Involuntary psychiatric admission: Characteristics of the referring doctors and the doctors’ experiences of being pressured

References

• Wynn R. Coercion in psychiatric care: Clinical, legal, and ethical controversies. Int J Psych Clin Pract 2006;10:247–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutzen M, Mjosund NH, Eidhammer G, Lorentzen S, Opjordsmoen S, Sandvik L, et al. Characteristics of psychiatric inpatients who experienced restraint and those who did not: A case–control study. Psychiatr Serv 2011;62:492–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breeding J. Human rights progress in psychiatry: More apparent than real. Observations and reflections on life in the Texas Mental Health Courts. Ethical Human Psychol Psychiatry 2006;8:241–54.
   Google Scholar
• Zinkler M, Priebe S. Detention of the mentally ill in Europe—A review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;106:3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salize HJ, Dressing H. Epidemiology of involuntary placement of mentally ill people across the European Union. Br J Psychiatry 2004;184:163–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen KI, Høyer G, Sexton HC. Rates for civil commitment to psychiatric hospitals in Norway. Are registry data accurate? Nord J Psychiatry 2009;63:301–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørngaard JH, editor. (SAMDATA Report concerning mental health services in 2007). In Norwegian. Trondheim: SINTEF Helse; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• The Mental Health Care Act. Act number 62, 1999, relating to the provision and implementation of mental health care, with later amendments.
   Google Scholar
• Johansen IH, Mellesdal L, Jørgensen HA, Hunskaar S. Admissions to a Norwegian emergency psychiatric ward: Patient characteristics and referring agents. A prospective study. Nord J Psychiatry 2012;66:40–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieber T, Hansen EH, Bondevik GT, Hunskår S, Blinkenberg J, Thesen J, et al. (Organization of Norwegian out-of-hours primary health care services). In Norwegian. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2007;127:1335–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wynn R, Myklebust LH, Bratlid T. Psychologists and coercion: Decisions regarding involuntary psychiatric admission and treatment in a group of Norwegian psychologists. Nord J Psychiatry 2007;61:433–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjelstad K, Løvdahl H, Ruud T, Friis S. (Compulsory admissions for observation in emergency psychiatric departments—Discharge next day?). In Norwegian. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2003; 123:917–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myklebust LH, Sørgaard K, Wynn R. Local psychiatric beds appear to decrease the use of involuntary admission: A case-registry study. BMC Health Serv Res 2014;14:64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen PB, Bjerkan AM. (Evaluation of the plan to increase psychiatric services—Supplementary analyses for the specialist services). Trondheim: SINTEF Helse; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Ostman M, Hansson L, Andersson K. Family burden, participation in care and mental health—An 11-year comparison of the situation of relatives to compulsorily and voluntarily admitted patients. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2000;46:191–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepsen B, Lomborg K, Engberg M. GPs and involuntary admission: A qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract 2010;60:604–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hustoft K, Larsen TK, Auestad B, Joa I, Johannessen JO, Ruud T. Predictors of involuntary hospitalizations to acute psychiatry. Int J Law Psychiatry 2013;36:136–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose PW, Ziebland S, Harnden A, Mayon-White R, Mant D. Oxford Childhood Infection Study group (OXCIS): Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for acute infective conjunctivitis in children? Qualitative interviews with GPs and a questionnaire survey of parents and teachers. Fam Pract 2006;23:226–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luce JM, White DB. The pressure to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining therapy from critically ill patients in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:1104–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanker MH, Koerhuis-Roessink M, Swart SJ, Zuurmond WW, van der Heide A, Perez RS, et al. Pressure during decision making of continuous sedation in end-of-life situations in Dutch general practice. BMC Fam Pract 2012;13:68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandvik H, Hunskår S. (Annual report 2011). In Norwegian. Nasjonalt kompetansesenter for legevaktmedisin, Uni Helse, Uni Research URI. Bergen; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. Released 2012. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Hustoft K, Larsen TK, Auestad B, Joa I, Johannessen JO, Ruud T. Predictors of involuntary hospitalizations to acute psychiatry. Int J Law Psychiatry 2013;36:136–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel RM, McKay IM. Pathways to psychiatric admission: A study of 100 consecutive admissions to south Glasgow acute adult psychiatric wards. Health Bull (Edinb) 2000;58:112–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myklebust LH, Sørgaard K, Røtvold K, Wynn R. Factors of importance to involuntary admission. Nord J Psychiatry 2012;66:178–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen IH, Morken T, Hunskaar S. Contacts related to mental illness and substance abuse in primary health care: A cross-sectional study comparing patients’ use of daytime versus out-of-hours primary care in Norway. Scand J Prim Health Care 2010;28: 160–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits M, Huibers L, Kerssemeijer B, de Feijter E, Wensing M, Giesen P. Patient safety in out-of-hours primary care: A review of patient records. BMC Health Serv Res 2010;10:335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deraas TS, Hansen V, Giaever A, Olstad R. Acute psychiatric admissions from an out-of-hours casualty clinic; how do referring doctors and admitting specialists agree? BMC Health Serv Res 2006;6:41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engleman NB, Jobes DA, Berman AL, Langbein LI. Clinicians’ decision making about involuntary commitment. Psychiatr Serv 1998;49:941–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringberg U, Fleten N, Deraas TS, Hasvold T, Førde O. High referral rates to secondary care by general practitioners in Norway are associated with GPs’ gender and specialist qualifications in family medicine, a study of 4350 consultations. BMC Health Serv Res 2013;13:147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vehviläinen AT, Kumpusalo EA, Voutilainen SO, Takala JK. Does the doctors’ professional experience reduce referral rates? Evidence from the Finnish referral study. Scand J Prim Health Care 1996;14:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craven MA, Allen CJ, Kates N. Community resources for psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Family physicians’ referral patterns in urban Ontario. Can Fam Physician 1995; 41:1325–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkin D, Smith AG. Variation in general practitioners’ referral rates to consultants. J R Coll Gen Pract 1987;37:350–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson NC. Variations in referral pattern to the psychiatric services by general practitioners. Psychol Med 1979;9:355–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidz CW, Mulvey EP, Appelbaum PS, Cleveland S. Commitment: The consistency of clinicians and the use of legal standards. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:176–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchins DJ, Cooper AE, Hanrahan P, Heyrman MJ. Lawyers’ attitudes toward involuntary treatment. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2006;34:492–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbogen EB, Tomkins AJ. The psychiatric hospital and therapeutic jurisprudence: Applying the law to promote mental health. New Dir Ment Health Serv 1999;84:71–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perlin ML. Mental disability law: Civil and criminal set. Charlottesville, VA: Michie; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Wexler DB. Putting mental health into mental health law: Therapeutic jurisprudence. Law Human Behav 1992;16: 27–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar