343
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Anterior Segment Applications of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy

, , , &
Pages 243-251 | Received 03 Jul 2013, Accepted 20 Aug 2013, Published online: 29 Oct 2013

REFERENCES

  • Masters BR, Thaer AA. Real-time scanning slit confocal microscopy of the in vivo human cornea. Applied Optics 1994;33(4):695–701
  • Bohnke M, Masters BR. Confocal microscopy of the cornea. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 1999;18(5):553–628
  • Petroll WM, Jester JV, Cavanagh HD. In vivo confocal imaging. International Review of Experimental Pathology 1996;36:93–129
  • Petran M, Hadravsky M. Tandem scanning microscope: A new tool for three-dimensional microanatomy. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1989;295:551–558
  • Patel DV, McGhee CN. Mapping of the normal human corneal sub-Basal nerve plexus by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2005;46(12):4485–4488
  • Bailly N, Sherif ZA, Pleyer U, Rieck P. [Confocal microscopy in corneal dystrophies: a comparison between confocal slit scanning (ConfoScan P2) and laser scanning microscopy (Rostock Cornea Modul-HRT II)]. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2006;223(9):735–742
  • Wiegand W, Thaer AA, Kroll P, et al. Optical sectioning of the cornea with a new confocal in vivo slit-scanning videomicroscope. Ophthalmology 1995;102(4):568–575
  • Sherif ZA, Pleyer U, Rieck P, Hartmann C. [Confocal microscopy in corneal dystrophies]. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 1999;214(1):12–21
  • Hernandez-Quintela E, Mayer F, Dighiero P, et al. Confocal microscopy of cystic disorders of the corneal epithelium. Ophthalmology 1998;105(4):631–636
  • Dighiero P, Ellies P, Grateau G, et al. [Review on corneal dystrophies]. Journal Francais d'Ophtalmologie 1999;22(2):226–233
  • Pouliquen Y. [Corneal dystrophies]. La Revue du Praticien 1989;39(2):123–127
  • Javadi MA, Rezaei-Kanavi M, Javadi A, Naghshgar N. Meesmann corneal dystrophy: A clinico-pathologic, ultrastructural and confocal scan report. Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research 2010;5(2):122–126
  • Patel DV, Grupcheva CN, McGhee CN. Imaging the microstructural abnormalities of meesmann corneal dystrophy by in vivo confocal microscopy. Cornea 2005;24(6):669–673
  • Tuft S, Bron AJ. Imaging the microstructural abnormalities of Meesmann corneal dystrophy by in vivo confocal microscopy. Cornea 2006;25(7):868; author reply 868–870
  • Rosenberg ME, Tervo TM, Petroll WM, Vesaluoma MH. In vivo confocal microscopy of patients with corneal recurrent erosion syndrome or epithelial basement membrane dystrophy. Ophthalmology 2000;107(3):565–573
  • Kobayashi A, Sakurai M, Shirao Y, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy and genotyping of a family with Thiel-Behnke (honeycomb) corneal dystrophy. Archives of Ophthalmology 2003;121(10):1498–1499
  • Kobayashi A, Sugiyama K. In vivo laser confocal microscopy findings for Bowman's layer dystrophies (Thiel-Behnke and Reis-Bucklers corneal dystrophies). Ophthalmology 2007;114(1):69–75
  • Werner LP, Werner L, Dighiero P, et al. Confocal microscopy in Bowman and stromal corneal dystrophies. Ophthalmology 1999;106(9):1697–1704
  • Rothstein A, Auran JD, Wittpenn JR, et al. Confocal microscopy in Meretoja syndrome. Cornea 2002;21(4):364–367
  • Kobayashi A, Fujiki K, Fujimaki T, et al. In vivo laser confocal microscopic findings of corneal stromal dystrophies. Archives of Ophthalmology 2007;125(9):1168–1173
  • Chiou AG, Beuerman RW, Kaufman SC, Kaufman HE. Confocal microscopy in lattice corneal dystrophy. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1999;237(8):697–701
  • Kailasanathan A, Maharajan S. In vivo confocal microscopy detects preclinical corneal lattice dystrophy. Eye 2013 2013;27(8):991–992
  • Dalton K, Schneider S, Sorbara L, Jones L. Confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography imaging of hereditary granular dystrophy. Contact Lens & Anterior Eye 2010;33(1):33–40
  • Traversi C, Martone G, Malandrini A, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy in recurrent granular dystrophy in corneal graft after penetrating keratoplasty. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 2006; 34(8):808–810
  • Kontadakis GA, Kymionis GD, Kankariya VP, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy findings in sporadic cases of pre-descemet corneal dystrophy. Eye & Contact Lens 2013; Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Frueh BE, Bohnke M. In vivo confocal microscopy of fleck dystrophy. Cornea 1999;18(6):658–660
  • Grupcheva CN, Malik TY, Craig JP, et al. Microstructural assessment of rare corneal dystrophies using real-time in vivo confocal microscopy. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 2001; 29(5):281–285
  • Holopainen JM, Moilanen JA, Tervo TM. In vivo confocal microscopy of Fleck dystrophy and pre-Descemet's membrane corneal dystrophy. Cornea 2003;22(2):160–163
  • Chiou AG, Kaufman SC, Beuerman RW, et al. Confocal microscopy in cornea guttata and Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy. The British Journal of Ophthalmology 1999;83(2):185–189
  • Kaufman SC, Beuerman RW, Kaufman HE. Diagnosis of advanced Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy with the confocal microscope. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1993;116(5):652–653
  • Schrems-Hoesl LM, Schrems WA, Cruzat A, et al. Cellular and subbasal nerve alterations in early stage Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy: An in vivo confocal microscopy study. Eye (London, England) 2013;27(1):42–49
  • Babu K, Murthy KR. In vivo confocal microscopy in different types of posterior polymorphous dystrophy. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2007; 55(5):376–378
  • Bozkurt B, Irkec M, Mocan MC. In vivo confocal microscopic findings in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Cornea 2013;32(9):1237–1242
  • Cheng LL, Young AL, Wong AK, et al. Confocal microscopy of posterior polymorphous endothelial dystrophy. Cornea 2005;24(5):599–602
  • Grupcheva CN, Chew GS, Edwards M, et al. Imaging posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy by in vivo confocal microscopy. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 2001;29(4):256–259
  • Kouassi FX, Touboul D, Schweitzer C, et al. [In vivo confocal microscopy (HRT-II(R)) of posterior polymorphous dystrophy (PPMD)]. Journal Francais d'Ophtalmologie 2011;34(10):762–764
  • Patel DV, Grupcheva CN, McGhee CN. In vivo confocal microscopy of posterior polymorphous dystrophy. Cornea 2005;24(5):550–554
  • Szaflik JP, Kolodziejska U, Udziela M, et al. [Posterior polymorphous dystrophy: Changes in corneal morphology in confocal microscopy]. Klinika Oczna 2008;110(7-9):252–258
  • Watanabe R, Nakazawa T, Fuse N. Observation of posterior corneal vesicles with in vivo confocal microscopy and anterior segment OCT. Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ) 2010;4:1243–1247
  • Kumar RL, Cruzat A, Hamrah P. Current state of in vivo confocal microscopy in management of microbial keratitis. Seminars in Ophthalmology 2010;25(5-6):166–170
  • Labbe A, Khammari C, Dupas B, et al. Contribution of in vivo confocal microscopy to the diagnosis and management of infectious keratitis. The Ocular Surface 2009;7(1):41–52
  • Chew SJ, Beuerman RW, Assouline M, et al. Early diagnosis of infectious keratitis with in vivo real time confocal microscopy. The CLAO Journal 1992;18(3):197–201
  • Cho BJ, Holland EJ. In vivo tandem scanning confocal microscopy in acanthamoeba keratitis. Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 1998; 12(2):112–117
  • Gupta N, Tandon R. Investigative modalities in infectious keratitis. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;56(3):209–213
  • Kanavi MR, Javadi M, Yazdani S, Mirdehghanm S. Sensitivity and specificity of confocal scan in the diagnosis of infectious keratitis. Cornea 2007;26(7):782–786
  • Maichuk Iu F, Maichuk D. [Clinical forms of acanthamoeba keratitis as viewed from the standpoint of biomicroscopy and confocal microscopy]. Vestnik Oftalmologii 2004;120(1):45–47
  • Rezaei Kanavi M, Naghshgar N, et al. Various confocal scan features of cysts and trophozoites in cases with Acanthamoeba keratitis. European Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;22 Suppl 7:S46–50
  • Victor G, Alves MR, Nose W. [In vivo confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of fungal keratitis: case report]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2006;69(3):399–402
  • Muller GG, Kara-Jose N, de Castro RS. [Epidemiological profile of keratomycosis at the HC-UNICAMP]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2012;75(4):247–250
  • Shi WY, Wang T. [Several problems of diagnosis and treatment in fungal keratitis in China]. Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology 2013;49(1):2–5
  • Das S, Sharma S, Sahu SK, et al. Diagnosis, clinical features and treatment outcome of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis. The British Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;96(6):793–795
  • Das S, Sharma S, Sahu SK, Vemuganti GK. Intraocular invasion by microsporidial spores in a case of stromal keratitis. Archives of Ophthalmology 2011;129(4):513–515
  • Sharma S, Das S, Joseph J, et al. Microsporidial keratitis: Need for increased awareness. Survey of Ophthalmology 2011;56(1):1–22
  • Ang M, Mehta JS, Mantoo S, Tan D. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty to treat microsporidial stromal keratitis. Cornea 2009;28(7):832–835
  • Hsiao YC, Tsai IL, Kuo CT, Yang TL. Diagnosis of microsporidial keratitis with in vivo confocal microscopy. Journal of X-ray Science and Technology 2013;21(1):103–110
  • Sagoo MS, Mehta JS, Hau S, et al. Microsporidium stromal keratitis: In vivo confocal findings. Cornea 2007;26(7):870–873
  • Shah GK, Pfister D, Probst LE, et al. Diagnosis of microsporidial keratitis by confocal microscopy and the chromatrope stain. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1996;121(1):89–91
  • Hillenaar T, van Cleynenbreugel H, Verjans GM, et al. Monitoring the inflammatory process in herpetic stromal keratitis: The role of in vivo confocal microscopy. Ophthalmology 2012;119(6):1102–1110
  • Hamrah P, Cruzat A, Dastjerdi MH, et al. Corneal sensation and subbasal nerve alterations in patients with herpes simplex keratitis: An in vivo confocal microscopy study. Ophthalmology 2010;117(10):1930–1936
  • Martone G, Alegente M, Balestrazzi A, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy in bilateral herpetic keratitis: A case report. European Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;18(6):994–997
  • Patel DV, McGhee CN. Laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy demonstrating significant alteration of human corneal nerves following herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Archives of Neurology 2010;67(5):640–641
  • Rosenberg ME, Tervo TM, Muller LJ, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy after herpes keratitis. Cornea 2002;21(3):265–269
  • Hamrah P, Cruzat A, Dastjerdi MH, et al. Unilateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus results in bilateral corneal nerve alteration: An in vivo confocal microscopy study. Ophthalmology 2013;120(1):40–47
  • Hamrah P, Sahin A, Dastjerdi MH, et al. Cellular changes of the corneal epithelium and stroma in herpes simplex keratitis: An in vivo confocal microscopy study. Ophthalmology 2012;119(9):1791–1797
  • Nishida T, Chikama T, Sawa M, et al. Differential contributions of impaired corneal sensitivity and reduced tear secretion to corneal epithelial disorders. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;56(1):20–25
  • Cruzat A, Pavan-Langston D, Hamrah P. In vivo confocal microscopy of corneal nerves: Analysis and clinical correlation. Seminars in Ophthalmology 2010;25(5-6):171–177
  • Murphy PJ, Patel S, Marshall J. The effect of long-term, daily contact lens wear on corneal sensitivity. Cornea 2001;20(3):264–269
  • Millodot M. Effect of hard contact lenses on corneal sensitivity and thickness. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1975;53(4):576–584
  • Erie JC, Patel SV, McLaren JW, et al. Corneal keratocyte deficits after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2006;141(5):799–809
  • Kauffmann T, Bodanowitz S, Hesse L, Kroll P. Corneal reinnervation after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis: An in vivo study with a confocal videomicroscope. German Journal of Ophthalmology 1996;5(6):508–512
  • Perez-Gomez I, Efron N. Change to corneal morphology after refractive surgery (myopic laser in situ keratomileusis) as viewed with a confocal microscope. Optometry and Vision Science 2003;80(10):690–697
  • Richter A, Slowik C, Somodi S, et al. Corneal reinnervation following penetrating keratoplasty: Correlation of esthesiometry and confocal microscopy. German Journal of Ophthalmology 1996;5(6):513–517
  • Darwish T, Brahma A, Efron N, O'Donnell C. Subbasal nerve regeneration after penetrating keratoplasty. Cornea 2007;26(8):935–940
  • Darwish T, Brahma A, O'Donnell C, Efron N. Subbasal nerve fiber regeneration after LASIK and LASEK assessed by noncontact esthesiometry and in vivo confocal microscopy: Prospective study. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2007;33(9):1515–1521
  • Patel SV, Erie JC, McLaren JW, Bourne WM. Keratocyte density and recovery of subbasal nerves after penetrating keratoplasty and in late endothelial failure. Archives of Ophthalmology 2007;125(12):1693–1698
  • Kallinikos P, Berhanu M, O'Donnell C, et al. Corneal nerve tortuosity in diabetic patients with neuropathy. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2004;45(2):418–422
  • Mehra S, Tavakoli M, Kallinikos PA, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy detects early nerve regeneration after pancreas transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30(10):2608–2612
  • Nowinska A, Wylegala E, Tarnawska D, et al. [Meibomian gland dysfunction: Review]. Klinika Oczna 2012;114(2):147–152
  • Ibrahim OM, Matsumoto Y, Dogru M, et al. The efficacy, sensitivity, and specificity of in vivo laser confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of meibomian gland dysfunction. Ophthalmology 2010;117(4):665–672
  • Hong J, Zhu W, Zhuang H, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy of conjunctival goblet cells in patients with Sjogren's syndrome dry eye. The British Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;94(11):1454–1458
  • Ban Y, Ogawa Y, Ibrahim OM, et al. Morphologic evaluation of meibomian glands in chronic graft-versus-host disease using in vivo laser confocal microscopy. Molecular Vision 2011;17:2533–2543
  • Wang Y, Le Q, Xu J. Application of in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy for evaluation of ocular surface diseases: Lessons learned from pterygium, meibomian gland disease, and chemical burns. Cornea 2012;31(8):968
  • Gheck L, Dupas B, Denion E, et al. [Advantages of in vivo confocal microscopy for investigation of the pterygium]. Journal Francais d'Ophtalmologie 2007;30(7):703–710
  • Labbe A, Gheck L, Iordanidou V, et al. An in vivo confocal microscopy and impression cytology evaluation of pterygium activity. Cornea 2010;29(4):392–399
  • Papadia M, Barabino S, Rolando M. In vivo confocal microscopy in a case of pterygium. Ophthalmic surgery, Lasers & Imaging 2008;39(6):511–513
  • Wang Y, Zhao F, Zhu W, et al. In vivo confocal microscopic evaluation of morphologic changes and dendritic cell distribution in pterygium. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;150(5):650–655 e651
  • Zhivov A, Beck R, Guthoff RF. Corneal and conjunctival findings after mitomycin C application in pterygium surgery: An in-vivo confocal microscopy study. Acta Ophthalmologica 2009;87(2):166–172
  • Deng SX, Sejpal KD, Tang Q, et al. Characterization of limbal stem cell deficiency by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy: A microstructural approach. Archives of Ophthalmology 2012;130(4):440–445
  • Falke K, Prakasam RK, Guthoff RF, Stachs O. [In vivo imaging of limbal epithelium and palisades of Vogt]. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2012;229(12):1185–1190
  • Kobayashi A, Sugiyama K. In vivo corneal confocal microscopic findings of palisades of Vogt and its underlying limbal stroma. Cornea 2005;24(4):435–437
  • Miri A, Alomar T, Nubile M, et al. In vivo confocal microscopic findings in patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. The British Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;96(4):523–529
  • Nubile M, Lanzini M, Miri A, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy in diagnosis of limbal stem cell deficiency. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2013;155(2):220–232
  • Kojima T, Matsumoto Y, Dogru M, Tsubota K. The application of in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy as a tool of conjunctival in vivo cytology in the diagnosis of dry eye ocular surface disease. Molecular Vision 2010;16:2457–2464
  • Xu Y, Zhou Z, Wang M, et al. The clinical value of in vivo confocal microscopy for diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Eye (London, England) 2012;26(6):781–787
  • Parrozzani R, Lazzarini D, Dario A, Midena E. In vivo confocal microscopy of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Eye (London, England) 2011;25(4):455–460
  • Chin EK, Cortes DE, Lam A, Mannis MJ. Anterior segment OCT and confocal microscopy findings in atypical corneal intraepithelial neoplasia. Cornea 2013;32(6):875–879
  • Hassani RT, Brasnu E, Amar N, et al. [Contribution of in vivo confocal microscopy to diagnosis of invasive ocular surface squamous neoplasia: a case report]. Journal Francais d'Ophtalmologie 2010;33(3):163–168
  • Morita K, Gao Y, Saito Y, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy study of filtering blebs after trabeculectomy: Limbus-based versus fornix-based conjunctival flaps. Journal of Glaucoma 2012;21(6):383–391
  • Sbeity Z, Palmiero PM, Tello C, et al. Non-contact in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy in exfoliation syndrome, exfoliation syndrome suspect and normal eyes. Acta Ophthalmologica 2011;89(3):241–247
  • Mastropasqua L, Carpineto P, Ciancaglini M, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy in primary congenital glaucoma with megalocornea. Journal of Glaucoma 2002;11(2):83–89
  • Mahendradas P, Shetty R, Narayana KM, Shetty BK. In vivo confocal microscopy of keratic precipitates in infectious versus noninfectious uveitis. Ophthalmology 2010;117(2):373–380
  • Caporossi A, Mazzotta C, Baiocchi S, et al. Transepithelial corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus: qualitative investigation by in vivo HRT II confocal analysis. European Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;22 Suppl 7:S81–88
  • Ramirez M, Hernandez-Quintela E, Naranjo-Tackman R. Early confocal microscopy findings after cross-linking treatment. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2013;88(5):179–183
  • Touboul D, Efron N, Smadja D, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy following conventional, transepithelial, and accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking procedures for keratoconus. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2012;28(11):769–776
  • Magli A, Forte R, Tortori A, et al. Epithelium-off corneal collagen cross-linking versus transepithelial cross-linking for pediatric keratoconus. Cornea 2013;32(5):597–601
  • Kobayashi A, Yokogawa H, Yamazaki N, et al. In vivo laser confocal microscopy after Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 2013;120(5):923–930
  • Dirisamer M, Parker J, Naveiras M, et al. Identifying causes for poor visual outcome after DSEK/DSAEK following secondary DMEK in the same eye. Acta Ophthalmologica 2013;91(2):131–139
  • Kobayashi A, Mawatari Y, Yokogawa H, Sugiyama K. In vivo laser confocal microscopy after descemet stripping with automated endothelial keratoplasty. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;145(6):977–985
  • Riau AK, Angunawela RI, Chaurasia SS, et al. Early corneal wound healing and inflammatory responses after refractive lenticule extraction (ReLEx). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2011;52(9):6213–6221
  • Yokogawa H, Kobayashi A, Tagawa K, Sugiyama K. In vivo laser confocal microscopic analysis of corneal K-structures after keratorefractive surgery (LASIK and epi-LASIK). Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers & Imaging 2010; 41(5):494–498

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.