Association between C-reactive protein and homocysteine with the subcomponents of metabolic syndrome in stable patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

References

• Fagiollini A, Frank E, Scott JA, Turkin S, Kupfer DJ. Metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder: Findings from the Bipolar Disorder Center for Pennsylvanians. Bipolar Disord 2005;7:424–30.
   Google Scholar
• Kilbourne AM, Brar JS, Drayer Ra, Xu X, Post EP. Cardiovascular disease and metabolic risk factors in male patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. Psychosomatics 2007;48:412–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardenas J, Frye MA, Marusak SL, Levander EM, Chirichigno JW, Lewis S, et al. Modal subcomponents of metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2008;106:91–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correll CU, Frederickson AM, Kane JM, Manu P. Equally increased risk for metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Bipolar Disord 2008;10:788–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallava A, Chadda RK, Sood M, Lakshmy R. Metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: A comparative study of antipsychotic-free/naïve and antipsychotic-treated patients from India. Nord J Psychiatry 2012;66:215–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oreški I, Jakovljević M, Aukst-Margetić B, Orlić ZC, Vuksan-Ćusa B. Comorbidity and multimorbidity in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Similarities and differencies. Psychiatr Danub 2012;24:80–5.
   Google Scholar
• Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. The Lancet 2005;365:1415–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu HC, Yang YY, Chou YM, Chen KP, Shen WW, Leu SJ. Immunologic variables in acute mania of bipolar disorder. Neuroimmunology 2004;150:116–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope S, Melle I, Aukrust P, Steen NE, Birkenaes AB, Lorentzen S, et al. Similar immune profile in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: Selective increase in soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I and von Willebrand factor. Bipolar Disord 2009;11: 726–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paffen E, DeMaat MP. C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis: A causal factor?Cardiovasc Res 2006;71:30–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ferranti SD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein: A nontraditional serum marker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007;16:14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitsavos C, Tampourlou M, Panagiotakos DB, Skoumas Y, Chrysohoou C, Nomikos T, et al. Association between low-grade systemic inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus among men and women from the ATTICA Study. Rev Diabet Stud 2007;4:98–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devaraj S, Singh U, Jialal I. Human C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009;20:182–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomer JW. Metabolic syndrome and mental illness. Am J Manag Care 2007;13 Suppl 7:S170–7.
   Google Scholar
• Reif A, Pfuhlmann B, Lesch KP. Homocysteinemia as well as methylentetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism are associated with affective psychoses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol Psychiatry 2005;29:1162–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese C, Motti C. MTHFR polymorphism, homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Public Health Nutr 2001;4:493–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmel R, Green R, Rosenblatt DS, Watkins D. Update on cobalamin, folate and homocysteine. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2003:62–81.
   Google Scholar
• Mangoni AA, Jackson SH. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: Current evidence and future prospects. Am J Med 2002;112:556–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann W, Lorenzl S, Obeid R. Review of role of hyperhomocysteinemia and B-vitamin deficiency in neurological and psychiatric disorders-current evidence and preliminary recommendations. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatry 2007;75:515–27 (in German).
   Google Scholar
• Stanger O, Fowler B, Piertzik K, Huemer M, Haschke-Becher E, Semmler A, et al. Homocysteine, folate and vitamin B(12) in neuropsychiatric diseases: Review and treatment recommendations. Expert Rev Neurother 2009;9:1393–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzaher A, Mouhamed DH, Mechri A, Omezzine A, Neffati F, Douki W, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Tunisian bipolar I patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;65:664–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuksan-Ćusa B, Jakovljević M, Šagud M, Mihaljević Peleš A, Marčinko D, Topić R, et al. Metabolic syndrome and serum homocysteine in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Psychiatry Res 2011;189:21–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcin JM, Cremadas S, Garcia-Hejl C, Bordier L, Dupuy O, Mayaudon H. Is hyperhomocysteinemia an additional risk factor of the metabolic syndrome?Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2006;4:185–95.
   Google Scholar
• Bellia C, Bivona G, Scazzone C, Ciaccio M. Association between homocysteinemia and metabolic syndrome in patients with cardiovascular disease. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2007;3:999–1001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1998a.
   Google Scholar
• First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Non patient Edition (SCID-I/NP). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1998b.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton MA. Rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980;23:56–62.
   Google Scholar
• Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: Reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry 1978;133:429–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay SR, Fizbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987;13:261–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabler SP, Marcell PD, Podell ER, Allen R. Quantitation of total homocysteine, total cysteine and methionine in normal serum and urine using capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1987;162:185–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch S, Ronco AM, Vasquez M, de la Maza MP, Garrido A, Barrera G, Gattas V, Glasinovic A, Leiva L, Bunout D. Hyperhomocysteinemia in healthy young men and elderly men with normal serum folate concentration is not associated with poor vascular reactivity or oxidative stress. J Nutrit 2004;134:1832–5.
   Google Scholar
• To-Figueras J, Lopez RM, Deulofeu R, Herrero C. Preliminary report: Hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Metab 2010;59:1809–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calam RR, Mansoor I, Blaga J. Homocysteine stability in heparinized plasma stored in a gel separator tube. Clin Chem 2005;51:1554–5.
   Google Scholar
• Baudner S, Dati F. Standardisierung der Bestimmung von 14 Proteinen in Human-Serum auf der Basis des neuen IFCC/BCR/CAP Internationalen Referenzmaterials CRM 470. J Lab Med 1996;20:145–52.
   Google Scholar
• Krane-Gartiser K, Breum L, Glümrr C, Linneberg A, Madsen M, Køster A, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Danish psychiatric outpatients treated with antipsychotics. Nord J Psychiatry 2011;65:345–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung KC, Rhee EJ, Kim H, Park JB, Kim YK, Rosenson RS. Prevalence of low LDL-cholesterol levels and elevated high- sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in apparently healthy Korean adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2011.03.006
   Google Scholar
• Belfki H, Ben Ali S, Bougatef S, Ben Ahmed D, Haddad N, Jmal A, et al. Relationship of C-reactive protein with components of the metabolic syndrome in a Tunisian population. Eur J Intern Med 2012;23:e5–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Engelsen C, Koekkoek PS, Gorter KJ, van den Donk M, Salome PL, Rutten GE. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein to detect metabolic syndrome in a centrally obese population: A cross-sectional analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-11-25
   Google Scholar
• Fan X, Pristach C, Liu EY, Freudenreich O, Henderson DC, Goff DC. Elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein are associated with more severe psychopathology in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2007;149:267–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akanji AO, Ohaeri JU, Al-Shammri S, Fatania HR. Association of blood levels of C-reactive protein with clinical phenotypes in Arab schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res 2009;169:56–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepgul N, Pariante CM, Dipasquale S, Diforti M, Taylor H, Marques TR, et al. Childhood maltreatment is associated with increased body mass index and increased C-reactive protein levels in first-episode psychosis patients. Psychol Med 2012;20:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Budak N, Yazici C, Oztürk A, Bayram F, Mazicioğlu MM, Kurtoglu S. Is plasma homocysteine level associated with metabolic syndrome components in adolescents?Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009;7:357–62.
   Google Scholar
• Stehouwer CD, van Guldener C. Does homocysteine cause hypertension?Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41:1408–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorck J, Hellgren M, Råstam L, Lindblad U. Associations between serum insulin and homocysteine in a Swedish population— A potential link between the metabolic syndrome and hyperhomocysteinemia: The Skaraborg project. Metabolism 2006;55:1007–13.
   Google Scholar
• van Winkel R, Rutten BP, Peerbooms O, Peuskens J, van Os J, De Hert M. MTHFR and risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012;121:193–8.
   Google Scholar
• Akanji AO, Ohaeri JU, Al-Shammri S, Fatania HR. Associations of blood homocysteine concentrations in Arab schizophrenic patients. Clin Biochem 2007;40:1026–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonn E, Grewal J. Drug therapy in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Successes, shortcomings and future directions. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2006;4:253–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hermann W, Lorenzl S, Obeid R. Review of role of hyperhomocysteinemia and B-vitamin deficiency in neurological and psychiatric disorders—Current evidence and preliminary recommendations. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie 2007;75:515–27.
   Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Griffith JA, Chasan-Taber L, Olendzki BC, Jackson E, Stanek EJ 3rd, Li W, Pagoto SL, Hafner AR, Ockene IS. Association between dietary fiber and serum C-reactive protein. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:760–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1563–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poantă L, Crăciun A, Dumitraşcu DL. Professional stress and inflammatory markers in physicians. Rom J Intern Med 2010;48: 57–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer JM, McEvoy JP, Davis VG, Goff DC, Nasrallah HA, Davis SM, et al. Inflammatory markers in schizophrenia: Comparing antipsychotic effects in phase 1 of the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness study. Biol Psychiatry 2009;66:1013–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz FJ, Pérez-Iglesias R, Mata I, Martínez-Garcia O, Vázquez-Barquero JL, de Leon J, et al. Possible effects of some antipsychotic drugs on C-reactive protein in a drug-naive psychotic sample. Schizophr Res 2010;121:207–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrizo E, Fernández V, Quintero J, Connell L, Rodríguez Z, Mosquera M, et al. Coagulation and inflammation markers during atypical or typical antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia patients and drug-free first-degree relatives. Schizophr Res 2008;103:83–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar