1,607
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Rationale and design of the Newer Versus Older Antihypertensive Agents in African Hypertensive Patients (NOAAH) trial

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 256-266 | Received 21 Dec 2010, Accepted 09 Mar 2011, Published online: 15 Apr 2011

References

  • Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: global burden of disease study. Lancet. 1997; 349:1269–1276.
  • Reddy KS, Yusuf S. Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. Circulation. 1998;97:596–601.
  • Bonita R, Reddy S, Galbraith S, Bettcher D, MacIntyre M, Peden M, . Neglected global epidemics: Three growing threats. Beaglehole R, Irwin A, Prentice T. The World Health Report 2003 – Shaping the Future. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. 83–102.
  • Perkovic V, Huxley R, Wu Y, Prabhakaran PD, MacMahon S. The burden of blood pressure-related disease: A neglected priority in global health. Hypertension. 2007;50:991–997.
  • Sobngwi E, Mbanya JC, Unwin NC, Porcher R, Kengne AP, Fezeu L, . Exposure over the life course to an urban environment and its relation with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in rural and urban Cameroon. Intern J Epidemiol. 2004;33:769–776.
  • Donnison C. Blood pressure in African natives: Its bearing on the aetiology of hyperpiesa and arteriosclerosis. Lancet. 1929;i:6–7.
  • Opie LH, Seedat YK. Hypertension in sub-Saharan African populations. Circulation. 2005;112:3562–3568.
  • World Health Organization ISoHWG. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1983–1992.
  • Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, . 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007;25:1105–1187.
  • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black BK, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jr., , and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–1252.
  • Chapman RH, Benner JS, Petrilla AA, Tierce JC, Collins SR, Battleman DS, . Predictors of adherence with antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165:1147–1152.
  • Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, , for the ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an amlodipine ± perindopril strategy compared with an atenolol ± thiazide strategy. The Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:895–906.
  • Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlöf B, Pitt B, Shi V, , for the ACCOMPLISH trial investigators. Benazapril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2417–2428.
  • Consensus Statement of the Hypertension in African Americans Working Group of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks. Management of high blood pressure in African Americans. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:525–541.
  • , Joint National Hypertension Guideline Working Group 2006Seedat YK, Croasdale MA, Milne FJ, Opie LH, Pinkney-Atkinson VJ, Rayner BL. South African Hypertension Guideline 2006. S Afr Med J. 2006;96:337–362.
  • Lemogoum D, Seedat YK, Mabadeje AFB, Mendis S, Bovet P, Onwubere B, Blacket KN, Lenfant C, M'Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Block P, Belhocine P, Degaute JP, on behalf of the International Forum for Hypertension control and prevention in Africa (IFHA). Recommendations for prevention, diagnosis and management of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa. J Hypertens. 2003; 21:1993–2000.
  • Guidelines Committee. Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in Nigeria. Enugu, Nigeria, Ezu Books Ltd; 2005.
  • Flack JM, Sica DA, Bakris G, Brown AL, Ferdinand KC, Grimm RH, Jr., , on behalf of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks. Management of hypertension in Blacks: An update of the International Society of Hypertension in Blacks Consensus Statement. Hypertension. 2010; 56:780–800.
  • Young JH, Chang YP, Kim JDO, Chretien JP, Klag MJ, Levine AS, . Differential susceptibility to hypertension is due to selection during the out-of Africa expansion. PLoS Genet. 2005;1:e82.
  • Zhu X, Luke A, Cooper RS, Quertermous T, Hanis C, Mosley T, . Admixture mapping for hypertension loci with genome-wide markers. Nat Genet. 2005;37:177–181.
  • Kaufman JS, Owoaje EE, James SA, Rotimi CN, Cooper RS. Determinants of hypertension in West Africa: Contribution of anthropometric and dietary factors to urban and socioeconomic gradients. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143:1203–1218.
  • The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabet Care. 1999;22 Suppl 1:S5–S19.
  • Sokolow M, Lyon TP. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart J. 1949;37:161–186.
  • Casale PN, Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Campo E, Kligfield P. Improved sex-specific criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy for clinical and computer interpretation of electrocardiograms: Validation with autopsy findings. Circulation. 1987; 75:565–572.
  • Okin PM, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kligfield P. Electrocardiographic identification of increased left ventricular mass by simple voltage-duration products. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;24:417–423.
  • The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and , of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, . 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1462–1536.
  • El Assaad MA, Topouchian JA, Asmar RG. Evaluation of two devices for self-measurement of blood pressure according to the international protocol: The Omron M5-I and the Omron 705IT. Blood Press Monit. 2003;8:127–133.
  • O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mancia G, Mengden T, , on behalf of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. Practice guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for clinic, ambulatory and self blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2005;23:697–701.
  • Staessen JA, Byttebier G, Buntinx F, Celis H, O'Brien ET, Fagard R, for the Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Treatment of Hypertension Investigators. Antihypertensive treatment based on conventional or ambulatory blood pressure measurement. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1997;278:1065–1072.
  • Staessen JA, Den Hond E, Celis H, Fagard R, Keary L, Vandenhoven G, , for the Treatment of Hypertension Based on Home or Office Blood Pressure (THOP) Trial Investigators. Antihypertensive treatment based on blood pressure measurement at home or in the physician's office. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:955–964.
  • Shiburi CP, Staessen JA, Maseko M, Wojciechowska W, Thijs L, Van Bortel LM, . Reference values for SphygmoCor measurements in South Africans of African ancestry. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19:40–46.
  • 41st World Medical Assembly. Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations guiding physicians in biomedical research involving human subjects. Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1990;24:606–609.
  • Staessen JA, Kuznetsova T, Zhang H, Maillard M, Bochud M, Hasenkamp S, . Blood pressure and renal sodium handling in relation to genetic variation in the DRD1 promoter and GRK4. Hypertension. 2008;51:1643–1650.
  • Li Y, Zagato L, Kuznetsova T, Tripodi G, Zerbini G, Richart T, . Angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D and a-adducin Gly460Trp polymorphisms. From angiotensin-converting enzyme activity to cardiovascular outcome. Hypertension. 2007;49:1291–1297.
  • Kuznetsova T, Staessen JA, Brand E, Cwynar M, Stolarz K, Thijs L, . Context-dependency of relations between cardiovascular phenotypes and genes involved in sodium homeostasis: Findings from the European Project on Genes in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2006;2:275–281.
  • Chuang-Stein C. Some issues concerning the normalization of laboratory data based on reference ranges. Drug Inform J. 2000;35:153–156.
  • Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction: A meta-analysis [erratum published in The Lancet 2002, volume 359, January 26, p 360]. Lancet. 2001;358:1305–1315.
  • Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: Results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;362: 1527–1535.
  • Staessen JA, Li Y, Thijs L, Wang JG. Blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular prevention: An update including the 2003-2004 secondary prevention trials. Hypertens Res. 2005; 28:385–407.
  • Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli A, Gattobigio R, Bentivoglio M, Thijs L, . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention. Hypertension. 2005;46:386–392.
  • Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, Celis H, Birkenhäger WH, Bulpitt CJ, , for the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Effects of immediate versus delayed antihypertensive therapy on outcome in the Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial. J Hypertens. 2004;22:847–857.
  • Cooper RS, Rotimi CN, Kaufman JS, Muna WFT, Mensah GA. Hypertension treatment and control in sub-Saharan Africa: The epidemiological basis for policy. Br Med J. 1998;316:614–617.
  • Cooper RS, Osotimehin B, Kaufman JS, Forrester T. Disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa: What should we conclude in the absence of data? Lancet. 1998;351:208–210.
  • Ukoh VA. Admission of hypertensive patients at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. East Afr Med J. 2007;84:329–335.
  • Ike SO. The pattern of admissions into the medical wards of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu (2). Niger J Clin Pract. 2008;11:185–192.
  • Walker AR, Walker BF, Dunn MJ, Dunn SE. Causes of admissions of rural African patients to Murchison Hospital, Natal, South Africa. J R Soc Health. 1994;114:33–38.
  • Ojji DB, Alfa J, Ajayi SO, Mamven MH, Falase AO. Pattern of heart failure in Abuja, Nigeria: An echocardiographic study. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2009;20:349–352.
  • Damasceno A, Cotter G, Dzudie A, Sliwa K, Mayosi BM. Heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa: Time for action. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1688–1693.
  • Stewart S, Wilkinson D, Hansen C, Vaghela V, Mvungi R, McMurray J, . Predominance of heart failure in the Heart of Soweto Study cohort: Emerging challenges for urban African communities. Circulation. 2008;118:2360–2367.
  • Onwuchekwa AC, Onwuchekwa RC, Asekomeh EG. Stroke in young Nigerian adults. J Vasc Nurs. 2009;27:98–102.
  • Mensah GA. Epidemiology of stroke and high blood pressure in Africa. Heart. 2008;94:697–705.
  • Damasceno A, Gomes J, Azevedo A, Carrilho C, Lobo V, Lopes H, . An epidemiological study of stroke hospitalizations in Maputo, Mozambique: A high burden of disease in a resource-poor country. Stroke. 2010;41:2463–2469.
  • Amidu N, Owiredu WK, Woode E, Appiah R, Quaye L, Gyasi-Sarpong CK. Sexual dysfunction among Ghanaian men presenting with various medical conditions. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2010;8:118.
  • Matekole M, Affram K, Lee SJ, Howie AJ, Michael J, Adu D. Hypertension and end-stage renal failure in tropical Africa. J Hum Hypertens. 1993;7:443–446.
  • Naicker S. End-stage renal disease in sub-Saharan and South Africa. Kidney Intern. 2003;63 Suppl 83:S119–S122.
  • Arodiwe EB, Ike SO, Nwokediuko SC. Case fatality among hypertension-related admissions in Enugu, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2009;12:153–156.
  • Unachukwu CN, Agomuoh DI, Alasia DD. Pattern of non-communicable diseases among medical admissions in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2008;11:14–17.
  • M'Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Biswika RT, Thijs L, Tshimanga GM, Ngalula FM, Disashi T, . In-hospital mortality among black patients admitted for hypertension-related disorders in Mbuji Mayi, Congo. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22:643–648.
  • Kingue S, Dzudie A, Menanga A, Akono M, Ouankou M, Muna W. Nouveau regard sur l'insuffisance cardiaque chronique de l'adulte en Afrique à l'ère de l'échocardiographie Doppler: Expérience du service de médecine de l'Hôpital Général de Yaoundé [A new look at adult chronic heart failure in Africa in the age of Doppler echocardiography: Experience of the medicine department at Yaounde General Hosptital – in French]. Ann Cardiol Angéiol (Paris). 2005; 54:276–283.
  • Ike SO. Prevalence of hypertension and its complications among medical admissions at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu (Study 2). Nig J Med. 2009;18:68–72.
  • Ogeng'o JA, Olabu BO, Kilonzi JP. Pattern of aortic aneurysms in an African country. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140:797–800.
  • Brown MJ, Cruickshank JM, Dominiczak AF, MacGregor GA, Poulter NR, Russell GI, . Better blood pressure control: How to combine drugs? J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17:81–86.
  • Brown MJ. Hypertension and ethnic group. Br Med J. 2006;332:833–836.
  • Khan JM, Beevers DG. Management of hypertension in ethnic minorities. Heart. 2005;91:1105–1109.
  • Lewin AJ, Lueg MC, Targum S, Cardenas P. A clinical trial evaluating the 24-hour effects of bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide 5 mg/6.25 mg combination in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Clin Cardiol. 1993;16:732–736.
  • Zachariah PK, Messerli FH, Mroczek W. Low-dose bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide: An option in first-line antihypertensive treatment. Clin Ther. 1993;15:779–787.
  • Papademetriou V, Prisant M, Neutel JM, Weir MR. Efficacy of low-dose combination of bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide compared with amlodipine and enalapril in men and women with essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 81:1363–1365.
  • Prisant LM, Neutel JM, Ferdinand K, Papademetriou V, DeQuattro V, Hall WD, . Low-dose combination therapy as first-line hypertension treatment for Blacks and Nonblacks. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91:40–48.
  • Prisant LM, Weir MR, Papademetriou V, Weber MA, Adegbile IA, Alemayehu D, . Low-dose drug combination therapy: An alternative first-line approach to hypertension treatment. Am Heart J. 1995;130:359–366.
  • Neutel JM, Rolf CN, Valentine SN, Li J, Lucas C, Marmorstein BL. Low-dose combination therapy as first line treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension: The efficacy and safety of bisoprolol/HCTZ versus amlodipine, enalapril, and placebo. Cardiovasc Rev Rep. 1996;17:33–45.
  • Waeber B, Ruilope LM. Amlodipine and valsartan as components of a rational and effective fixed-dose combination. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5:165–174.
  • Schrader J, Salvetti A, Calvo C, Akpinar E, Keeling L, Weisskopf M, . The combination of amlodipine/valsartan 5/160 mg produces less peripheral oedema than amlodipine 10 mg in hypertensive patients not adequately controlled with amlodipine 5 mg. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63:217–225.
  • Fogari R, Zoppi A, Ferrari I, Mugellini A, Preti P, Derosa G. Effect of valsartan or olmesartan addition to amlodipine on ankle edema in hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2010;32:245–250.
  • Flack JM, Calhoun DA, Satlin L, Barbier M, Hilkert R, Brunel P. Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with amlodipine/valsartan compared with amlodipine monotherapy in Black patients with stage 2 hypertension: The EX-STAND study. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23:479–488.
  • Destro M, Luckow A, Samson M, Kandra A, Brunel P. Efficacy and safety of amlodipine/valsartan compared with amlodipine monotherapy in patients with stage 2 hypertension: A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study: The EX-EFFects study. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2008;2:294–302.
  • Allemann Y, Fraile B, Lambert M, Barbier M, Ferber P, Izzo JL, Jr. Efficacy of the combination of amlodipine and valsartan in patients with hypertension uncontrolled with previous monotherapy: The Exforge in Failure After Single THerapy (EX-FAST) study. J Clin Hypertens. 2010;10:185–194.
  • Devasenapathy N, Singh K, Prabhakaran D. Conduct of clinical trials in developing countries: A perspective. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2009;24:295–300.
  • Stolarz K, Staessen JA, Kuznetsova T, Tikhonoff V, State D, Babeanu S, , on behalf of the European Project on Genes in Hypertension (EPOGH) Investigators. Host and environmental determinants of heart rate and heart rate variability in four European populations. J Hypertens. 2003;21:525–535.
  • Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, Cruickshank K, Stanton A, Collier D, . Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: Principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation. 2006;113: 1213–1225.
  • Philipp T, Smith TR, Glazer R, Wernsing M, Yen J, Jin J, . Two multicenter, 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of amlodipine and valsartan in combination and as monotherapy in adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Clin Ther. 2007;29:563–580.