637
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Prevalence, comorbidity and stability of post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety and depression symptoms after exposure to physical assault: An 8-year prospective longitudinal study

, , &
Pages 69-80 | Accepted 16 Sep 2012, Published online: 06 Nov 2012

References

  • Kilpatrick DG, Acierno R. Mental health needs of crime victims: Epidemiology and outcomes. J Trauma Stress 2003;16:119–32.
  • WHO. In Krug EG DL, Mercy JA, Zwi AB, Lozano R, editors. World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
  • Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000;68:748–66.
  • Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2003;129:52–73.
  • McCart MR, Smith DW, Sawyer GK. Help seeking among victims of crime: A review of the empirical literature. J Trauma Stress 2010;23:198–206.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition. Washington, DC: APA; 1994.
  • WHO. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.
  • van der Kolk B. The psychobiology and psychopharmacology of PTSD. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2001;16:S49–S64.
  • Shalev AY. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Disorder takes away human dignity and character. BMJ 2001;322:1301–4.
  • Yule W. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population and in children. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62 Suppl 17:23–8.
  • Conner KR, Cox C, Duberstein PR, Tian L, Nisbet PA, Conwell Y. Violence, alcohol, and completed suicide: A case–control study. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1701–5.
  • Weisæth L, Dalgard OS. Psykisk helse Risikofaktorer og forebyggende arbeid. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag; 2000.
  • Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, Nutt DJ, Foa EB, Kessler RC, . Consensus statement on posttraumatic stress disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61 Suppl 5:60–6.
  • Johansen VA. Exposure to non-domestic violence—Short- and long-term psychological reactions and the impact on quality of life. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bergen; 2007.
  • Glynn SM, Shetty V, Elliot-Brown K, Leathers R, Belin TR, Wang J. Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after facial injury: A 1-year prospective cohort study. J Trauma 2007;62:410–8; discussion 8.
  • Walters JT, Bisson JI, Shepherd JP. Predicting post-traumatic stress disorder: Validation of the Trauma Screening Questionnaire in victims of assault. Psychol Med 2007;37:143–50.
  • Wohlfarth T, Winkel FW, Van Den Brink W. Identifying crime victims who are at high risk for post traumatic stress disorder: Developing a practical referral instrument. Acta Psychiat Scand 2002;105:451–60.
  • Scarpa A, Haden SC, Hurley J. Community violence victimization and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: The moderating effects of coping and social support. J Interpers Viol 2006;21: 446–69.
  • Kushner MG, Riggs DS, Foa EB, Miller SM. Perceived controllability and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in crime victims. Behav Res Ther 1993;31:105–10.
  • Jaycox LH, Marshall GN, Orlando M. Predictors of acute distress among young adults injured by community violence. J Trauma Stress 2003;16:237–45.
  • Denson TF, Marshall GN, Schell TL, Jaycox LH. Predictors of posttraumatic distress 1 year after exposure to community violence: The importance of acute symptom severity. J Consult Clin Psychol 2007;75:683–92.
  • Peleg T, Shalev AY. Longitudinal studies of PTSD: Overview of findings and methods. CNS Spectr 2006;11:589–602.
  • Marshall GN, Miles JN, Stewart SH. Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom severity are reciprocally related: Evidence from a longitudinal study of physical trauma survivors. J Abnorm Psychol 2010;119:143–50.
  • O’Donnell ML, Bryant RA, Creamer M, Carty J. Mental health following traumatic injury: Toward a health system model of early psychological intervention. Clin Psychol Rev 2008;28:387–406.
  • Shih RA, Schell TL, Hambarsoomian K, Belzberg H, Marshall GN. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression after trauma center hospitalization. J Trauma 2010;69:1560–6.
  • Johansen VA, Wahl AK, Eilertsen DE, Weisaeth L. Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in physically injured victims of non-domestic violence. A longitudinal study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007;42:583–93.
  • Weiss DS,Marmar, C.R. The impact of event scale—revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, editor. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: The Guilford Press; 1997.
  • Creamer M, Bell R, Failla S. Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale—Revised. Behav Res Ther 2003;41:1489–96.
  • Joseph S. Psychometric evaluation of Horowitz's Impact of Event Scale: A review. J Trauma Stress 2000;13:101–13.
  • Sundin EC, Horowitz MJ. Impact of Event Scale: Psychometric properties. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:205–9.
  • Wohlfarth TD, van den Brink W, Winkel FW, ter Smitten M. Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of two self-report scales among crime victims. Psychol Assess 2003;15:101–9.
  • Dahl S. Rape—A hazard to health. Ph.D. thesis, Division of Disaster Psychiatry, University of Oslo; 1992.
  • Shalev AY, Peri T, Canetti L, Schreiber S. Predictors of PTSD in injured trauma survivors: A prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:219–25.
  • Eid J, Thayer JF, Johnsen BH. Measuring post-traumatic stress: A psychometric evaluation of symptom and coping questionnaires based on a Norwegian sample. Scand J Psychol 1999;40:101–8.
  • Ersland S, Weisaeth L, Sund A. The stress upon rescuers involved in an oil rig disaster. “Alexander L. Kielland” 1980. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1989;355:38–49.
  • Holen A, Sund A, Weisæth L. Alexander L. Kielland katastrofen 27. mars 1980 [The Alexander L. Kielland disaster March 27, 1980]. Oslo: Division for Disaster Psychiatry, University of Oslo; 1983.
  • Weisaeth L. Torture of a Norwegian ship's crew. The torture, stress reactions and psychiatric after-effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1989;355:63–72.
  • Holgersen KH. Survivors in their third decade after the North Sea oil rig disaster of 1980. Long-term perspectives on mental health. Norwegian University of Science and Technology; 2011.
  • Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman DS, Huska JA, Keane TM. The PTSD checklist: Reliability, validity & diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumhatic Stress Studies, San Antonio; 1993.
  • Andrykowski MA, Cordova MJ, Studts JL, Miller TW. Posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment for breast cancer: Prevalence of diagnosis and use of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) as a screening instrument. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998;66:586–90.
  • Palmieri PA, Weathers FW, Difede J, King DW. Confirmatory factor analysis of the PTSD Checklist and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale in disaster workers exposed to the World Trade Center Ground Zero. J Abnorm Psychol 2007;116:329–41.
  • Terhakopian A, Sinaii N, Engel CC, Schnurr PP, Hoge CW. Estimating population prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder: An example using the PTSD checklist. J Trauma Stress 2008;21: 290–300.
  • Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci 1974;19:1–15.
  • Derogatis LR. SCL-90-R. Administration, scoring and procedures manual. 2nd edition. Baltimore, MD: Procedures Psychometric Research; 1983.
  • Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL). A measure of primary symptom dimensions. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 1974;7:79–110.
  • Sandanger I, Moum T, Ingebrigtsen G, Dalgard OS, Sorensen T, Bruusgaard D. Concordance between symptom screening and diagnostic procedure: The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview I. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998;33:345–54.
  • Statistics. Living conditions 1996–1998 [Levekårsundersøkinga 1996–1998]. Oslo: Statistics Norway; 2002.
  • Johansen VA, Wahl AK, Weisaeth L. Assaulted victims of non- domestic violence in Norway -injury, crime characteristics and emotions during the assault. Scand J Caring Sci 2008;22 445–54.
  • Shalev AY. What is posttraumatic stress disorder?J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62 Suppl 17:4–10.
  • Dougall AL, Herberman HB, Delahanty DL, Inslicht SS, Baum A. Similarity of prior trauma exposure as a determinant of chronic stress responding to an airline disaster. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000;68:290–5.
  • Alonzo AA. The experience of chronic illness and post-traumatic stress disorder: The consequences of cumulative adversity. Soc Sci Med 2000;50:1475–84.
  • Sandanger I, Nygard JF, Ingebrigtsen G, Sorensen T, Dalgard OS. Prevalence, incidence and age at onset of psychiatric disorders in Norway. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1999;34:570–9.
  • Breslau N. Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Can J Psychiatry 2002;47:923–9.
  • Shalev AY, Freedman S, Peri T, Brandes D, Sahar T, Orr SP, . Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:630–7.
  • Simms LJ, Watson D, Doebbeling BN. Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf War. J Abnorm Psychol 2002;111:637–47.
  • Marshall GN, Schell TL, Miles JN. All PTSD symptoms are highly associated with general distress: Ramifications for the dysphoria symptom cluster. J Abnorm Psychol 2010;119:126–35.
  • Breslau N. Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Can J Psychiatry 2002;47:923–9.
  • Taft CT, Resick PA, Watkins LE, Panuzio J. An investigation of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptomatology among female victims of interpersonal trauma. J Fam Violence 2009;24:407–15.
  • Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Peterson EL, Lucia VC. Vulnerability to assaultive violence: Further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med 1999;29:813–21.
  • Holbrook TL, Hoyt DB, Stein MB, Sieber WJ. Perceived threat to life predicts posttraumatic stress disorder after major trauma: Risk factors and functional outcome. J Trauma 2001;51:287–92; discussion 92–3.
  • Andrews B, Brewin CR, Rose S. Gender, social support, and PTSD in victims of violent crime. J Trauma Stress 2003;16:421–7.
  • Elklit A, Brink O. Acute stress disorder as a predictor of post- traumatic stress disorder in physical assault victims. J Interpers Viol 2004;19:709–26.
  • Brewin CR, Andrews B, Rose S. Diagnostic overlap between acute stress disorder and PTSD in victims of violent crime. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:783–5.
  • Zatzick DF, Kang SM, Muller HG, Russo JE, Rivara FP, Katon W, . Predicting posttraumatic distress in hospitalized trauma survivors with acute injuries. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:941–6.
  • Johansen VA, Wahl AK, Eilertsen DE, Hanestad BR, Weisaeth L. Acute psychological reactions in assault victims of non-domestic violence: Peritraumatic dissociation, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression. Nord J Psychiatry 2006;60:452–62.
  • Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med 1979;41:209–18.
  • Ministry of Justiceand Public Security. Action Plan against Domestic Violence 2012 [Handlingsplan mot vold i nære relasjoner 2012].
  • Pape H, Stefansen K. Den skjulte volden? En undersøkelse av Oslobefolkningens utsatthet for trusler, vold og seksuelle overgrep [The hidden violence? A study of exposure to threats, violence and sexual assault among the citizens of Oslo]. Oslo: Norwegian Centre for Violence and traumatic stress; 2004.
  • Steen K, Hunskaar S. Violence in an urban community from the perspective of an accident and emergency department: A two-year prospective study. Med Sci Monit 2004;10:CR75–9.
  • van Wilsem J, de Graaf ND, Wittebrood K. Cross-national differences in victimization disentangling the impact of composition and context. Eur Sociol Rev 2003;19:125–42.
  • Breslau N, Peterson EL, Poisson LM, Schultz LR, Lucia VC. Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events. Psychol Med 2004;34:889–98.
  • Wohlfarth T, Winkel FW, Ybema JF, van den Brink W. The relationship between socio-economic inequality and criminal victimisation: A prospective study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001;36:361–70.
  • McCart MR, Smith DW, Sawyer GK. Help seeking among victims of crime: A review of the empirical literature. J Trauma Stress. 2010;23:198–206.
  • Bisson J, Andrew M. Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;CD003388.
  • Yehuda R. Risk and resilience in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65 Suppl 1:29–36.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.