Separate systems for serotonin and leptin in appetite control

References

• Blundell J E. Pharmacological approaches to appetite suppression. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991; 12: 147–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halford J CG, Blundell J E. Pharmacology of appetite suppression. Progress in drug research, E Jucker. Birkhauser Verlag, BaselSwitzerland 2000; Vol 54: 25–45
   Google Scholar
• Blundell J E. Is there a role for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in feeding?. Int J Obes 1977; 1: 15–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blundell J E, Halford J CG. Serotonin and appetite regulation: implications for the pharmacological treatment of obesity. CNS Drugs 1998; 9: 473–95
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blundell J E. Serotonin and the biology of feeding. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 1555–95
   Google Scholar
• Barnes N M, Sharp T. A review of central 5-HT receptors and their function. Neuropharmacology 1999; 38: 1083–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halford J CG, Wanninayake S CD, Blundell J E. Behavioural satiety sequence (BSS) for the diagnosis of drug action on food intake. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 61: 159–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tecott L H, Sum L M, Akana S F. Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2C serotonin receptors. Nature 1995; 374: 542–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutson P H, Donohoe T P, Curzon G. Infusion of the 5-hydroxytryptamine agonists RU-24969 and TFMPP into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus induces hypophagia. Psychopharmacology 1988; 97: 550–2
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher P J, Coscina D V. Injecting 5-HT into the PVN does not prevent feeding induced by 8-OH-DPAT into the raphe. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 46: 487–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coscina D V, Feifel D, Norbrega J N. Intra ventricular but not intra paraventricular nucleus metergoline elicits feeding in satiated rats. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: R1562–7
   Google Scholar
• Walsh A E, Smith K A, Oldman A D. m-Chlorophenyl-piperazine decreases food intake in a test meal. Psycho-pharmacology 1994; 116: 120–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent P A, Sharpley A L, Williams C. 5-HT2C activation decreases appetite and body weight in obese subjects. Psychopharmacology 1997; 133: 309–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeles S, Williams C, Campling G M. Sumatriptan decreases food intake and increases plasma growth hormone in women. Psychopharmacology 1997; 129: 179–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernstorm J D. Food-induced changes in brain serotonin synthesis: is there a relationship to appetite for specific macronutrients?. Appetite 1987; 8: 163
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halford J CG, Smith B K, Blundell J E. Serotonin (5-HT) and serotoninergic receptors in the regulation of macronutrient intake. Neural control of macronutrient selection, H R Rethouud, R Seeley. CRC Press, LLC, Baco Raton, FLUSA 2000; 425–46
   Google Scholar
• Blundell J E, Lawton C L, Halford J CG. Serotonin, eating behaviour and fat intake. Obes Res 1995; 3: 471–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith B K, York D A, Bray G A. Chronic d-fenfluramine treatment reduces fat intake independent of macronutrient preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 60: 105–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith B K, York D A, Bray G A. Effects of intrahypothalamic infusion of serotonin and serotonin receptor agonists on macronutrient selection. Am J Physiol 1999; 46: 802–11
   Google Scholar
• Cooper S J, Dourish C T. Multiple cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors and CCK-monoamine interactions are instrumental in the control of feeding. Physiol Behav 1990; 48: 849–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper S J. Cholecystokinin modulation of serotonergic control of feeding behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 780: 213–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper S J, Dourish C T, Clifton P G. CCK antagonists and CCK monoamine interactions in the control of satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 291–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper S J, Dourish C T, Barber D J. Reversal of the anorectic effect of (+)-fenfluramine in the rat by the selective cholecystokinin receptor antagonist MK-329. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 99: 65–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stallone D, Nicolaidis S, Gibbs J. Cholecystokinin-induced anorexia depends on serotoninergic function. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: 1138–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poeschla B, Gibbs J, Simansky K J, Smith G P. The 5-HT1a agonist 8-OH-DPAT attenuates the satiating action of cholecystokinin. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992; 42: 541–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poeschla B, Gibbs J, Simansky K J, Greenburg D, Smith G P. Cholecystokinin-induced satiety depends on activation of 5-HT1c receptors. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: 62–4
   Google Scholar
• Voigt J P, Fink H, Marsden C A. Evidence for the involvement of the 5-HT1a receptor in CCK induced satiety in rats. Arch Pharmacol 1995; 351: 217–20
   Google Scholar
• Esfanhani N, Bedner I, Quershi G A, Sodersten P. Inhibition of serotonin synthesis attenuates inhibition of ingestive behavior by CCK-8. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995; 51: 9–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voigt J P, Sohr R, Fink H. CCK-IS facilitates 5-HT release in the rat hypothalamus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 59: 179–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton-Freeman B, Gietzen D W, Schneeman B O. Cholecystokinin and serotonin receptors in the regulation of fat-induced satiety in rats. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: 429–34
   Google Scholar
• Erlanson-Albertsson C, Mei J, Okada S, York D A, Bray G A. Pancreatic procolipase propeptide, enterostatin specifically inhibits fat intake. Physiol Behav 1991; 49: 1191–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada S, York D A, Bray G A, Erlanson-Albertsson C. Enterostatin (Val-Pro-Asp-Pro-Arg), the activation peptide of procolipase selectively reduces fat intake. Physiol Behav 1991; 49: 1185–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mei J, Erlanson-Albertsson C. Role of intraduodenally administered enterostatin in rats: inhibition of food. Obes Res 1996; 4: 161–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin L, York D A. Chronic ingestion of dietary fat is a prerequisite for inhibition of feeding by enterostatin. Am J Physiol 1998; 44: R619–23
   Google Scholar
• Dryden S, Wang Q, Frankish H M. The serotonin (5-HT) antagonist methysergide increases neuropeptide Y (NPY) synthesis and secretion in the hypothalamus of the rat. Brain Res 1995; 699: 12–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryden S, Frankish H M, Wang Q. Increases in feeding and neuropeptide Y (NPY) but not NPY mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of the rat following central administration of the serotonin synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine. Brain Res 1996; 724: 232–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryden S, Frankish H M, Wang Q. The serotonergic agent fluoxetine reduces neuropeptide levels and neuropeptide Y secretion in the hypothalamus of the lean and obese rats. Neuroscience 1996; 72: 557–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryden S, Williams G. The role of hypothalamic peptides in the control of energy balance and body weight. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diab 1996; 3: 51–8
   Google Scholar
• Bivens C LM, Thomas W J, Stanley B G. Similar feeding patterns are induced by perifornical neuropeptide Y injection and by food deprivation. Brain Res 1998; 782: 271–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grignaschi G, Sironi F, Samanin R. The 5-HT1B receptor mediates the effect of d-fenfluramine on eating caused by hypothalamic injection of neuropeptide Y. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 274: 221–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown C M, Coscina D V. Ineffectiveness of hypothalamic serotonin to block neuropeptide-Y-induced feeding. Phamacol Biochem Behav 1995; 51: 641–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie P J, Coscina D V. Stimulation of 5-HT2N2C receptors within specific hypothalamic nuclei differentially antagonizes NPY-induced feeding. Neuroreport 1997; 8: 3759–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie P J, Coscina D V. 5-hydroxytryptaminergic receptor agonists: effects on neuropeptide Y potentiation of feeding and respiratory quotient. Bruin Res 1998; 803: 212–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennady J C. The role of a fat depot in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the Rat. Proc R Soc London (Biol) 1953; 140: 578
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohamed-Ali V, Pinkney J H, Coppack S W. Adipose tissue as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Int J Obes 1998; 22: 1145–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Friedman J M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelleymounter M A, Cillen M J, Baker M B, Hecht R, Winters D, Boone T, et al. Effects of the obese gene product on the body weight regulation in the ob/ob mice. Science 1995; 269: 540–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halaas J L, Gajiwala K S, Maffei M, Cohen S L, Chati B T, Rabiowitx D, et al. Weight reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 1995; 269: 543–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campfield L A, Smith F J, Guisez Y, Devos R, Burn P. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 1995; 269: 546–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Charlet O, Tartaglia L A, Woolf E A, Weng X, Ellis S J, et al. Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell 1996; 84: 491–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee G, Proenca R, Montez J M, Carrol K M, Darvishzadeh J G, Leed J I, et al. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 1996; 379: 632–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campfield L A, Smith F J. Overview: neurobiology of OB protein (leptin). Proc Nutr Soc 1998; 57: 429–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coppack S W, Pinkney J H, Mohames-Ali V. Leptin production in human adipose tissue. Proc Nutr Soc 1998; 57: 461–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mantzoros C S. The role of leptin in human obesity and disease: a review of current evidence. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 671–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman R A, Herrmann T S. Nutritional regulation of leptin in humans. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 639–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, Partley R E, Lee G H, Zhang Y, et al. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob mRNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med 1995; 1: 1155–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Considine R V, Sinda M K, Heiman M L, Kriauciunas A, Stephens T W, Nyce M R, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 292–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montague C T, Farooqi I S, Whitehead J P, Soos M A, Rau H, Wareham N J, et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early onset obesity in humans. Nature 1997; 387: 903–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson J C, Clegg K E, Palmiter R D. Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature 1996; 381: 415–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson J C, Hollopetter G, Palmiter R D. Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y. Science 1996; 274: 1704–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith F J, Campfield L A, Moschera J A, Bailon P S, Bum P. Brain administration of OB protein (leptin) inhibits neuro-peptide-Y-induced feeding in ob/ob mice. Regul Peptides 1998; 75: 433–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahu A. Evidence suggesting that galanin (GAL), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neurotensin (NT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are targets of leptin signalling in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 795–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu A. Leptin decreases food intake induced by melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 4739–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz M W, Marks J, Sipols A J, Baskin D B, Wood S C, Kahn S E, et al. Central insulin administration reduces neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus of food-deprived lean (Fa/Fa) but not obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Endocrinology 1991; 128: 2645–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz M W, Figlewicz D P, Baskin D G, Woods S C, Kahn S E, Porte J D. Insulin and the central regulation of energy balance: an update. Endocrine Rev 1994; 2: 109–13
   Google Scholar
• Woods S C, Seeley R J, Porte D, Schwartz M W. Signals that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis. Science 1998; 280: 1378–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz M W, Seeley R J, Campfield L A, Burn P, Baskin D G. Identification of targets of leptin action in rat hypothalamus. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 1101–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck B, Kozak R, Snicker-Krongrad A, Burlet C. Neuropeptide Y release in the paraventricular nucleus of Long-Evans rats treated with leptin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 242: 636–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner J D, Rothwell N J, Luheshi G N. Leptin affects food intake via CRF-receptor-mediated pathways. Nature Neurosci 1998; 1: 103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kask A, Rago L, Korrovits P, Wikberg J ES, Schioth H B. Evidence that orexigenic effects of melanocortin 4 receptor antagonist HS014 are mediated by neuropeptide Y. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 248: 245–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kask A, Rago L, Wikberg J ES, Schioth H B. Evidence for involvement of the melanocortin MC4 receptor in the effects of leptin on food intake and body weight. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 360: 15–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leibowitz S F, Akabayashi A, Alexander J T, Wang J. Gondola steroids and hypothalamic galanin and neuropeptide Y: role in eating behaviour and body weight control in female rats. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 1771–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin L, York D A, Bray G A. Comparison of osborne-mendel and SSBPL strains of rat: central effects of galanin, NPY, β-casomorphin and CRH on intake of high and low fat diets. Obes Res 1996; 4: 117–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menzaghi F, Heinrichs S C, Pich E M. Functional impairment of hypothalamic corticotrophin releasing factor neurons with immunotargeted toxins enhances food intake induced by neuropeptide Y. Brain Res 1993; 618: 76–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijk G, Seeley R J, Thiele T D, Friedman M I, Ji H, Wilkinson C W, et al. Metabolic, gastrointestinal, and CNS neuropeptide effects of brain leptin administration in the rat. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: r1425–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig D S, Mountjoy K G, Tatro J B, Gillette J A, Frederich R C, Flier J S, et al. Melanin-concentrating hormone: a functional melanocortin antagonist in the hypothalamus. Am J Physiol 1998; 37: E627–33
   Google Scholar
• Hagan M M, Rushing P A, Schwartz M W, Yagaloff K A, Bum P, Woods S C, et al. Role of the CNS melanocortin system in the response to over feeding. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 2362–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mizuno T M, Kleopoulos S P, Bergen H T, Roberts J L, Priest C A, Mobbs C V. Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA is reduced by fasting in ob/ob and db/db mice, but is stimulated by leptin. Diabetes 1998; 47: 294–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuno T M, Makimura H, Silverstien J, Roberts J L, Lopingco T, Mobbs C V. Fasting regulates hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, and proopiomelanocortin in diabetic mice independent of changes in leptin or insulin. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 4551–7
   Google Scholar
• Fisher S L, Yagaloff K A, Burn P. Melanocortin-4 receptor: a novel signalling pathway involved in body weight regulation. Int J Obes 1999; 23: 54–8
   Google Scholar
• Thornton J E, Cheung C C, Clifton D K, Steiner R A. Regulation of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin mRNA by leptin in ob/ob mice. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 5063–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemel M B, Xue B. Agouti/ melanocortin interactions with leptin pathways in obesity. Nutr Rev 1998; 56: 271–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada J, Sugimoto Y, Ujikawa M. The serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryphan elevates serum leptin levels in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 383: 49–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dryden S, Brown M, King P, Williams G. Decrease plasma leptin levels in lean and obese zucker rats after treatment with the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Horm Metab Res 1999; 31: 363–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonogaki K, Smack A M, Dallman M F, Tecott L H. Leptin-independent hyperphagia and type 2 diabetes in mice with a mutated serotonin 5-HT2c receptor gene. Nat Med 1998; 4: 1152–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentes K U, Hinney A, Ziegler A, Rosenkranz K, Wurmser H, Barth N, et al. Evaluation of a Cys23Ser mutation within the human 5-HT2C receptor gene: no evidence for an association of the mutant allele with obesity or underweight in children, adolescents and young adults. Life Sci 1997; 61: PL9–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimerson D C, Wolfe B E, Metzger E D. Decreased serotonin function in bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 529–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar