary alveolar ridge reconstruction with nonvascularized autogenous block bone: clinical results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:2039–46.
  • Isaksson S, Alberius P. Maxillary alveolar ridge augmentation with onlay bone grafts and immediate endosseous implants. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1992;20:2–7.
  • Hallman M, Sennerby L, Lundgren S. A clinical and histologic evaluation of implant integration in the posterior maxilla after sinus floor augmentation with autogenous bone, bovine hydroxyapatite, or a 20:80 mixture. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2002;17:635–43.
  • Zhao TB, Fan QZ. Research progress in the repair of bone defect with composite biological activity material. China Orthop J. 2001;8:270–4.
  • Xu ZS, Xiao DM, Lin BW, Zhen WX, Lu XH, Li ZS. The experimental study of heterotopic osteoinductive of hydroxyapatite, red bone marrow, bone morphogenetic protein and fiber protein complexes. Chinese J Bone Tumor Bone Disease. 2002;1:113–16.
  • Cabanela ME, Coventry MB, MacCarty CS, Miller WE. The fate of patients with methyl methacrylate cranioplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972;54:278–81.
  • Eufinger H, Wehmöller M, Machtens E, Heuser L, Harders A, Kruse D. Reconstruction of craniofacial bone defects with individual alloplastic implants based on CAD/CAM-manipulated CT-data. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1995;23:175–81.
  • Eufinger H, Rasche C, Lehmbrock J, Wehmöller M, Weihe S, Schmitz I, et al. Performance of functionally graded implants of polylactides and calcium phosphate/calcium carbonate in an ovine model for computer assisted craniectomy and cranioplasty. Biomaterials. 2007;28:475–85.
  • Combe EC, Burke FJT, Douglas WH. Dental biomaterials. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1999.
  • Bobyn JD, Mortimer ES, Glassman AH, Engh CA, Miller JE, Brooks CE. Producing and avoiding stress shielding: laboratory and clinical observations of noncemented total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;274:79–96.
  • Spetzger U, Vougioukas V, Schipper J. Materials and techniques for osseous skull reconstruction. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2010;19:110–21.
  • Day RE, Guy DT, Kop AM, Morrison DA. The Royal Perth Hospital method for the design and manufacture of titanium cranioplasty plates. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;50:376–7.
  • Josan VA, Sgouros S, Walsh AR, Dover MS, Nishikawa H, Hockley AD. Cranioplasty in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:200–4.
  • Lee SC, Wu CT, Lee ST, Chen PJ. Cranioplasty using polymethylmethacrylate prostheses. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16:56–63.
  • Habibovic P, Gbureck U, Doillon CJ, Bassett DC, van Blitterswijk CA, Barralet JE. Osteoconduction and osteoinduction of low-temperature 3D printed bioceramic implants. Biomaterials. 2008;29:944–53.
  • Tamimi F, Torres J, Kathan C, Baca R, Clemente C, Blanco L, et al. Bone regeneration in rabbit calvaria with novel monetite granules. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2008;87:980–5.
  • Torres J, Tamimi F, Alkhraisat MH, Prados-Frutos JC, Rastikerdar E, Gbureck U, et al. Vertical bone augmentation with 3D-synthetic monetite blocks in the rabbit calvaria. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38: 1147–53.
  • Gbureck U, Vorndran E, Muller FA, Barralet JE. Low temperature direct 3D printed bioceramics and biocomposites as drug release matrices. J Control Release. 2007;122:173–80.
  • Leukers B, Gulkan H, Irsen SH, Milz S, Tille C, Seitz H, et al. Biocompatibility of ceramic scaffolds for bone replacement made by 3D printing. Mat Wiss U Werkstofftech. 2005;36:781–7.
  • Seitz H, Rieder W, Irsen S, Leukers B, Tille C. Three-dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater. 2005;4:782–8.
  • Simon JL, Rekow ED, Thompson VP, Beam H, Ricci JL, Parsons JR. Micro CT analysis of hydroxyapatite bone repair scaffolds created via three-dimensional printing for evaluating the effects of scaffold architecture on bone ingrowth. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007;85:371–7.
  • Simon JL, Roy TD, Parsons JR, Rekow ED, Thompson VP, Kemnitzer J, et al. Engineered cellular response to scaffold architecture in a rabbit trephine defect. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003;66:275–82.
  • Damien CJ, Parsons JR. Bone graft and bone graft substitutes: a review of current technology and applications. J Appl Biomater. 1991;2:187–208.
  • Patel N, Gibson IR, Ke S, Best SM, Bonfield W. Calcining influence on the powder properties of hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2001;12:181–8.
  • Ginebra MP, Traykova T, Planell JA. Calcium phosphate cements as bone drug delivery systems: a review. J Cont Res. 2006;113:102–10.
  • Oonishi H. Orthopaedic applications of hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials. 1991;12:171–8.
  • Simon JL, Dutta RT, Parsons JR, Rekow ED, Thompson VP, Smay JE, et al. In vivo bone response to 3-D periodic hydroxyapatite scaffolds assembled by direct ink writing. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007;83: 747–58.
  • Dutta RT, Simon JL, Ricci JL, Rekow ED, Thompson VP, Parsons JR. Performance of hydroxyapatite bone repair scaffolds created via three-dimensional fabrication techniques. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003;67:1228–37.
  • Wilson CE, de Bruijn JD, van Blitterswijk, CA, Verbout AJ, Dhert WJA. Design and fabrication of standardized hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a defined macroarchitecture by rapid prototyping for bone-tissue-engineering research. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2004;68:123–32.
  • Tian JM, Zhang Y, Guo XM, Dong LM. Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite suspensions for solid freeform fabrication. Ceram Int. 2002;28:299–302.
  • Barlow JW, Lee GH, Crawford RH, Beaman JJ, Marcus HL, Lagow RJ. Method and system for fabricating artificial bone implants. 1997. U.S. Patent No. 5639402.
  • Chua CK, Leong KF, Tan KH, Wiria FE, Cheah CM. Development of tissue scaffolds using selective laser sintering of polyvinylalcohol/hydroxyapatite biocomposite for craniofacial and joint defects. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2004;15:1113–21.
  • Detsch R, Uhl F, Deisinger U, Ziegler G. 3D-Cultivation of bone marrow stromal cells on hydroxyapatite scaffolds fabricated by dispense-plotting and negative mould technique. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008;19:1491–6.
  • Dorozhkin SV. Calcium orthophosphates. J Mater Sci. 2007;42: 1061–95.
  • Bohner M. Calcium orthophosphates in medicine: from ceramics to calcium phosphate cements. Injury. 2000;31:37–47.
  • Yaremchuk MJ. Acquired cranial bone deformities. In: Mathes SJ. Plastic surgery: the head and neck. Part 2. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 547–63.
  • Gronet PM, Waskewicz GA, Richardson C. Preformed acrylic cranial implants using fused deposition modeling: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;90:429–33.
  • Chiarini L, Figurelli S, Pollastri G, Torcia E, Ferrari F, Albanese M, et al. Cranioplasty using acrylic material: a new technical procedure. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2004;32:5–9.
  • Sessions RB, Wolfe SK, Moiel RH, Cheek WR. Wire mesh foundation for methyl methacrylate cranioplasty. Laryngoscope. 1974;84: 1020–30.
  • Costantino PD, Chaplin JM, Wolpoe ME, Catalano PJ, Sen C, Bederson JB, et al. Applications of fast-setting hydroxyapatite cement: cranioplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;123:409–12.
  • Chim H, Schantz JT. New frontiers in calvarial reconstruction: integrating computer-assisted design and tissue engineering in cranioplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:1726–41.
  • Vahtsevanos K, Triaridis S, Patrikidou A, Uttley D, Moore AJ, Bell A, et al. The Atkinson Morley's Hospital joint neurosurgical-maxillofacial procedures: cranioplasty case series 1985–2003. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2007;35:336–42.
  • Velayudhan S, Anilkumar TV, Kumary TV, Mohanan PV, Fernandez AC, Varma HK, et al. Biological evaluation of pliable hydroxyapatite-ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer composites intended for cranioplasty. Acta Biomater. 2005;1:201–9.
  • Lauria A, Mayrink G, Fernandes M, Roger W, Asprino L, de Moraes M. Evaluation of the use of biomodels in sequelae of maxillofacial trauma. Int J Odontostomatology. 2013;7:113–16.
  • Adolphs N, Liu WC, Keeve E, Hoffmeister B. Craniomaxillofacial surgery planning based on 3D models derived from Cone-Beam CT data. Comput Aided Surg. 2013;18:101–8.
  • Oliveira M, Sooraj Hussain N, Dias AG, Lopes MA, Azevedo L, Zenha H, et al. 3-D biomodelling technology for maxillofacial reconstruction. Mater Sci Eng. 2008;28:1347–51.
  • D’Urso PS, Atkinson RL, Lanigan MW, Earwaker WJ, Bruce IJ, Holmes A, et al. Stereolithographic (SL) bio modelling in craniofacial surgery. Br J Plast Surg. 1998;51:522–30.
  • Sekou S, Li DC, Lu BH, Liu YP, Gong ZY, Liu YX. Design and fabrication of custom mandible titanium tray based on rapid prototyping. Med Eng Phys. 2004;26:671–6.
  • Cunningham LL Jr, Madsen MJ, Peterson G. Stereolithographic modeling technology applied to tumor resection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63:873–8.
  • Kernan BT, Wimsatt JA. Use of a stereolithography model for accurate, preoperative adaptation of a reconstruction plate. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:349–51.
  • Brie J, Chartier T, Chaput C, Delage C, Pradeau B, Carie F, et al. A new custom made bioceramic implant for the repair of large and complex craniofacial bone defects. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2013;41:403–7.
  • Metsger DS, Rieger MR, Foreman DW. Mechanical properties of sintered hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate ceramic. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1999;10:9–17.
  • Puértolas JA, Vadillo JL, Sánchez-Salcedo S, Nieto A, Gómez-Barrena E, Vallet-Regí M. Compression behaviour of biphasic calcium phosphate and biphasic calcium phosphate-agarose scaffolds for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater. 2011;7:841–7.
  • White E, Shors EC. Biomaterial aspects of Interpore-200 porous hydroxyapatite. Dent Clin North Am. 1986;30:49–67.
  • Liu XJ, Gui L, Mao C, Peng X, Yu GY. Applying computer techniques in maxillofacial reconstruction using a fibula flap: a messenger and an evaluation method. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:372–7.
  • Olszewski R, Villamil MB, Trevisan DG, Nedel LP, Freitas CMDS, Reychler H, et al. Towards an integrated system for planning and assisting maxillofacial orthognathic surgery. Comput Meth Prog Bio. 2008;91:13–21.
  • Hassfeld S, Mühling J. Computer assisted oral and maxillofacial surgery—a review and an assessment of technology. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;30:2–13.
  • Pham AM, Rafii AA, Metzger MC, Jamail A, Strong EB. Computer modeling and intraoperative navigation in maxillofacial surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137:624–31.
  • Klammert U, Gbureck U, Vorndran E, Rödiger J, Meyer-Marcotty P, Kübler AC. 3D powder printed calcium phosphate implants for reconstruction of cranial and maxillofacial defects. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2010;38:565–70.
  • Zhou L, Zhao J, Shang H, Liu W, Feng Z, Liu G, et al. Reconstruction of mandibular defects using a custom made titanium tray in combination with autologous cancellous Bone. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:1508–18.
  • Zhou LB, Shang HT, He LS, Bo B, Liu GC, Liu YP, et al. Accurate reconstruction of discontinuous mandible using a reverse engineering/computer-aided design/rapid prototyping technique: a preliminary clinical study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:2115–21.
  • Turgut G, Özkaya Ö, Kayal MU. Computer-aided design and manufacture and rapid prototyped polymethylmethacrylate reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23:770–3.
  • Ciocca L, De Crescenziob F, Fantinib M, Scotti R. CAD/CAM and rapid prototyped scaffold construction for bone regenerative medicine and surgical transfer of virtual planning: a pilot study. Comput Med Imag Graph. 2009;33:58–62.
  • Cui J, Chen L, Guan X, Ye L, Wang H, Liu L. Surgical planning, three-dimensional model surgery and preshaped implants in treatment of bilateral craniomaxillofacial post-traumatic deformities. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72:1138.e1–14.
  • Gateno J, Xia JJ, Teichgraeber JF, Christensen AM, Lemoine JJ, Liebschner MAK, et al. Clinical feasibility of computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) in the treatment of complex cranio-maxillofacial deformities. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:728–34.
  • Jung HJ, Jung YB, Song KS, Park SJ, Lee JS. Fractures associated with computer-navigated total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg. 2007; 89:2280–4.
  • Xia JJ, Gateno J, Teichgraeber JF. A new clinical protocol to evaluate cranio-maxillofacial deformity and to plan surgical correction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:2093–106.
  • Hu YL, Li HY, Qiao GX, Liu HF, Ji AY, Ye FG. Computer-assisted virtual surgical procedure for acetabular fractures based on real CT data. Injury. 2011;42:1121–4.
  • Yang XQ, Hu J, Zhu SS, Liang X, Li J, Luo E. Computer-assisted surgical planning and simulation for condylar reconstruction in patients with osteochondroma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;49:203–8.
  • Lee JW, Fang JJ, Chang LR, Yu CK. Mandibular defect reconstruction with the help of mirror imaging coupled with laser stereolithographic modeling technique. J Formos Med Assoc. 2007;106:244–50.
  • Zhou LB, He LS, Shang HT, Liu GC, Zhao JL, Liu YP. Correction of hemifacial microsomia with the help of mirror imaging and a rapid prototyping technique: case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;47:486–8.
  • Singare S, Li DC, Lu BG, Liu YP, Gong ZY, Liu YX. Design and fabrication of custom mandible titanium tray based on rapid prototyping. Med Eng Phys. 2004;26:671–6.
  • Al Mardini M, Ercoli C, Graser GN. A technique to produce a mirror-image wax pattern of an ear using rapid prototyping technology. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;94:195–8.
  • Ciocca L, Mingucci R, Gassino G, Scotti R. CAD/CAM ear model and virtual construction of the mold. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;98:339–43.
  • Kozakiewicz M, Elgalal M, Loba P, Komuński P, Arkuszewski P, Broniarczy-Loba A. Clinical application of 3D pre-bent titanium implants for orbital floor fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009; 37:229–34.
  • Chen XY, Chen SL, Zhang X, Li JP, Deng W. Accuracy of intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy with a stereolithographic template. Ann Plast Surg. 2011;66:88–91.
  • Li P, Tang W, Li J, Tian DW. Preliminary application of virtual simulation and reposition template for zygomatico-orbitomaxillary complex fracture. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23:1436–9.
  • Leiggener C, Messo E, Thor A, Zeilhofer HF, Hirsch JM. A selective laser sintering guide for transferring a virtual plan to real time surgery in composite mandibular reconstruction with free fibula osseous flaps. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;38:187–92.
  • Liu XZ, Shu DL, Ran W, Guo B, Liao X. Digital surgical templates for managing high-energy zygomaticomaxillary complex injuries associated with orbital volume change: a quantitative assessment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71:1712–23.
  • Abou-ElFetouh A, Barakat A, Abdel-Ghany K. Computer-guided rapid-prototyped templates for segmental mandibular osteotomies: a preliminary report. Int J Med Robotics Comput Assist Surg. 2011;7:187–92.
  • Eufinger H, Wehmöller M, Machtens E. Individual prostheses and resection templates for mandibular resection and reconstruction. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;35:413–18.
  • Hallermann W, Olsen S, Bardyn T, Taghizadeh F, Banic A, Lizuka T. A new method for computer-aided operation planning for extensive mandibular reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:2431–7.
  • Hannen EJ. Recreating the original contour in tumor deformed mandibles for plate adapting. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006; 35:183–5.
  • Dérand P, Hirsch JM. Virtual bending of mandibular reconstruction plates using a computer-aided design. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1640–3.
  • Roser SM, Ramachandra S, Blair H, Grist W, Carlson GW, Christensen AM, et al. The accuracy of virtual surgical planning in free fibula mandibular reconstruction: comparison of planned and final results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:2824–32.
  • Marmulla R, Niederdellmann H. Surgical planning of computer- assisted repositioning osteotomies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104: 938–44.
  • Murray DJ, Edwards G, Mainprize JG, Antonyshyn O. Optimizing craniofacial osteotomies: applications of haptic and rapid prototyping technology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66:1766–72.
  • Klug C, Schicho K, Ploder O, Yerit K, Watzinger F, Ewers R, et al. Point-to-point computer-assisted navigation for precise transfer of planned zygoma osteotomies from the stereolithographic model into reality. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64:550–9.
  • Becelli R, Carboni A, Cerulli G, Perugini M, Iannetti G. Delayed and inadequately treated malar fractures: evolution in the treatment, presentation of 77 cases, and review of the literature. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2002;26:134–8.
  • Feng F, Wang H, Guan X, Tian W, Jing W, Long J, et al. Mirror imaging and preshaped titanium plates in the treatment of unilateral malar and zygomatic arch fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112:188–94.
  • Wiens JL, Forte RA, Wiens JP. The use of distraction osteogenesis to treat hemifacial microsomia: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;89:11–14.
  • Patterson AR, Brady G, Loukota RA. Distraction of the mandibular ramus in hemifacial microsomia with a defect of the glenoid fossa. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;45:599–600.
  • Meazzini MC, Mazzoleni F, Gabriele C, Bozzetti A. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis in hemifacial microsomia: long-term follow-up. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2005;33:370–6.
  • Bai S, Bo B, Bi Y, Wang B, Zhao J, Liu Y, et al. CAD/CAM surface templates as an alternative to the intermediate wafer in orthognathic surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;110:e1–7.
  • Nasir S, Aydin MA, Altnutas S, Sonmez E, Safak T. Soft tissue augmentation for restoration of facial contour deformities using the free SCIA/SIEA flap. Microsurgery. 2008;28:333–8.
  • Hoehnke C, Eder M, Papadopulos NA, Zimmermann A, Brockmann G, Biemer E, et al. Minimal invasive reconstruction of posttraumatic hemi facial atrophy by 3-D computer-assisted lipofilling. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg. 2007;60:1138–44.
  • Choi JY, Song KG, Baek SH. Virtual model surgery and wafer fabrication for orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009; 38:1306–10.
  • Tsuji M, Noguchi N, Shigematsu M, Yamashita Y, Ihara K, Shikimori M, et al. A new navigation system based on cephalograms and dental casts for oral and maxillofacial surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35:828–36.
  • Choi JY, Hwang JM, Baek SH. Virtual model surgery and wafer fabrication using 2-dimensional cephalograms, 3-dimensional virtual dental models, and stereolithographic technology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113:193–200.
  • Xia JJ, McGrory JK, Gateno J, Teichgraeber JF, Dawson BC, Kennedy KA, et al. A new method to orient 3-dimensional computed tomography models to the natural head position: a clinical feasibility study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:584–91.
  • Song KG, Baek SH. Comparison of the accuracy of the three- dimensional virtual method and the conventional manual method for model surgery and intermediate wafer fabrication. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107:13–21.
  • Swennen GRJ, Mollemans W, De Clercq C, Abeloos J, Lamoral P, Lippens F. A cone-beam computed tomography triple scan procedure to obtain a three-dimensional augmented virtual skull model appropriate for orthognathic surgery planning. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20: 297–307.
  • Metzger MC, Hohlweg-Majert B, Schwarz U, Teschner M, Hammer B, Schmeizeisen R. Manufacturing splints for orthognathic surgery using a three-dimensional printer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;105:e1–7.
  • Aboul-Hosn Centenero S, Hernandez-Alfaro F. 3D planning in orthognathic surgery: CAD/CAM surgical splints and prediction of the soft and hard tissues results: our experience in 16 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2012;40:162–8.
  • Akram A, Collin J, Postlethwaite K, Sweeney G. Planned to perfection? Use of the model repositioning instrument to plan maxillary movements for orthognathic surgery. Orthodontics (Chic.). 2011;12:130–3.
  • Danesh G, Lippold C, Joos U, Meyer U. Technical and clinical assessment of the use of a new material-based splint in orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35:796–9.
  • Ellis E. Accuracy of model surgery: evaluation of an old technique and introduction of a new one. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;48:1161–7.
  • Fuglein A, Riediger D. Exact three-dimensional skull-related repositioning of the maxilla during orthognathic surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;50:614–16.
  • Anwar M, Harris M. Model surgery for orthognathic planning. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;28:393–7.
  • Cottrell DA, Wolford LM. Altered orthognathic surgical sequencing and a modified approach to model surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994;52:1010–20.
  • Schwestka R, Engelke D, Kubein-Meesenburg D, Luhr HG. Control of vertical position of the maxilla in orthognathic surgery: clinical application of the sandwich splint. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1990;5:133–6.
  • Barkate HE. Orthognathic surgery by distraction osteogenesis: a literature review. Dentistry. 1997;17:14–18.
  • Costantino PD, Buchbinder D. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis: types, applications, and indications. J Craniofac Surg. 1996;7: 404–7.
  • Taylor TD, Stal S. Applications of distraction osteogenesis. Part I. Clin Plast Surg. 1998;25:553–60.
  • Paeng JY, Lee JH, Lee JH, Kim MJ. Condyle as the point of rotation for 3-D planning of distraction osteogenesis for hemifacial microsomia. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2007;35:91–102.
  • Barrett JF, Keat N. Artifacts in CT: recognition and avoidance. Radiographics. 2004;24:1679–91.
  • Choi JY, Choi JH, Kim NK, Kim Y, Lee JK, Kim MK, et al. Analysis of errors in medical rapid prototyping models. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;31:23–32.
  • Ayoub AF, Rehab M, O’Neil M, Khambay B, Ju X, Barbenel J, et al. A novel approach for planning orthognathic surgery: The integration of dental casts into three-dimensional printed mandibular models. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;43:454–9.
  • O’Malley AM, Milosevic A. Comparison of three facebow/semi-adjustable articulator systems for planning orthognathic surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;38:185–90.
  • Sharifi A, Jones R, Ayoub A, Moos K, Walker F, Khambay B, et al. How accurate is model planning for orthognathic surgery? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37:1089–93.
  • Utz KH, Muller F, Luckerath W, Fuss E, Koeck B. Accuracy of check-bite registration and centric condylar position. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29:458–66.
  • Zizelmann C, Hammer B, Gellrich NC, Schwestka-Polly R, Rana M, Bucher P. An evaluation of face-bow transfer for the planning of orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:1944–50.
  • Bamber MA, Abang Z, Ng WF, Harris M, Linney A. The effect of posture and anesthesia on the occlusal relationship in orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:1164–74.
  • Bamber MA, Harris M, Nacher C. A validation of two orthognathic model surgery techniques. J Orthod. 2001;28:135–42.
  • Sun Y, Luebbers HT, Agbaje JO, Schepers S, Vrielinck L, Lambrichts I. Accuracy of upper jaw positioning with intermediate splint fabrication after virtual planning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2013;24:1871–6.
  • Ong TK, Banks RJ, Hildreth AJ. Surgical accuracy in Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;39:96–102.
  • Ferguson JW, Luyk NH. Control of vertical dimension during maxillary orthognathic surgery. A clinical trial comparing internal and external fixed reference points. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1992;20: 333–6.
  • Perkins SJ, Newhouse RF, Bach DE. A modified Boley gauge for accurate measurement during maxillary osteotomies. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992;50:1018–19.
  • Kretschmer WB, Zoder W, Baciut G, Bacuit M, Wangerin K. Accuracy of maxillary positioning in bimaxillary surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;47:446–9.
  • Polido WD, Ellis E 3rd, Sinn DP. An assessment of the predictability of maxillary repositioning. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;20: 349–52.
  • Ellis E. Bimaxillary surgery using an intermediate splint to position the maxilla. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:53–6.
  • Turvey TA. Simultaneous mobilization of the maxilla and mandible: surgical technique and results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1982;40:96–9.
  • Seres L, Varga E, Kocsis A, Rasko Z, Bago B, Varga E, et al. Correction of a severe facial asymmetry with computerized planning and with the use of a rapid prototyped surgical template: a case report/technique article. Head Face Med. 2014;10:1–9.
  • Cheong YW, Lo LJ. Facial asymmetry: etiology, evaluation, and management. Chang Gung Med J. 2011, 34:341–51.
  • Hierl T, Arnold S, Kruber D, Schulze FP, Humpfner-Hierl H. CAD-CAM-assisted esthetic facial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71:e15–23.
  • Ciocca L, Mazzoni S, Fantini M, Persiani F, Baldissara P, Marchetti C, et al. A CAD/CAM-prototyped anatomical condylar prosthesis connected to a custom-made bone plate to support a fibula free flap. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2012;50:743–9.
  • Rohner D, Guijarro-Martínez R, Bucher P, Hammer B. Importance of patient-specific intraoperative guides in complex maxillofacial reconstruction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2013;41:382–90.
  • Liu Y, Zhu H, Dong X, Peng W. Study on digital design and manufacturing techniques to realize precise maxillofacial prostheses surgery. China Mech Eng. 2010;21:2100–6.
  • Bhambhani R, Bhattacharya J, Sen SK. Digitization and its futuristic approach in prosthodontics. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2013;13: 165–74.
  • Sabol JV, Grant GT, Liacouras P, Rouse S. Digital image capture and rapid prototyping of the maxillofacial defect. J Prosthodont. 2011;20:310–14.
  • Feng Z, Dong Y, Zhao Y, Bai S, Zhou B, Bi Y, et al. Computer-assisted technique for the design and manufacture of realistic facial prostheses. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;48:105–9.
  • Lübbers HT, Medinger L, Kruse A, Grätz KW, Matthews F. Precision and accuracy of the 3dMD photogrammetric system in craniomaxillofacial application. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21:763–7.
  • Moyer HR, Carlson GW, Styblo TM, Losken A. Three-dimensional digital evaluation of breast symmetry after breast conservation therapy. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207:227–32.
  • Weinberg SM, Naidoo S, Govier DP, Martin RA, Kane AA, Marazita ML. Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry. J Craniofac Surg. 2006;17:477–83.
  • Aldridge K, Boyadjiev SA, Capone GT, Deleon VB, Richtsmeier JT. Precision and error of three-dimessional phenotypic measures acquired from 3dMD photogrammetric images. Am J Med Genet A. 2005;138A:247–53.
  • Watson RM, Coward TJ, Forman GH, Moss JP. Considerations in treatment planning for implanted-supported auricular prostheses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993;8:688–94.
  • Rodrigues S, Shenoy VK, Shenoy K. Prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient after partial rhinectomy: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;93:125–8.
  • Kubon TM. Creating an adaptable anterior margin for an implantretained auricular prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;86:233–40.
  • Hecker DM. Maxillofacial rehabilitation of a large facial defect resulting from an arteriovenous malformation utilizing a two-piece prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;89:109–13.
  • Nusinov NS, Gay WD. A method for obtaining the reverse image of an ear. J Prosthet Dent. 1980;44:68–71.
  • Mathewa MF, Smith RM, Sutton AJ, Hudson R. The ocular impression: a review of the literature and presentation of an alternate technique. J Prosthodont. 2000;9:210–16.
  • Evans JH, Scbweiger JW, Wright RF. Craniofacial osseointegration of a large midfacial bone-anchored combination maxillofacial prosthesis: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 1996;75:483–6.
  • Ugadama A, King GE. Mechanically retained facial prostheses: helpful or harmful? J Prosthet Dent. 1983;49:85–6.
  • Parel SM, Branemark PI, Tjellstrom A, Gion G. Osseointegration in maxillofacial prosthetics. Part II: Extraoral applications. J Prosthet Dent. 1986;55:600–6.
  • Dumbrigue HB, Fyler A. Minimizing prosthesis movement in a midfacial defect: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;78:341–5.
  • Flood TR, Russell K. Reconstruction of nasal defects with implant-retained nasal prostheses. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;36:341–5.
  • Beumer J, Curtis TA, Marunick MT. Maxillofacial rehabilitation: prosthodontic and surgical considerations. St. Louis, MO: Ishiyaky Euro America; 1996.
  • Javid N. The use of magnets in a maxillofacial prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent. 1971;25:334–41.
  • Girod S, Keeve E, Girod B. Advances in interactive craniofacial surgery planning by 3D simulation and visualization. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995;24:120–5.
  • Penkner K, Santler G, Mayer W, Pierer G, Lorenzoni M. Fabricating auricular prosthesis using three-dimensional soft tissue model itself. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;82:482–4.
  • Cheah CM, Chua CK, Tan KH, Teo CK. Integration of laser surface digitizing with CAD/CAM techniques for developing facial prosthesis. Part 1: Design and fabrication of prosthesis replicas. Int J Prosthodont. 2003;16:435–41.
  • Reitemeier B, Notni G, Heinze M, Schone C, Schmidt A, Fichtner D. Optical modeling of extraoral defects. J Prosthet Dent. 2004;91:80–4.
  • Mankovich NJ, Curtis DA, Kagawa T, Beumer J. Comparison of computer-based fabrication of alloplastic cranial implants with conventional techniques. J Prosthet Dent. 1986;55:606–9.
  • Lemon JC, Okay DJ, Powers JM, Martin JW, Chambers MS. Facial moulage: the effect of a retarder on compressive strength and working and setting times of irreversible hydrocolloid impression material. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;90:276–81.
  • Kubon TM, Anderson JD. An implant-retained auricular impression technique to minimize soft tissue distortion. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;89:97–101.
  • Taylor TD. Clinical maxillofacial prosthetics. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing; 2000.
  • El-Katatny I, Masood SH, Morsi YS. Error analysis of FDM fabricated medical replicas. Rapid Prototyping J. 2010;16:36–43.
  • Ibrahim D, Broilo TL, Heitz C, de Oliveira MG, de Oliveira HW, Nobre SMW, et al. Dimensional error of selective laser sintering, three-dimensional printing and PolyJet models in the reproduction of mandibular anatomy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009;37:167–73.
  • Silva DN, Gerhardt de Oliveira M, Meurer E, Meurer MI, Lopes da Silva JV, Santa-Barbara A. Dimensional error in selective laser sintering and 3D-printing of models for craniomaxillary anatomy reconstruction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2008;36:443–9.
  • Nizam A, Gopal RN, Naing L, Hakim AB, Samsudin AR. Dimensional accuracy of the skull models produced by rapid prototyping technology using stereolithography apparatus. Arch Orofac Sci. 2006;1:60–6.
  • Salmi M, Paloheimo KS, Tuomi J, Wolff J, Mäkitie A. Accuracy of medical models made by additive manufacturing (rapid manufacturing). J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2013;41:603–9.
  • Arisan V, Karabuda ZC, Özdemir T. Accuracy of two stereolithographic guide systems for computer-aided implant placement: a computed tomography based clinical comparative study. J Periodontol. 2010; 81:43–51.
  • Liang X, Jacobs R, Hassan B, Li L, Pauwels R, Corpas L, et al. A comparative evaluation of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and multi-slice CT (MSCT) Part I: on subjective image quality. Eur J Radiol. 2010;75:265–9.
  • Liang X, Lambrichts I, Sun Y, Denis K, Hassan B, Li L, et al. A comparative evaluation of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and multi-slice CT (MSCT). Part II: on 3D model accuracy. Eur J Radiol. 2010;75:270–4.
  • Assche NV, van Steenberghe D, Guerrero ME, Hirsch E, Schutyser F, Quirynen M, et al. Accuracy of implant placement based on pre-surgical planning of three dimensional cone-beam images: a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol. 2007;34:816–21.
  • Saunders RE, Derby B. Inkjet printing biomaterials for tissue engineering: bioprinting. Int Mater Rev. 2014;59:430–48.
  • Karapatis NP, Van Griethuysen JPS, Glardon R. Direct rapid tooling: a review of current research. Rapid Prototyping J. 1998;4:77–89.
  • Wang X. Calibration of shrinkage and beam offset in SLS process. Rapid Prototyping J. 1999;5:129–33.
  • Sawyer AA, Song SJ, Susanto E, Chuan P, Lam CXF, Woodruff MA, et al. The stimulation of healing within a rat calvarial defect by mPCLeTCP/collagen scaffolds loaded with rhBMP-2. Biomaterials. 2009;30: 2479–88.
  • Gu DD, Meiners W, Wissenbach K, Poprawe R. Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms. Int Mater Rev. 2012;57:133–65.
  • Ders.org. The FBI is getting a Stratasys Objet24 3D printer for inspecting bombs. 2014. Available at: http://www.3ders.org/articles/20140614-the-fbi-is-getting-a-stratasys-objet24-3d-printer-for-inspecting-bombs.html (accessed 26 August 2014).
  • Aleid W, Watson J, Sidebottom AJ, Hollows P. Development of in-house rapid manufacturing of three-dimensional models in maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;48:479–81.
  • Pearce JM, Blair CM, Laciak KJ, Andrews R, Nosrat A, Zelenika-Zovko I. 3-D printing of open source appropriate technologies for self-directed sustainable development. J Sustain Dev. 2010;3: 17–29.
  • Ping F, Liu W, Chen J, Xu X, Shi Z, Yan F. Simultaneous correction of bilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis with mandibular micrognathia using internal distraction osteogenesis and 3-Dimensional craniomaxillofacial models. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 68:571–7.
  • Yu Q, Gong X, Wang GM, Yu ZY, Qian YF, Shen G. A novel technique for presurgical nasoalveolar molding using computer-aided reverse engineering and rapid prototyping. J Craniofac Surg. 2011; 22:142–6.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.